FILED
MARCH 19, 2013
In the Office ofthe Clerk of Court
W A State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
In re the Marriage of: ) No. 30352-7-111
)
RICHARD TODD WIXOM, )
)
Appellant, )
)
and ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
LINDA BUCHHOLZ WIXOM, )
)
Respondent. )
KULIK, J. - After Richard Todd Wixom and Linda Buchholz Wixom could not
agree on a summer schedule for their son, Ms. Wixom asked the court to set the schedule.
The court did so in a temporary order and included in the schedule a planned trip to visit
Ms. Wixom's parents. Mr. Wixom moved for an order declaring the temporary order
void ab initio. He argued that the order was unconstitutional because it created visitation
rights in nonparents without a proper basis. The court disagreed and awarded Ms. Wixom
attorney fees. On appeal, Mr. Wixom assigns error to: (1) the conclusion that the
temporary order presented no constitutional issues, (2) the award of attorney fees, and
(3) various rulings in the temporary order. We conclude that the temporary order is moot
No.30352-7-III
In re Marriage of Wixom
and affinn the trial court's order denying Mr. Wixom's motion for declaratory relief.
FACTS
In 2009, Richard Todd Wixom and Linda Buchholz Wixom agreed to a final
parenting plan for their son Jordan.! The plan provided that
the father may have residential time with the children up to five weeks in
the summer upon giving two weeks['] notice to mother. The parents shall
exchange a tentative summer schedule by May IS, with the understanding
that this schedule is for planning purposes only, and it is anticipated that
further adjustments shall be made to the schedule.
Clerk's Papers (CP) at 2.
Both parents filed petitions to modifY the parenting plan in the spring of 2011 and
trial was set for the fall of 2011. In the meantime, a dispute arose about Mr. Wixom's
five weeks of summer residential time.
Until 2011, Mr. Wixom never exercised the option to have additional residential
time in the summer. On June 21, 2011, Mr. Wixom told Ms. Wixom that he wanted to
have five weeks with Jordan. He proposed July 23 to September 5, 2011. Ms. Wixom
did not agree to the full five weeks because she had made other plans.
The major scheduling conflict was from August 8 to August 19. Ms. Wixom had
arranged for Jordan to visit his grandparents in Portland during that time. According to
! The parenting plan also addresses the Wixoms' two older children, but there is no
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Mr. Wixom, Ms. Wixom made those plans after he asked for the five weeks. According
to Ms. Wixom, they agreed that Jordan would visit the grandparents while Mr. Wixom
was away on business, but Mr. Wixom kept changing his schedule. Ms. Wixom had also
already made plans for Jordan to meet with the guardian ad litem on July 30, go to a
theme park on August 25, and go on a family camping trip during the last weekend of
August.
The Wixoms eventually agreed that Jordan would visit Mr. Wixom from July 23 to
July 29 and from August 1 to August 7 in addition to his regular visits.
Ms. Wixom planned to pick up Jordan at 5:00 p.m. on July 29, 2011. On the
morning of July 29, she told Mr. Wixom that she would not be able pick up Jordan until
5:45 p.m. When she got to Mr. Wixom's house, she knocked on the door, but nobody
answered. Ms. Wixom was not able to reach either Mr. Wixom or Jordan by telephone
until July 31.
Motion for Ex Parte Restraining Order
On August 1, Ms. Wixom filed a motion for an ex parte restraining order to return
Jordan, resolve the summer schedule dispute, and award attorney fees.
dispute about residential time with them.
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In re Marriage of Wixom
The court granted the motion to resolve the summer schedule. It ordered that,
Jordan's summer schedule shall look like his previous summer schedules
prior to litigation where Mr. Wixom did not exercise any extra summer time
. . .. Summer 2011 is modified as follows and the summer schedule in the
Final Parenting Plan from 2009 is suspended. Summer 201 I-Jordan shall
go to the Portland visit with his grandparents, go to Silverwood w/mom for
his birthday, exercise last weekend in August w/mom for camping trip and
shall remain w/mom this weekend (Aug. 5-7) as a makeup for last weekend.
CP at 53-54.
The court then addressed attorney fees. It found that "Mr. Wixom's behavior on
July 29,2011 was unreasonable." CP at 53. It explained that there were "different ways
[the situation] could have been handled verses [sic] ... this secretive sneaky way of
taking [Jordan] with you and not calling and not telling [Ms. Wixom]." CP at 85.
Motion for Declaratory Relief
Mr. Wixom then filed a motion for a judgment declaring "the court's orders issued
[A]ugust 5, 2011 to be void ab inito [sic] due to its State and Federal constitutional
infirmities and violations." CP at 97. He argued that the order violated his constitutional
liberty interest to parent his child because it awarded a nonparent visitation over him.
The court denied the motion on September 23. It explained that on August 5, "[the
court] designated the rights between parents, and during mom's time [the court] allowed
the child to go on a visit .... I think that was within the discretion of the Court. I don't
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In re Marriage of Wixom
think it created rights in the grandparents so I don't think there was a constitutional
violation." Report of Proceedings (RP) at 40-41. It also awarded Ms. Wixom $500
attorney fees pursuant to RCW 7.24.100. Mr. Wixom appeals.
ANALYSIS
August 5 Order. Mr. Wixom contends that the August 5 order contains four errors:
(1) modifying the final parenting plan by giving residential time to nonparents, (2) giving
Ms. Wixom additional residential time to make up for missing the weekend of July 29,
(3) the finding that Mr. Wixom's behavior on July 29, 2011 was unreasonable, and
(4) awarding attorney fees to Ms. Wixom.
A threshold issue is whether this court has jurisdiction to review the August 5
order. Ms. Wixom contends that it is not reviewable because it is not a final order and
Mr. Wixom failed to seek discretionary review of it. Mr. Wixom responds that it is
reviewable because it prejudicially affects the order denying his motion for declaratory
relief.
RAP 2.2(a) provides a list of appealable orders. The August 5 order does not
correspond to any of the orders listed. If an order is not appealable under RAP 2.2(a), this
court may grant discretionary review. RAP 2.3(a). If a party seeks discretionary review
of an order, it must designate that order in a notice for qiscretionary review. RAP 2.4(a).
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In re Marriage of Wixom
Mr. Wixom did not designate the August 5 order for discretionary review.
However, this court will review orders or rulings not designated if it "prejudicially
affects the decision designated in the notice." RAP 2.4(b)(I). An order or ruling
prejudicially affects the decision designated if the designated decision would not have
occurred but for the undesignated order. Right-Price Recreation, LLC v. Connells Prairie
Cmty. Council, 146 Wn.2d 370, 380,46 P.3d 789 (2002). The order designated for
review here is the September 23 order denying Mr. Wixom's motion for declaratory
relief. So, for this court to review any of the August 5 rulings, those rulings must be a
basis for the September 23 order.
The September 23 order would not have occurred but for the ruling setting the
summer schedule. It is therefore reviewable. The other rulings in the August 5 order-
the finding that Mr. Wixom's behavior was unreasonable and that Ms. Wixom was
entitled to makeup time and attorney fees-were not the basis for the designated order.
Those rulings are not reviewable.
But even if this court reviewed those rulings, they do not warrant reversal. The
evidence suggested that, on July 29, Mr. Wixom made no attempt to arrange Jordan's
return or communicate with Ms. Wixom. This evidence supports the court's finding. See
Brandli v. Talley, 98 Wn. App. 521,523,991 P.2d 94 (1999) (findings are reviewed for
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substantial evidence). And the court acted well within its discretion when it allocated
another weekend to Ms. Wixom to make up for the weekend of July 29. See In re
Marriage ofLuckey, 73 Wn. App. 201, 208,868 P.2d 189 (1994) (issues of visitation are
reviewed for abuse of discretion). Finally, Mr. Wixom presents no argument regarding
the August 5 award of attorney fees, so we need not consider it. See State v. Johnson, 119
Wn.2d 167,171,829 P.2d 1082 (1992); RAP 10.3(a)(6).
Because the propriety of the August 5 order setting the summer schedule and the
order denying Mr. Wixom's motion for declaratory judgment present the same issues of
law, those issues are addressed together below.
Summer Schedule and Denial o(Motion fpr Declaratory Relief Mr. Wixom
challenges both the August 5 and September 23 orders. He contends that the August 5
order violates several constitutional rights, the court misconstrued it, and thus the court
failed to recognize the order's constitutional violations. He also contends that the court
should have granted declaratory relief because the issue was timely raised and justiciable,
one appropriately addressed by a declaratory judgment. There is no dispute that the issue
was timely raised. The remaining issues are questions of law, which we will review de
novo. See Columbia Park GolfCourse, Inc. v. City ofKennewick, 160 Wn. App. 66, 79,
248 P.3d 1067 (2011).
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Justiciability-Mootness
Trial courts will not provide declaratory relief unless the claim is justiciable.
Coppernollv. Reed, 155 Wn.2d 290, 300,119 PJd 318 (2005). A claim is justiciable if
there is:
"( 1) ... an actual, present and existing dispute, or the mature seeds ofone,
as distinguished from a possible, dormant, hypothetical, speculative, or
moot disagreement, (2) between parties having genuine and opposing
interests, (3) which involves interests that must be direct and substantial,
rather than potential, theoretical, abstract or academic, and (4) a judicial
determination of which will be final and conclusive."
Id. (emphasis added) (quoting To-Ro Trade Shows v. Collins, 144 Wn.2d 403,411,27
PJd 1149 (2001)). The traditional limiting doctrine of mootness is inherent in these
requirements. To-Ro Trade Shows, 144 Wn.2d at 411. This court will generally not
review issues that are moot. In re Marriage ofHorner, 151 Wn.2d 884,891,93 PJd 124
(2004).
An issue is moot if "the court can no longer provide effective relief," Brown v.
Vail, 169 Wn.2d 318,337,237 PJd 263 (2010); it is rendered purely academic, Grays
Harbor Paper Co. v. Grays Harbor County, 74 Wn.2d 70, 73, 442 P.2d 967 (1968); there
is no longer a controversy between the parties, State ex rei. Chapman v. Superior Court,
15 Wn.2d 637,639-42,131 P.2d 958 (1942); or if a substantial question no longer exists.
Sorenson v. City ofBellingham, 80 Wn.2d 547, 558,496 P.2d 512 (1972).
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No. 30352· 7·III
In re Marriage of Wixom
Mr. Wixom contends that the August 5 order setting the summer schedule is not
moot because the superior court has empowered Ms. Wixom to deprive Mr. Wixom of
visitation in the future. Mr. Wixom perceives that the August 5 order encourages Ms.
Wixom to deprive him of visitation, but the order merely states,
Jordan's summer schedule shall look like his previous summer schedules
prior to litigation where Mr. Wixom did not exercise any extra summer time
. . .. Summer 2011 is modified as follows and the summer schedule in the
Final Parenting Plan from 2009 is suspended. Summer 20 II-Jordan shall
go to the Portland visit with his grandparents, go to Silverwood w/mom for
his birthday, exercise last weekend in August w/mom for camping trip and
shall remain w/mom this weekend (Aug. 5·7) as a makeup for last weekend.
CP at 53·54. This order created a schedule for the summer of 2011 because the parties
were unable to agree on one without court intervention. Because the summer of 20 11 has
long passed, the issue the August 5 order addresses is moot now and was moot on
September 23,2011, when the trial court denied Mr. Wixom's motion for a declaratory
judgment. Because the issue was moot, the trial court correctly refused to declare the
August 5 order void ab initio.
Given our conclusion that the August 5 issues are moot, we need only address
attorney fees.
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Attorney Fees-Trial Court. An award of statutory attorney fees will not be
disturbed absent a clear abuse of discretion. Fluke Capital & Mgmt. Servs. v. Richmond,
106 Wn.2d 614,625, 724 P.2d 356 (1986) (quoting Mktg. Unlimited, Inc. v. Jefferson
Chern. Co., 90 Wn.2d 410,412,583 P.2d 630 (1978), overruled by Scott Fetzer Co. v.
Weeks, 114 Wn.2d 109, 786 P.2d 265 (1990)). When an erroneous view of the law is the
basis for a decision, the decision is an abuse of discretion. Dix v. ICT Group, Inc., 160
Wn.2d 826,833, 161 P.3d 1016 (2007).
"[T]he court may make such award of costs as may seem equitable and just" in a
proceeding for a declaratory judgment. RCW 7.24.100. "Costs" allows a party to recover
the expense incurred by prosecuting or defending against a suit for declaratory judgment.
Seattle Sch. Dist. No.1 v. State, 90 Wn.2d 476,541,585 P.2d 71 (1978) (quoting Rocky
Mountain Fire & Cas. Co. v. Rose, 62 Wn.2d 896, 899-900, 385 P.2d 45 (1963)). It does
not include "attorneys' fees," except when some other statute is the basis for those fees.
Id.
The trial court incorrectly awarded $500 in attorney fees to Ms. Wixom pursuant to
RCW 7.24.100. To support that award, the court would have to rely on some other statute
in addition to RCW 7.24.100. Here, the court relied only on RCW 7.24.100. Ms. Wixom
concedes that this was incorrect and asks that this court reduce the award to "reflect just
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No.30352-7-II1
In re Marriage a/Wixom
statutory attorney fees." Br. ofResp't at 15. However, she does not point to any statute
as a basis for those fees.
We reverse the award of attorney fees.
Attorney Fees on Appeal. Both parties ask for attorney fees on appeal under
RCW 26.09.140 and due to each other's intransigence. A party may request attorney fees
on appeal if applicable law grants the right to recover attorney fees. RAP 18.1(a). An
award of attorney fees is discretionary. See In re Marriage a/Buchanan, 150 Wn. App.
730, 740, 207 PJd 478 (2009).
RCW 26.09.140 provides that the court may order a party to pay the other's
attorney fees on appeal "after considering the financial resources of both parties." This
court may award RCW 26.09.140 attorney fees only if the party requesting attorney fees
files an affidavit showing his or her financial resources. RAP 18.l(c). Neither party has
filed such an affidavit.
lfintransigence is established, the parties' financial resources need not be
considered. In re Marriage 0/ Mattson, 95 Wn. App. 592, 606, 976 P.2d 157 (1999). A
party's intransigence in this court or the trial court may support an award of attorney fees
on appeal. Id. Both of the parties say that the other is intransigent, but neither cite to
anything in the record that demonstrates intransigence.
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We affirm the denial of declaratory judgment, reverse the September 23 award of
attorney fees, and decline to award attorney fees on appeal.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
~/rP_·_
Kulik, J.
WE CONCUR:
Brown, J.
~fat!)=
Siddoway, A.C.J.
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