2023 IL App (1st) 211301
SECOND DIVISION
September 29, 2023
No. 1-21-1301
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County
)
v. ) 05 CR 10248
)
RAYMOND NESBITT, ) Honorable
) Mary Margaret Brosnahan,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding
_____________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE ELLIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Howse and Justice McBride concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Petitioner Raymond Nesbitt represented himself in his trial for predatory criminal sexual
assault. He was convicted and sentenced to decades in prison. He filed a pro se postconviction
petition challenging his conviction and sentence. Eventually, that petition reached the second
stage, whereupon petitioner elected to have counsel represent him. After postconviction counsel
amended the postconviction petition, counsel filed the required certificate under Illinois Supreme
Court Rule 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017), attesting that she had performed her required duties.
¶2 Unhappy with his postconviction counsel’s failure to bolster his original pro se claims,
petitioner filed a pro se objection to counsel’s filing of the Rule 651(c) certificate. The court
ultimately dismissed the bulk of the amended postconviction petition (though petitioner
prevailed on one portion regarding sentencing). The court declined to consider petitioner’s
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objection to the Rule 651(c) certificate.
¶3 Petitioner now appeals, claiming the court’s refusal to entertain his pro se objection
violated his right to procedural due process. We reject that claim. Due process did not require
that the postconviction court entertain petitioner’s objection to his counsel’s performance in
amending the postconviction petition at the second stage. His full and fair opportunity to be
heard lies in the appellate court’s de novo review of any such complaint of unreasonable
assistance, which satisfies due process. We thus affirm.
¶4 BACKGROUND
¶5 After a trial in which he represented himself, petitioner was convicted of five counts of
predatory criminal sexual assault. He was sentenced to an aggregate of 40 years in prison. We
affirmed his conviction on direct appeal but remanded for resentencing after finding the court
deprived him of his sixth amendment right to counsel when it failed to re-admonish him at the
sentencing stage of the original trial proceedings. People v. Nesbitt, No. 1-09-0026 (Dec. 23,
2010) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23). At his second sentencing
hearing, the petitioner was sentenced to an aggregate of 37 years in prison.
¶6 On April 9, 2013, petitioner filed a pro se postconviction petition, alleging various
constitutional errors. He also alleged the trial court did not have jurisdiction over him when he
was resentenced on December 19, 2011. The trial court dismissed that petition at the first stage
of proceedings. We reversed, concluding that, due to a variety of procedural hiccups with his
direct appeal, the circuit court likely did not have jurisdiction over petitioner’s case when it
resentenced him. We remanded the case to the circuit court for second-stage proceedings, where
counsel could be appointed to represent petitioner. People v. Nesbitt, 2015 IL App (1st) 133021-
U, ¶ 25. (That issue is not part of this appeal.)
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¶7 When the case returned to the circuit court, petitioner filed two pro se motions, one
seeking a substitution of judge and the other titled “Motion for Scope of Representation”
regarding the public defender who had previously been assigned his case.
¶8 In November 2016, petitioner appeared before the court alongside his appointed attorney.
Counsel informed the court that they had discussed the motion for substitution of judge, and that
counsel did not believe there were any grounds to argue it. Counsel had informed petitioner that
he could argue it himself if he wished, but he would have to forfeit representation by the public
defender and would have to represent himself.
¶9 The court asked petitioner directly if he wanted to keep the public defender on his case,
and petitioner said, “That’ll be contingent upon the issues that he chooses to elaborate in my
[petition].” When the court asked petitioner to clarify if he was keeping his attorney, petitioner
said “yes.” The court then struck petitioner’s pro se motion for a substitution of judge.
¶ 10 Despite having an attorney, petitioner spent the next two years filing various pro se
motions and documents. Meanwhile, in October 2018, petitioner’s new assistant public defender
filed a “Motion to resentence petitioner” and a certification, pursuant to Rule 651(c), that she had
examined the record, discussed the issues with petitioner, and made any necessary amendments
to the petition to present its claims to the court. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017).
¶ 11 At a court hearing in January 2019, petitioner’s attorney informed the court that she had
explained to her client that she was not dismissing or waiving any of his pro se petition’s claims
but that she would rest on his petition. At about the same time, petitioner filed a pro se motion
seeking the appointment of a “bar [association] attorney” in lieu of the public defender’s office.
The court denied that motion in March 2019.
¶ 12 In January 2020, the State moved to dismiss the petition. Nine months later, in October,
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petitioner filed a pro se “Motion in Support for 2nd/3rd Stage Proceedings of Post Conviction
Petition.” The filing purported to support the claims petitioner raised in his initial pro se petition.
¶ 13 Petitioner’s counsel did not file anything beyond the motion seeking to resentence
petitioner and, in February 2021, filed a second Rule 651(c) certification. In that certification,
counsel referenced petitioner’s 10 pro se filings regarding his petition and said she did not
prepare a supplemental postconviction petition because “[p]etitioner’s previously-filed pro se
petition for post-conviction relief and subsequent filings adequately set forth the petitioner’s
claim of deprivation of his constitutional rights.”
¶ 14 At the same time, counsel moved to combine petitioner’s pro se petition and filings with
her motion to resentence petitioner, in essence asking the court to treat the two filings together as
one postconviction petition. The court agreed and combined petitioner’s original pro se
postconviction petition (filed in April 2013), petitioner’s pro se motion in support of the
proceedings (filed on October 4, 2018), and counsel’s argument in support of resentencing into
one petition.
¶ 15 Said differently, the assistant public defender, out of an abundance of caution (and
perhaps a bit of frustration), took everything petitioner had filed pro se and included it with the
resentencing argument she had written up, so that every single claim and argument made by
petitioner would be included in the amended, second-stage postconviction petition.
¶ 16 The parties then argued the State’s motion to dismiss outside the presence of petitioner.
The State conceded petitioner’s claim that the court did not have jurisdiction to sentence him (the
claim amended by postconviction counsel) and thus petitioner required resentencing. The State
moved to dismiss the balance of petitioner’s pro se claims. The court took the matter under
advisement.
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¶ 17 On June 9, 2021, and before the court had ruled on the State’s motion to dismiss the
petition, petitioner filed a pro se “Motion of Objection to Filing of [Illinois Supreme Court Rule]
651(c) for a Supplemental Motion.” This objection, as we will call it, is the subject of our appeal.
¶ 18 In that objection, petitioner complained that his “original postconviction petition has not
been adjudicated in the manner instructed by the appellate court for 2nd stage proceedings.” He
argued that his counsel “refuses to conduct 2nd stage proceedings in lieu of resentencing only.”
He wrote that “the supplemental postconviction [petition] constitutes a due process violation
because the defendant has not filed any request like this.” And finally, he wrote, counsel’s Rule
651(c) certificate was not notarized.
¶ 19 On June 16, 2021, in a written order, the trial court granted the State’s motion to dismiss
petitioner’s pro se claims in the postconviction petition but advanced the sentencing issue to a
third-stage proceeding. The record shows that, at the time the court dismissed petitioner’s pro se
claims, it was not aware of petitioner’s pro se June 9 filing.
¶ 20 About a week later, on June 24, the court realized that petitioner had filed an objection to
counsel’s Rule 651(c) certification. In open court, petitioner’s counsel said that, if petitioner “is
objecting to me filing things, perhaps he wants to go pro se or perhaps he doesn’t want me as his
attorney. I don’t know.” The court set the matter for a hearing in August to bring petitioner into
court and discuss his objections.
¶ 21 At that court date, on August 9, 2021, the court held a hearing with the petitioner, his
attorney, and the State all present. Petitioner’s counsel clarified that she did not abandon or
otherwise waive any of the pro se claims in his original petition. Counsel stated that she had
reviewed and discussed all these claims with him and chose not to amend the petition beyond
amending the claim regarding resentencing.
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¶ 22 The court then turned its attention to petitioner’s written objection. It concluded that
petitioner did not have “standing” to object to counsel filing a Rule 651(c) certification,
particularly because the filing of the certificate was required by supreme court rule. The court
told petitioner that, if he had wanted to represent himself, he could have so chosen before it ruled
on his petition. Now, however, it was too late, and because petitioner had kept his lawyer,
petitioner’s arguments would have to be advanced through her.
¶ 23 Petitioner, in his colloquy with the court, appeared to indicate that he never received the
amended postconviction petition—which, as already noted, was really a combination of the new
resentencing motion counsel filed plus the original, unamended pro se claims. It appears that
petitioner, when he filed his objection to the Rule 651(c) certificate, had been under the mistaken
impression that counsel omitted his pro se claims entirely and only filed a pleading regarding
resentencing.
¶ 24 In any event, at no time did petitioner terminate the services of his public defender, not
even at the third stage, though he was given multiple opportunities to do so.
¶ 25 ANALYSIS
¶ 26 On appeal, petitioner raises only a single claim: that the trial court violated his right to
procedural due process when it refused to consider his pro se objection to counsel’s Rule 651(c)
certification at the second stage of postconviction proceedings. He does not ask us to review the
merits of his objection. Nor does he argue that the pro se claims in his amended postconviction
petition had merit and ask us to review them. His argument, at bottom, is that he should have
been given an opportunity before the postconviction court, at the second stage of proceedings, to
object to counsel’s Rule 651(c) certificate and make his case of unreasonable assistance by
postconviction counsel. The circuit court’s refusal to hear his objection, he says, violated his
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right to procedural due process.
¶ 27 The right to procedural due process is enshrined in both the federal and state
constitutions. U.S. Const., amend XIV, § 1; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 2. A postconviction
petitioner has a right to procedural due process. People v. Kitchen, 189 Ill. 2d 424, 434-35
(1999). The fundamental requirements of due process are notice of the proceeding and the
opportunity to present one’s position. People v. Cardona, 2013 IL 114076, ¶ 15. Thus, the right
guarantees an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner, to any
motion or responsive pleading by the State. People v. Pingelton, 2022 IL 127680, ¶ 36.
¶ 28 But due process is a flexible concept; not all circumstances call for the same type of
procedure. People v. Stoecker, 2020 IL 124807, ¶ 17. Our review of a purported due process
violation is de novo. Id.
¶ 29 Before we go any further, we must emphasize that this procedural due process argument
is focused only on the second stage of proceedings, as that is the stage, obviously, at which
counsel filed her Rule 651(c) certificate, drawing petitioner’s objection. Indeed, the duties set
forth in Rule 651(c) apply only to postconviction counsel’s duties at the second stage, not the
third stage, which is governed by a general reasonableness standard. See People v. Watson, 2022
IL App (5th) 190427, ¶ 47 (“Rule 651(c) only applies to counsel at the second stage of
postconviction proceedings.”); People v. Pabello, 2019 IL App (2d) 170867, ¶ 28 (“It would be
illogical to measure counsel’s performance at the third stage by a standard applicable to the
distinctly different second stage.”); People v. Zareski, 2017 IL App (1st) 150836, ¶ 59 (same);
see also People v. Addison, 2023 IL 127119, ¶ 38 (“[T]his court has not prescribed by rule
specific duties that counsel must perform at the third stage.”).
¶ 30 Underlying this appeal is the fundamentally mistaken premise that a pro se litigant has
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the right to lodge an objection to postconviction counsel’s performance at the second stage of
proceedings before the postconviction court. A petitioner does not have that right; our supreme
court has so held. And due process did not require such a procedure here, as petitioner had an
avenue to complain of counsel’s unreasonable performance at the second stage of proceedings.
That avenue is de novo review by the appellate court.
¶ 31 I
¶ 32 We reiterate at the outset that petitioner had several opportunities to terminate the
services of his appointed counsel but never did so, retaining counsel well past the moment of this
controversy at the second stage and through the third stage of proceedings. He cannot pretend
that his choice lacked consequences. It is well settled that a petitioner who is represented by
counsel may not file pro se motions. He may fire his lawyer if he is unhappy with counsel’s
performance, but if represented by counsel, he must speak through counsel, and the trial court
has no obligation to entertain pro se motions. See People v. Stevenson, 2011 IL App (1st)
093413, ¶ 30 (“A defendant has the right to proceed either pro se or through counsel; he has no
right to some sort of hybrid representation whereby he would receive the services of counsel and
still be permitted to file pro se motions.”); People v. Serio, 357 Ill. App. 3d 806, 815 (2005)
(defendant “has the right either to have counsel represent him or to represent himself; but a
defendant has no right to both self-representation and the assistance of counsel”).
¶ 33 There is only one exception to that rule, quite limited in scope: Post-trial, a defendant
who complains pro se about the performance of his trial counsel is entitled to at least a
preliminary hearing pursuant to People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984). This, in effect, is what
petitioner seeks here—some postconviction version of a Krankel hearing, where he could air his
complaints about postconviction counsel to the circuit court as the second stage. As we explain
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below, that procedure is not available to him, though he has adequate remedies regardless.
¶ 34 II
¶ 35 Because postconviction proceedings are not constitutionally mandated and are thus
allowed only as a matter of “legislative grace,” a petitioner is not entitled to the sixth amendment
right to effective assistance of counsel, as he would be at trial. See People v. Custer, 2019 IL
123339, ¶ 30. He is entitled only to reasonable assistance in a postconviction proceeding. Id.
“[T]he standard of reasonable assistance is ‘significantly lower than the [standard] mandated at
trial by our state and federal constitutions.’ ” People v. Smith, 2022 IL 126940, ¶ 35 (quoting
Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 30).
¶ 36 At the second stage of proceedings, where an indigent pro se petitioner is entitled to
counsel, the “gold standard for postconviction duties of counsel” is Illinois Supreme Court Rule
651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017), which “sharply limits the requisite duties of postconviction counsel.”
Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 32. Counsel must certify that she has (1) consulted with the petitioner
to ascertain his or her claims of deprivation of constitutional rights, (2) examined the record of
the proceedings at trial, and (3) made any necessary amendments to the pro se petition for an
adequate presentation of petitioner’s contentions. Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017).
¶ 37 Counsel need not amend the petition or every claim; counsel may conclude that the claim
is already adequately addressed or that a claim is frivolous and undeserving of further
amendment. People v. Greer, 212 Ill. 2d 192, 205 (2004); People v. Turner, 2023 IL App (1st)
191503, ¶ 30. The filing of the Rule 651(c) certificate creates a rebuttable presumption that
counsel has performed these duties and thus has provided reasonable assistance. Custer, 2019 IL
123339, ¶ 32.
¶ 38 At trial, where the sixth amendment guarantee of effective assistance of counsel is in full
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force, our supreme court has provided a specific procedure for convicted defendants to raise a
post-trial complaint about trial counsel’s performance, something we touched upon above. It is
known as a “Krankel hearing,” at which the defendant may raise complaints about counsel’s
performance, make a record of matters that might not otherwise be contained in the record, and
thus allow the court to make an evidentiary record for appeal. See Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 27;
People v. Ayres, 2017 IL 120071, ¶ 13; Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d at 189.
¶ 39 But our supreme court has chosen not to require such a proceeding, be it a Krankel or a
“Krankel-like” hearing, before the postconviction court. Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶¶ 33, 46.
Among its reasons is that complaints about postconviction counsel are usually narrower in scope,
given postconviction counsel’s more limited duties. Id. ¶ 40. And most notably for our purposes
here, the court explained that those complaints will often be directed at strategic decisions by
counsel in drafting and amending postconviction petitions, matters for which “the outcome on
appeal would be the same both with or without a preliminary Krankel hearing.” Id. ¶ 39.
¶ 40 This case is a perfect example. The claims made here by petitioner in his objection, other
than a lack of notarization on the Rule 651(c) certificate, boil down to a complaint that counsel
did not amend and prepare the second-stage postconviction petition to his liking. We do not
require an evidentiary hearing to review that claim; we routinely review such arguments as
questions of law subject to de novo review. See, e.g., People v. Cotto, 2016 IL 119006, ¶ 24
(whether postconviction counsel provided reasonable assistance is reviewed de novo); Turner,
2023 IL App (1st) 191503, ¶ 23 (claim that postconviction counsel did not provide reasonable
assistance in that he did not “amend and support [petitioner’s] claims” was reviewed de novo);
People v. Smith, 2020 IL App (1st) 181220, ¶ 13 (“We review an attorney’s compliance with
Rule 651(c) de novo.”).
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¶ 41 Examples of decisions include, but by no means are limited to, People v. Kuehner, 2015
IL 117695, ¶ 23 (record rebutted presumption of reasonable assistance in postconviction
counsel’s decision not to advance petitioner’s pro se claims, as counsel did not explain why
claims raised in initial pro se petition were frivolous); People v. Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d 34, 52
(2007) (record did not reflect that any amendments were necessary for adequate presentation of
petitioner’s claims and did not rebut presumption of reasonable assistance); People v. Lyons, 46
Ill. 2d 172, 174-75 (1970) (record rebutted presumption that counsel provided reasonable
assistance in failing to amend initial pro se petition); People v. Blake, 2022 IL App (2d) 210154,
¶¶ 16-20 (record did not rebut presumption of reasonable assistance, despite counsel abandoning
all of defendant’s pro se claims in amended petition; counsel could have determined that claims
were frivolous, and counsel did not argue on appeal that claims were meritorious); People v.
Wallace, 2016 IL App (1st) 142758, ¶ 33 (record did not reflect that counsel provided
unreasonable assistance in declining to amend postconviction petition to include certain
argument).
¶ 42 So petitioner needed no hearing of any kind before the postconviction court to complain
of postconviction counsel’s performance before this court. If petitioner is convinced that
postconviction counsel failed to bolster one of his pro se claims (or abandoned it altogether), he
can (and must) make that case on appeal, on de novo review, by doing in his appellate brief what
postconviction counsel did not do below—explaining the merits of the dismissed claim to the
appellate court. As this court has stated repeatedly, because postconviction counsel is not
obligated to advance frivolous claims, “ ‘ “the question of whether the pro se allegations had
merit is crucial to determining whether counsel acted unreasonably by not filing an amended
petition.” ’ ” Blake, 2022 IL App (2d) 210154, ¶ 15 (quoting People v. Gallano, 2019 IL App
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(1st) 160570, ¶ 30, quoting Profit, 2012 IL App (1st) 101307, ¶ 23). Obviously, if we were
persuaded that one of these pro se claims had merit, we would not hesitate to advance that claim
to the third stage for an evidentiary hearing.
¶ 43 In other words, de novo appellate review is, itself, petitioner’s full and fair opportunity to
be heard on the question of compliance with Rule 651(c) and postconviction counsel’s
performance at the second stage. Indeed, one of the puzzling aspects of this appeal is that
petitioner makes no attempt to convince us of the merits of his objection to counsel’s Rule 651(c)
certificate—or more broadly, his complaints about her failure to amend or bolster his pro se
claims. He does not explain why any of his dismissed claims, had they been dressed up by
counsel, stated grounds for postconviction relief. Ironically, then, in the very forum he has been
provided to challenge his postconviction counsel’s performance, he raises one and only one
complaint—that he lacks such a forum.
¶ 44 Petitioner has not established a due process violation. Appellate review of postconviction
counsel’s performance at the second stage is a more than adequate opportunity to protect his
(non-constitutional) right to reasonable assistance of postconviction counsel.
¶ 45 CONCLUSION
¶ 46 The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
¶ 47 Affirmed.
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People v. Nesbitt, 2023 IL App (1st) 211301
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 05-CR-
10248; the Hon. Mary Margaret Brosnahan, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Katherine M. Donahoe,
for of State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:
Attorneys Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Enrique
for Abraham, Paul E. Wojcicki, and Liam F. Reardon, Assistant
Appellee: State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.
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