NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS SEP 29 2023
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
GREG MOORE; PATRICIA MOORE, No. 22-16236
Plaintiffs-Appellees, D.C. No.
4:19-cv-00290-RM-LAB
and
SOUTHWEST NONPROFIT HOUSING MEMORANDUM*
CORPORATION; et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
SEAN GARNAND, Detective; DAIN
SALISBURY, Sergeant,
Defendants-Appellants,
and
REBECCA LOPEZ, Detective; et al.,
Defendants.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Arizona
Rosemary Márquez, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted July 12, 2023
San Francisco, California
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Before: S.R. THOMAS, BENNETT, and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.
Greg and Patricia Moore (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), husband and wife, filed
this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against several officers of the Tucson Police
Department. Officers Sean Garnand and Dain Salisbury (collectively,
“Defendants”) are the only remaining defendants. Plaintiffs’ complaint alleged
various Fourth Amendment violations arising from two search warrants obtained in
connection with Defendants’ investigation of two arsons that occurred at properties
connected to Mr. Moore.1 Defendants appeal from the district court’s order
denying without prejudice their motion for summary judgment based on qualified
immunity.
We have jurisdiction to consider the denial of qualified immunity if the
denial “turns on an issue of law.” Giebel v. Sylvester, 244 F.3d 1182, 1186 (9th
Cir. 2001) (quoting Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985)). A denial turns
on an issue of law when the defendant argues that “assuming the facts as alleged
by [plaintiff] to be true, his conduct did not violate [plaintiff’s constitutional]
rights, and that even if it did, he was entitled to qualified immunity.” Id. (footnote
omitted). That the district court’s denial left the qualified immunity question open
1
In this disposition, we address only the Fourth Amendment claims. In a
concurrently filed opinion, we address Plaintiffs’ First Amendment retaliation
claims.
2
for reconsideration does not bar our review of purely legal qualified immunity
questions. See Ganwich v. Knapp, 319 F.3d 1115, 1119 (9th Cir. 2003). We apply
these principles below.
I. Claims Based on the First Search Warrant
Plaintiffs brought these Fourth Amendment claims arising from the search
warrant dated June 8, 2017 (“First Search Warrant”): (1) Defendants obtained the
First Search Warrant through judicial deception; (2) even absent judicial deception,
the First Search Warrant lacked probable cause; (3) Defendants seized and arrested
Mr. Moore without probable cause because the First Search Warrant was invalid;
and (4) Officer Garnand used excessive force in seizing and arresting Mr. Moore.
“The officers are entitled to qualified immunity unless: (1) the [plaintiffs]
have ‘made out a violation of a constitutional right,’ and (2) ‘the right at issue was
“clearly established” at the time of the officers’ alleged misconduct.’” Chism v.
Washington, 661 F.3d 380, 386 (9th Cir. 2011) (alterations omitted) (quoting
Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009)). Defendants’ arguments bear on
only the first prong: whether there was a constitutional violation.
Defendants argue that there was no judicial deception in obtaining the First
Search Warrant. But in making such argument they fail to take as true Plaintiffs’
version of the facts. For example, according to Plaintiffs, Officer Garnand falsely
stated in his telephonic affidavit that Mr. Moore left the scene “quickly” and
3
omitted other information undercutting the suspicion that Mr. Moore participated
in the fire. By failing to take as true the alleged false statement and omissions,
Defendants implicitly ask us to consider the correctness of Plaintiffs’ version of the
facts, which we cannot do. See Cunningham v. City of Wenatchee, 345 F.3d 802,
806–07 (9th Cir. 2003). Given Defendants’ failure to present the facts in the light
most favorable to Plaintiffs, we lack jurisdiction and dismiss Defendants’ claim of
qualified immunity as to the judicial deception claim. See Est. of Anderson v.
Marsh, 985 F.3d 726, 731 (9th Cir. 2021).2
Because the outcome of the judicial deception claim affects the remaining
Fourth Amendment claims based on the First Search Warrant, we decline to
address and remand the remaining Fourth Amendment claims based on the First
Search Warrant.
2
During oral argument, Defendants’ counsel argued that we could consider the
judicial deception claim because, even if Defendants made the alleged false
statements or omissions, Defendants still had probable cause for the First Search
Warrant and so the judicial deception claim fails. Oral Arg. at 2:46–4:05; see
Bravo v. City of Santa Maria, 665 F.3d 1076, 1083–84 (9th Cir. 2011) (explaining
that materiality is an element of a judicial deception claim and is proved by
showing that probable cause is lacking even after the affidavit is corrected and
supplemented). But Defendants forfeited this argument by failing to raise it in
their briefs. See Orr v. Plumb, 884 F.3d 923, 932 (9th Cir. 2018). Defendants’
probable cause arguments as to the First Search Warrant did not correct and
supplement the affidavit by accepting as true the alleged false statements and
omissions.
4
II. Claims Based on the Second Search Warrant
Plaintiffs brought these Fourth Amendment claims arising from the search
warrant dated June 14, 2017 (“Second Search Warrant”): (1) Defendants obtained
the Second Search Warrant through judicial deception; (2) even absent judicial
deception, the Second Search Warrant lacked probable cause; (3) even if the
Second Search Warrant were valid, Defendants executed it unreasonably by
seizing items outside the warrant’s scope; and (4) Officer Garnand’s detention of
Mrs. Moore during the search of the Moores’ home violated her Fourth
Amendment rights.
Again, as to qualified immunity, Defendants’ arguments bear on only
whether Plaintiffs have made out a constitutional violation. See Chism, 661 F.3d at
386. But unlike their arguments as to the judicial deception claim based on the
First Search Warrant, their arguments related to the claims based on the Second
Search Warrant take Plaintiffs’ facts to be true. Thus, we have jurisdiction to
consider the purely legal question whether, assuming Plaintiffs’ facts to be true,
Defendants violated Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment rights. See Giebel, 244 F.3d at
1186.
We start with the claim that the Second Search Warrant lacked probable
cause on its face, as our resolution of that claim affects the remaining claims based
on the Second Search Warrant. “In determining whether an affidavit establishes
5
probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant, the court limits its review to
the data contained within the four corners of the affidavit.” Ewing v. City of
Stockton, 588 F.3d 1218, 1225 n.8 (9th Cir. 2009). “Search warrants must be
specific in both particularity and breadth.” United States v. Brobst, 558 F.3d 982,
993 (9th Cir. 2009). “Breadth deals with the requirement that the scope of the
warrant be limited by the probable cause on which the warrant is based.” Id.
(quotation mark omitted) (quoting United States v. Towne, 997 F.2d 537, 544 (9th
Cir. 1993)). “[P]robable cause must exist to seize all the items of a particular type
described in the warrant.” Id.
The Second Search Warrant authorized, among other things, without any
limitation as to time, the seizure of a vast array of “[f]inancial information” 3
related to Mr. Moore and “associated businesses” that constitute evidence of a
crime4 and all electronics that constitute evidence of a crime, which were located at
3
The Second Search Warrant defined “financial information” as “[i]ncluding but
not limited to: Credit card documents, savings accounts, checking accounts,
business accounts related to Eric Gregory Moore (aka Gregory Moore) and
associated businesses, including but not limited to bills, cash and charge receipts,
loan documents, titles, statements, mail or other written communication.”
4
After listing the items that could be seized, the warrant had this paragraph:
“WHICH CONSIST OF ANY ITEM OR CONSTITUTES ANY EVIDENCE
THAT TENDS TO SHOW THAT A PARTICULAR PUBLIC OFFENSE HAS
BEEN COMMITTED, OR TENDS TO SHOW THAT A PARTICULAR
PERSON HAS COMMITTED THE PUBLIC OFFENSE, ACCORDING TO ARS
SECTION 13-3912.” As relevant here, Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3912(4) provides that
a search warrant may be issued “[w]hen property or things to be seized consist of
6
Mr. Moore’s office and the Moores’ home and inside any of Mr. Moore’s vehicles
located at or near these places. But Officer Garnand’s affidavit failed to establish
probable cause to believe that all these items were connected to criminal activity.
The affidavit also failed to explain why evidence of a crime would fairly be found
on any electronics. Indeed, the affidavit did not even mention the use of
electronics in connection with any crimes.5 We have found similar warrants
any item or constitute any evidence which tends to show that a particular public
offense has been committed, or tends to show that a particular person has
committed the public offense.”
Defendants never argued below or on appeal that this provision in the
warrant limited law enforcement’s ability to seize the warrant’s lists of items to be
seized. Nor did they argue that they did anything other than seize everything they
could find that was on those lists. But even if the general citation to Ariz. Rev.
Stat. § 13-3912 imposed some type of limitation, we have held that such
“limitation” is insufficient. See United States v. Cardwell, 680 F.2d 75, 78 (9th
Cir. 1982) (“‘[L]imiting’ the search to only records that are evidence of the
violation of a certain statute is generally not enough.”).
5
Even if we were to overlook this flaw in the affidavit, the warrant allowed a
search of a vast list of electronic devices and data:
Electronics: Including but not limited to: Computers, cell phones,
laptops, tablets, handheld devices, thumb drives, hard drives, CD’s,
DVD’s or any device or item used to transmit, receive, or store
electronic data, including data that is stored in remote locations such as
an “application”, “the cloud” or in a similar manner. I would like to
request permission for any item or data to be analyzed or processed by
applicable law enforcement or prosecutorial entities.
(emphasis added).
The supporting affidavit did not even attempt to justify such a broad search.
Apparently law enforcement’s view was that they could completely search all
7
unconstitutionally overbroad. See, e.g., United States v. Kow, 58 F.3d 423, 427
(9th Cir. 1995); United States v. Hill, 459 F.3d 966, 976 (9th Cir. 2006); United
States v. Cardwell, 680 F.2d 75, 77 (9th Cir. 1982). Thus, the Second Search
Warrant was unconstitutionally overbroad.6
But that does not end our inquiry because “[o]fficers lose their shield of
qualified immunity ‘only where the warrant application is so lacking in indicia of
probable cause as to render official belief in its existence unreasonable.’” Johnson
v. Walton, 558 F.3d 1106, 1111 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S.
335, 344–45 (1986)). The Second Search Warrant is like the warrant in Kow,
which “listed entire categories of documents to be seized, encompassing essentially
all documents on the premises.” 58 F.3d at 428. As in Kow, we conclude that the
seized “electronics,” without limitation. But “[w]e do not approve of issuing
warrants authorizing blanket removal of all computer storage media for later
examination when there is no affidavit giving a reasonable explanation.” United
States v. Hill, 459 F.3d 966, 976 (9th Cir. 2006).
6
We reject Defendants’ argument that Plaintiffs did not make an overbreadth claim
as to the Second Search Warrant. The complaint fairly raised an overbreadth
challenge by alleging that the warrant was invalid because there was a lack of
probable cause to seize the items. Additionally, the record supports that Plaintiffs
sufficiently raised an overbreadth challenge. Defendants’ initial motion for
summary judgment argued that they had probable cause to seize all the items. The
declaration submitted by Plaintiffs in support of their request for Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 56(d) relief stated that the Second Search Warrant was overbroad
as to the documents related to Mr. Moore and electronics. In opposing the
declaration, Defendants made no argument that Plaintiffs had failed to make an
overbreadth claim. And during Mr. Moore’s deposition, Defendants’ counsel
acknowledged that Plaintiffs had alleged the warrants were overbroad in scope.
8
Second Search Warrant was so facially invalid that no reasonable officer could
have relied on it. See id. at 428–29. We therefore affirm the district court’s denial
of qualified immunity on Plaintiffs’ claim that the Second Search Warrant lacked
probable cause.
Given our determination that at least portions of the Second Search Warrant
were invalid for lack of probable cause, we decline to address the remaining Fourth
Amendment claims, all of which depend on the validity of the Second Search
Warrant. Thus, we remand the remaining Fourth Amendment claims based on the
Second Search Warrant.
DISMISSED IN PART; AFFIRMED IN PART; AND REMANDED.7
7
The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.
9