In re Disinterment of Glass

[Cite as In re Disinterment of Glass, 2023-Ohio-3509.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MONTGOMERY COUNTY

IN THE MATTER OF :
THE DISINTERMENT OF :
MARION J. GLASS, DECEASED : C.A. Nos. 29700; 29707
IRENE J. GLASS, DECEASED :
: Trial Court Case Nos. 2020 MSC
: 00382; 2020 MSC 00383
:
: (Appeal from Common Pleas Court-
: Probate Division)
:

...........

OPINION

Rendered on September 29, 2023

...........

RICHARD A. TALDA and JOSHUA R. LOUNSBURY, Attorneys for Appellant, Kathleen
Glass

AARON M. HERZIG, JULIA B. MEISTER, CHRISTOPHER M. WOLCOTT, ROBERT R.
DUNLEVEY and GLEN R. MCMURRY, Attorneys for Appellees, Roger Glass Estate and
Carol Pollock

.............

WELBAUM, P.J.

{¶ 1} In these consolidated cases, Kathleen Glass (“Kathleen”) appeals from

probate court judgments granting applications to disinter her parents, Marion and Irene
 -2-

Glass.1 The appellees are Carol Pollock (Kathleen’s sister) and Larry Mullins, Executor

of the Estate of Roger Glass (collectively, “Applicants”). Roger Glass, Kathleen’s brother

and the original applicant for disinterment, died during the course of the litigation, and the

court substituted Mullins as a party.

{¶ 2} According to Kathleen, the probate court erred in four ways: (1) by admitting

evidence about settlement discussions; (2) by failing to find that Carol and Roger had

waived their right to seek disinterment; (3) in granting the applications for disinterment;

and (4) by denying Kathleen’s motion to strike the Applicants’ closing brief without holding

an evidentiary hearing. After considering the record, which included a four-day bench

trial and many exhibits, we find no error on the court’s part. First, the court’s admission

of limited evidence about settlement discussions did not violate Evid.R. 408, which

generally prohibits admission of such evidence. However, evidence showing bias or

motive is excluded from the rule. Here, the factors used to assess disinterment

applications require courts to consider the parties’ motives and conduct.

{¶ 3} Furthermore, Kathleen waived objections to admission of evidence under

Evid.R. 408. Specifically, while Kathleen did challenge admission of settlement matters

at various times during the trial, she had taken the opposite position before trial in

response to Applicants’ pretrial liminal motion. She also had no issue with admitting

such evidence when it was to her advantage, as in a post-trial motion she filed. Kathleen

only opposed admission when it was not to her benefit.

1 An application was filed for each parent and the cases were consolidated. Also,
because several family members have the same last name, we will refer to the parties by
their first names to avoid confusion.
 -3-

{¶ 4} The probate court also correctly found that Applicants had not waived their

right to seek disinterment, and the court did not abuse its discretion in granting the

applications for disinterment. Seven factors are used to evaluate applications for

disinterment. The court found that two factors related to the degree of relationship to the

decedents were neutral (because the parties were all siblings). The court further found

that the remaining five factors weighed either in favor of disinterment or heavily in its favor.

The court’s decision was supported by competent, credible evidence.

{¶ 5} Finally, the court did not abuse its discretion in denying Kathleen’s motion to

strike the Applicants’ closing brief and in denying her alternative motion to reopen the

proceedings and allow admission of new evidence. Kathleen alleged that Applicants had

engaged in frivolous conduct by making false statements in their closing brief. She

attempted to establish this by presenting evidence of attempts to compromise that had

occurred during mediation and at one other point before trial. However, the court

correctly noted that Kathleen had attempted to conceal such evidence during trial but then

sought to use it to her benefit after trial. The court also correctly found that counsel have

great latitude in closing argument, and that Applicants’ closing brief did, in fact, discuss

the evidence as it existed in the trial record.

{¶ 6} Finally, the court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to reopen.

The court actually did consider the evidence that Kathleen wished to submit but found it

was duplicative and unnecessary. Accordingly, all of Kathleen’s assignments of error

will be overruled, and the judgments of the probate court will be affirmed.
 -4-

I. Facts and Course of Proceedings

{¶ 7} On December 14, 2020, Roger Glass filed two applications for an order to

disinter remains. One application (in Montgomery P.C. No. 2020-MSC-00382)

concerned the remains of Roger’s father, Marion J. Glass, who had died in March 2006.

The other (in Montgomery P.C. No. 2020-MSC-00383) concerned the remains of Roger’s

mother, Irene J. Glass, who had died in January 2000. An attachment to the applications

listed the next of kin as Roger, Carol (an Illinois resident), and Kathleen (a Florida

resident), all of whom were siblings. Carol consented to the applications, but Kathleen

objected. On April 22, 2021, the probate court consolidated the two cases.

{¶ 8} After that point, Calvary Cemetery Association of Dayton, Ohio (“Calvary”)

entered the case as a non-party for purposes of filing motions to quash a subpoena and

a notice to take Civ.R. 30(B)(5) depositions of representatives of Calvary. Calvary was

the cemetery in which Marion and Irene had been interred. After the court denied the

motions to quash, Calvary appealed. Upon consideration, we found in early January

2022 that the court had not abused its discretion in denying the motion to quash. See In

re Disinterment of Glass, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 29160, 2022-Ohio-28, ¶ 66.

{¶ 9} While that part of the action was on appeal, the rest of the case proceeded

in the probate court. For example, on July 27, 2021, the court filed an entry terminating

mediation and noting that the case had not been settled. In September 2021, the court

set trial for February 2022, and on October 27, 2021, the court granted a motion to realign

Carol as an applicant. The court then ordered that Carol be designated as a co-applicant

on the initial applications for disinterment.
 -5-

{¶ 10} Subsequently, the court vacated the February 2022 trial date and reset the

trial for August 9, 2022. The trial took place as scheduled, from August 9 through August

12, 2022. On August 15, 2022, the court filed an entry setting dates for filing post-trial

briefs; the order allowed each party to file a brief within 14 days after written transcripts

were made available. In addition, parties could file response briefs within 10 days after

service of the post-trial brief. On August 26, 2022, the court filed an agreed entry which

extended the briefing schedule. The parties were allowed until October 28, 2022, to file

briefs, and until November 18, 2022, to file response briefs. The court then substituted

Mullins as a party because Roger had died on August 24, 2022.

{¶ 11} Both sides filed closing briefs on October 28, 2022. At Kathleen’s request,

the court granted a further extension until December 16, 2022, to file response briefs.

Subsequently, on December 13, 2022, Kathleen filed a motion to strike Applicants’ closing

brief or, alternatively, to reopen the evidence. Both sides then timely filed their response

briefs. After receiving an extension of time, Applicants filed their response to the motion

to strike on January 10, 2023, and a corrected response the following day.

{¶ 12} On January 17, 2023, the probate court filed a decision approving the

applications for disinterment. The same day, the court denied the motion to strike.

Kathleen then filed a notice of appeal from both decisions.

II. Alleged Error in Admitting Evidence

{¶ 13} Kathleen’s first assignment of error states that:

The Court Erred in Admitting Evidence Concerning Settlement
 -6-

Negotiations.

{¶ 14} According to Kathleen, the probate court erred in admitting and considering

evidence of settlement negotiations. In its decision approving the applications for

disinterment, the court mentioned that the attorneys for Roger and Kathleen had

communicated on October 29, 2020 (before litigation ensued). Decision, Order and

Entry Approving Application for Disinterment (Jan. 17, 2023) (“Disinterment Decision”), p.

5-6. In discussing one of the factors that is weighed in considering whether to allow

disinterment (conduct of the party seeking to prevent it), the court found Kathleen’s

conduct “nothing short of obstructive, heartless and damaging.” Id. at p. 11. While

discussing this point, the court referenced Kathleen’s testimony in court in which “she

finally admitted she may agree to sign the waiver for disinterment” under certain

conditions. Id. at p. 12. After outlining these “conditions,” the court stated, “Had

Kathleen been sincere and had she timely made this demand in October or November

2020 when asked by Roger and counsel, the matter would have been resolved.

Kathleen’s delay and insincerity in all of her conduct forced Roger to continue design and

construction without her participation.” (Emphasis sic.) Id.

{¶ 15} Kathleen contends that the court’s reliance on evidence about settlement

(or lack of settlement) violated Evid.R. 408. This rule provides that;

Evidence of (1) furnishing or offering or promising to furnish, or (2)

accepting or offering or promising to accept, a valuable consideration in

compromising or attempting to compromise a claim which was disputed as

to either validity or amount, is not admissible to prove liability for or invalidity
 -7-

of the claim or its amount. Evidence of conduct or statements made in

compromise negotiations is likewise not admissible. This rule does not

require the exclusion of any evidence otherwise discoverable merely

because it is presented in the course of compromise negotiations. This

rule also does not require exclusion when the evidence is offered for

another purpose, such as proving bias or prejudice of a witness, negativing

a contention of undue delay, or proving an effort to obstruct a criminal

investigation or prosecution.

{¶ 16} The exceptions to admitting evidence about settlement negotiations are not

inclusive. “For example, this court has sustained a trial court's admission of settlement

discussions offered to demonstrate the defendants' motives.” Hocker v. Hocker, 171

Ohio App.3d 279, 2007-Ohio-1671, 870 N.E.2d 736, ¶ 32 (2d Dist.), citing Schafer v. RMS

Realty, 138 Ohio App.3d 244, 295-296, 741 N.E.2d 155 (2d Dist.2000). See also Hignite

v. Trout, 2d Dist. Greene No. 1988-CA-5, 1989 WL 43035, *14 (Apr. 28, 1989) (letter

about settlement negotiations was properly admitted because its purpose was to show

board of directors bore no malice in firing the plaintiff).

{¶ 17} Furthermore, “[w]here a statement is not made in the context of an offer of

compromise, * * * it is not granted the protection of the exclusionary rule contained in

Evid.R. 408.” USCA/USA, Inc. v. High Tech Packaging, Inc., 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-

05-088, 2006-Ohio-6195, ¶ 34. Evid.R. 408 “only bars the admission of evidence when

the evidence is offered to show ‘that because a settlement offer was made, the offeror

must be liable, because people don’t offer to pay for things for which they are not liable.’ ”
 -8-

Boyle v. Daimler Chrysler Corp., 2d Dist. Clark No. 2001-CA-81, 2002-Ohio-4199, ¶ 95,

quoting In re Donahoe, 180 B.R. 491 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 1995). “In other words, Evid.R.

408 does not bar information from settlement negotiations when it is offered for another

purpose and not to prove liability against one of the parties to the negotiations.”

USCA/USA, Inc. at ¶ 34.

{¶ 18} “Decisions involving the admissibility of evidence are reviewed under an

abuse-of-discretion standard of review.” Estate of Johnson v. Randall Smith, Inc., 135

Ohio St.3d 440, 2013-Ohio-1507, 989 N.E.2d 35, ¶ 22. An abuse of discretion “ ‘implies

that the court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.’ ” (Citations

omitted.) Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

However, “most instances of abuse of discretion will result in decisions that are simply

unreasonable, rather than decisions that are unconscionable or arbitrary.” AAAA Ents.,

Inc. v. River Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50 Ohio St.3d 157, 161, 553

N.E.2d 597 (1990). Decisions are unreasonable if they are not supported by a sound

reasoning process. Id. The Supreme Court of Ohio has held it “axiomatic” that “ ‘[n]o

court - not a trial court, not an appellate court, nor even a supreme court - has the

authority, within its discretion, to commit an error of law.’ ” Johnson v. Abdullah, 166

Ohio St.3d 427, 2021-Ohio-3304, 187 N.E.3d 463, ¶ 38, quoting State v. Boles, 187 Ohio

App.3d 345, 2010-Ohio-278, 932 N.E.2d 345, ¶ 26 (2d Dist.).

{¶ 19} After reviewing the record, we find no abuse of discretion by the probate

court. As background, we note the following matters. At trial, the court heard testimony

from the following people: Ricky Meade, Calvary’s director; Neil Fogarty, the president of
 -9-

Dodds Memorials (“Dodds”); Roger; Carol; and Kathleen.

{¶ 20} According to the testimony, Marion and Irene Glass were prominent

members of the local community. They established Marion’s Pizza in 1965 and, by 2006,

the business had increased from two locations to seven. They accumulated wealth

during their lifetimes and traveled quite a bit around the world. Transcript of Proceedings

(Disinterment Trial) (“Tr.”), 255-256.

{¶ 21} During their lives, Marion and Irene made generous gifts to their parish

church, which included providing cash prizes for parish festivals, re-carpeting the church,

replacing the organ, and donating $50,000. Id. at 250-251. After Irene’s death, Marion

funded stained-glass windows at St. Albert the Great church and at their Catholic church

in Florida. Both windows bore Irene’s name. In addition, Marion and Irene donated a

reception area and at least two private rooms at the Hospice in Dayton, Ohio. These

areas bore their names. Id. at 258-259. Marion also donated $500,000 to the

Archdiocese of Cincinnati, for which he received recognition. Id. at 595.

{¶ 22} Irene was described as an elegant, well-dressed woman who drove a

Mercedes automobile and lived in beautiful homes, including one in Dayton and an ocean-

front condo in Florida. She also frequently wore jewelry. Id. at 254 and 256. Marion

and Irene belonged to country clubs in Dayton and Florida and gave huge dinner dances

at their country club. Id. at 255. Both parents’ funerals were opulent, and after each

funeral, a reception was held for hundreds of people at the Dayton County Club. Id. at

261.

{¶ 23} Before deciding on Calvary Cemetery, Marion and Irene looked at other
 -10-

cemeteries. However, they chose Calvary because they were Catholic. Tr. at 361-362.

Calvary was founded in 1872 as a Catholic not-for-profit association. The association is

owned and is operated independently of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. Id. at 52. From

a religious aspect, the association recognizes the canons of the Catholic Church. Id. at

54. Calvary conducts disinterments about once a year, most of the time for relocation

within the cemetery. Id. at 152.

{¶ 24} In 1979, Marion and Irene purchased eight in-ground burial plots in Section

36 of Calvary Cemetery. Irene objected because she did not want to be buried.

However, at the time, Calvary did not have a public or community mausoleum available;

this option did not become available until 1995. As of December 14, 1979, Marion, Irene,

and Roger all had the right to be interred in one of four burial plots in the southeast corner

of lot 117 of section 36. Other lots in that section were available for Kathleen and her

husband, John McKay, and for Carol and her husband, James Pollock. Id. at 55, 58-59,

61, 362, 525, 532, and 630.

{¶ 25} At a later point, Marion and Irene transferred their burial rights in the four

lots to Kathleen and arranged for a private estate mausoleum, which was a four-crypt

unit. This was a stand-alone private mausoleum, and they acquired the rights for the

ground in December 1988. Id. at 62, 64, and 123-124. Carol and John had also

previously transferred their parcels to Kathleen. Id. at 60-63 and 541. Thus, including

Kathleen’s initial two units, Kathleen and John then had eight in-ground burial units

available to them. Id. at 64.

{¶ 26} Calvary's executive director, Ricky Meade, was hired by Calvary in 1990 as
 -11-

a superintendent; his title had changed to executive director in 2014. Tr. at 51. While

private mausoleums and estate monuments are typically located on prominent corners

on frontage lots, Meade’s predecessors at Calvary used a military format, with everything

in straight lines. Because private mausoleums and estate monuments would have

disrupted the flow of modern maintenance, Meade’s predecessors had selected a location

for these structures in the far reaches of the back corner of the cemetery. That location

was not attractive; it was bordered by a chain-link fence and barbed wire, as well as by

power lines. When the Glasses purchased the land in 1988, there was no other choice

of location for private mausoleums. Id. at 67, 69, 130, and 633.

{¶ 27} The Glasses’ private mausoleum had four spaces and was about five to six

feet wide and seven to eight feet deep. It was configured to have a concrete inner

structure, which provided upper and lower levels, allowing for two caskets up and two

down. Id. at 127-128. At this time, Kathleen still owned the eight in-ground burial plots.

Id. at 66 and 632-633.

{¶ 28} In 1995, Calvary began constructing a public mausoleum called Stations of

the Cross (“SoC”). Id. at 67. The restriction about where mausoleums could be placed

was dissolved about two years after SoC was constructed. Id. at 134. As Calvary was

constructing the SoC, it reached out to the two families, including the Glasses, who had

private mausoleums in the unattractive area and gave them an opportunity to resettle

their existing buildings in another location in the cemetery. Meade’s understanding was

that Irene and Marion were more interested in moving to the community mausoleum

versus relocating the private mausoleum. Id. at 71. However, the section that Roger
 -12-

obtained in 2020 for the new private mausoleum had not been opened yet and was not

available. Id. at 72.

{¶ 29} Marion and Irene exchanged their private mausoleum, and four spaces in

the SoC mausoleum were conveyed to them on May 5, 1997. At that time, Roger, Carol,

and Kathleen were the listed heirs for the SoC spaces. Tr. at 78-80 and Exs. 3 and 5.

Irene died in 2000 and Marion died in 2006. They were interred in two of the spaces in

the SoC mausoleum, and two contiguous spaces remained vacant. Tr. at 82 and 133-

134. Under Calvary's bylaws and under the Ohio Revised Code, cemetery spaces pass

upon an acquiring owner's death on a “first come, first serve basis.” Where there is no

designation, the next of kin has first rights to whatever space is available. Id. at 77-78.

Thus, while any one of the three siblings could have used the SoC spaces, there was

room for only two siblings.

{¶ 30} After starting chemotherapy for a blood (cancer) disorder in June 2020,

Roger began thinking about being buried with his father and mother. Id. at 262 and 320.

Roger was aware of the two available SoC spaces, but he thought the SoC was very

impersonal. He also wanted to honor his parents, who had been very honorable people

and had been very respected and well-known in the community. Id. at 263-264. Roger

assumed his sister, Carol, was going to be buried with her family in Chicago, as she did

not live in Dayton. He also assumed that his other sister, Kathleen, would be buried with

her family, since she had three children. Additionally, Kathleen lived in Florida and

Michigan, not in Ohio. Id. at 265-266.

{¶ 31} Roger went by himself to Calvary to find out if space was available or if he
 -13-

was allowed to put a mausoleum anywhere. He did not talk to either sister before going.

After Calvary indicated that space existed, Roger was told that they had to get permission

from Roger’s siblings. Meade explained Ohio legal requirements for disinterment to

Roger, and Roger did not appear to have had any prior knowledge of them. Id. at 76.

Roger was unaware of the permission requirement but did not anticipate any problems.

Id. at 267-268. As noted, the location for the new mausoleum had not been available

when Marion and Irene changed from their private mausoleum. Id. at 72.

{¶ 32} Roger and Carol talked frequently, and he told Carol of his desire, given his

condition, to build a mausoleum for his parents. At that point, Carol said she thought she

would like to be part of it. Consequently, while the original design was for three spaces,

Roger enlarged it to eight spaces because he had nieces, nephews, and another sister.

Tr. at 270-271. Roger talked to Carol about this before talking to Kathleen because he

and Kathleen did not communicate often, i.e., they spoke only once a year at board

meetings. In contrast, Roger usually talked to Carol about once a week. Id. at 272.

The evidence at trial indicated that Roger and Carol had a close relationship, but they did

not have the same relationship with Kathleen.

{¶ 33} The design and build work for the new Glass mausoleum (“GM”) was

coordinated through Dodds, which worked directly with Rock of Ages, a corporation

located in Vermont. Dodds typically did the artwork, and the manufacturer did the actual

fabrication of granite. Id. at 84 and 171-172. In early August 2020, the design for the

GM was in its very initial concept. Id. at 175-176. At that point, Dodds and Roger were

discussing birth and death dates to go with names on four statues, which were to be
 -14-

located at the front of the building. The names at that time were Marion, Irene, Roger,

and Carol. Id. at 176-177. However, nothing prevented the design from being changed.

The design was not final, and Roger had not signed a contract with Dodds. Id. at 178

and 181.

{¶ 34} After finding out that he needed Kathleen’s consent, Roger contacted her

by email on October 20, 2020. At that time, they were developing the GM concept, but

the plans could have been modified. Id. at 284-285 and 293-294, and Ex. 38. In the

email, Roger explained what he wanted to do with the GM and that he needed Kathleen’s

and Carol’s consent to move their parents. He further said he had contacted Carol and

she had no objection, and that his attorney (Bob Dunlevey) would be sending forms to

both sisters to sign. Roger asked Kathleen to email him concerning whether the form

should be sent to her Michigan or Florida address and also said to call or email if she had

questions. Id. at Ex. 38. Kathleen did not respond to the email. Tr. at 287 and 650.

{¶ 35} Before sending this email to Kathleen, Roger had sent it to Carol for her

review. Id. at 593-594 and Ex. 55. On October 21, 2020, Carol called Kathleen and left

a voice mail, discussing the fact that the mausoleum was their mother’s wish and that she

(Carol) was going to be involved. Carol’s intent was to talk to Kathleen about joining her

and Roger in the family crypt that Roger was planning to construct. Kathleen did not

respond to this call. Tr. at 529-530 and 579. Instead of responding to her siblings,

Kathleen called her business attorney, Sam Warwar. Warwar then asked Dunlevey to

have Roger provide information about plans and specifications. Id. at 651-652.

{¶ 36} On October 29, 2020, Dunlevey emailed Warwar and indicated that Roger
 -15-

would be sending tentative drawings to Kathleen. In addition, Dunlevey stressed that

“time was of the essence.” Exhibits(s) Respondent Trial Exhibits (Part 1 of 2), filed Dec.

21, 2022, Bates Stamp KGlass-000002. The same day, Roger emailed a sketch of the

proposed mausoleum to Kathleen and to Warwar. Tr. at 295, 308-309, 330-331, and

652, and Exs. 39 and 56. In the email to Warwar, Roger noted that he and Carol had

tried to contact Kathleen by phone and email, but she refused to return their calls or

emails. Ex. 39, p. 2. Roger also stressed the personal urgency of his request. Id.

Kathleen did not respond to the email. Tr. at 308. Responding on October 30, 2020,

Warwar congratulated Roger on the mausoleum design, stating that “[i]t is a classic,

handsome structure.” Ex. 39 at p. 1. Warwar further stated that while Kathleen had

seen the drawing and had given the matter serious consideration, “[u]nfortunately, Kathi

cannot consent to your request.” Id. No specific reasons were given. Evidence at trial

suggested that Kathleen’s refusal may have been motivated by business disagreements

and sibling animosity. Tr. at 622-623.

{¶ 37} Dunlevey responded to Warwar on the same day, stating that “Roger does

not understand the basis on which Kathi has made this decision and is most interested in

knowing such.” See Tr. at 356-359 and Ex E, p. 1. Dunlevey further said that if

Kathleen needed more information about the plans and specifications, the information

could be provided when it was developed. Dunlevey stated that the information was not

in Roger’s possession at that time and stressed that “Kathi is not being asked to defray

the expense of the family mausoleum. If she wishes to have a crypt within the

mausoleum, Roger is prepared to accommodate that under certain terms and conditions.”
 -16-

Id. The record does not contain any response to this email.

{¶ 38} On November 3, 2020, Roger wrote another email to Kathleen and copied

both Warwar and Dunlevey. Roger attached a letter to the email. Tr. at 308-309, 499,

and 500-501, and Ex. 57. In the letter, Roger explained his reasons for the disinterment

request, including that his parents had reluctantly purchased space in the Calvary

mausoleum (which Carol and their cousin could corroborate), his chemo treatments for a

blood disorder, and the fact that, because he had no children, “it would be wonderful to

construct a free-standing mausoleum near by [sic] that would be a fitting tribute to our

family so that I could be interned [sic] with mom and dad.” Ex. 57, p. 2. Roger further

stated:

Now, I am at a loss as to why you would refuse my request to have our

parents reinterned [sic] in a mausoleum with me. You no longer live in

Dayton and you at least have children who you can be buried with, so why

would you care? Or, if you wish, I can add a space for you to be interned

[sic] with me and mom and dad if you prefer.

Ex. 57 at p. 2.

{¶ 39} Again, Roger indicated that Kathleen could contact him if she had any

questions. Id. She did not do so until November 19, 2020, when she wrote a short

email, stating she was sorry about Roger’s chemotherapy and that her parents’ “wish to

be entombed in the prevailing mausoleum was truly their last dying wish.” Tr. at 501-

502 and 671-672, and Ex. 43, p. 2. Kathleen did not mention Roger’s offer to provide

her with space of her own. Roger did not interpret this response as anything other than
 -17-

an absolute “no.” Tr. at 299. On November 25, 2020, Roger responded to Kathleen’s

email, disputing that being buried in the public mausoleum was Irene’s dying wish,

because Irene had died of a sudden heart attack. Id. at 324-326 and Ex. J.

{¶ 40} In the meantime, on November 4, 2020, Roger had purchased the ground

(easement rights) for the GM at a cost of $278,775. Roger paid the entire purchase price

himself. Tr. at 81-82 and 296-297, and Exs. 11, 41, and 42. The vacant spaces in the

SoC were not sold back or exchanged, and no credit was applied to Roger's purchase of

the land; instead, Calvary’s director, Meade, believed a court would provide direction

about what would occur with the remaining spaces. Those two spaces in the public

mausoleum were available to any of the three Glass children, should they decide to be

entombed there at no additional cost for the entombments. Absent an agreement among

the children, it would be on a first come, first served basis. Tr. at 83 and 160-161.

{¶ 41} Kathleen wrote another email to Roger on December 1, 2020, stating that

their mother had been happy with the SoC space and that their parents had liked to

donate anonymously. She suggested that Roger donate money to non-profit

organizations rather than build an expensive mausoleum. Id. at 311 and 501, and Ex.

59.

{¶ 42} On December 3, 2020, Roger wrote another email to Kathleen, asking what

it would take to resolve the issue, “$5,000, 10,000, or what?” Roger asked for a figure,

but Kathleen did not reply. According to Roger, he sent this because Kathleen was

“known to like money” and he was kind of desperate, so he was making a last-ditch effort.

Tr. at 304-305 and 479-480, and Ex. 44. Kathleen viewed these amounts as “insulting.”
 -18-

Id. at 481. In this regard, she testified that “I think, to disturb my parents’ remains is not

something that money can pay for. But if someone really was serious, you’d think they

would offer a little bit more. But there were no other things * * * offered to me.” Id. at

487. As to what “other things” Kathleen was referencing, she said that Roger could have

explained to her that the mausoleum was a family thing. She also stated that if Roger

had said he’d like for all of them to be in one mausoleum and honor their parents, she

would have been willing to move the bodies in order to keep peace, even though she was

opposed to it. Id. at 489 and 497.2

{¶ 43} As indicated, the applications for disinterment were filed on December 14,

2020. Oh December 17, 2020, Roger signed the contract with Dodds for the GM. At

that point, various modifications had been made to the design. In fact, changes could

be made at any time before construction began and did occur after the contract was

signed. Id. at 187, 192, 195, 198, 200-201, 203-205, 208-209 and 217. Roger paid for

half of the construction costs when he signed the contract. The balance was later paid

by Roger. No one else paid for any part of the project. Id. at 210-211.

{¶ 44} In late December 2020, Kathleen called Calvary Cemetery. At Meade’s

request, the employee who dealt with Kathleen made a memo about the call. According

to the memo, the employee spoke with Kathleen on December 22, 2000. Kathleen had

called to request ownership information for Marion and Irene’s spaces. Kathleen also

asked about a waiver that would allow her to be buried next to her Mother. However, the

employee informed Kathleen that no such record existed. Kathleen did not believe her.

2 These, in fact, are things Roger directly said by telling Kathleen he wanted to honor

their parents and implied by offering her a space in the mausoleum.
 -19-

On December 20, 2020, Kathleen had also sent an email to another Calvary employee,

stating that she had had no idea that she owned the eight plots originally purchased by

Marion and asking if she could sell them. 3 Subsequently, on December 24, 2020,

Calvary sent Kathleen a full copy of the ownership file. Tr. at 88-92, 98, and 101-103,

and Exs. 25, 26, and 27. Furthermore, it informed her that another family owned the

crypt next to Irene; therefore, any adjacent crypt would be next to Marion. Tr. at 92-93

and 95, and Ex. 25.

{¶ 45} Construction of the GM did not begin until after the applications for

disinterment were filed on December 14, 2020. In fact, the actual construction did not

start until the end of June or the beginning of July 2022. At the time of trial, the

mausoleum had been constructed and placed and had eight crypts available. Tr. at 153,

167, and 211-213. During the design process, no design was produced that did not

include eight crypts. Id. at 195.

{¶ 46} With this background in mind, we will consider Kathleen’s argument

regarding the court’s improper admission of evidence of settlement negotiations.

According to Kathleen, the court improperly considered this evidence in reviewing three

of seven factors used to evaluate whether an application for disinterment should be

granted.

{¶ 47} Under R.C. 517.24(B)(1), a person who is not the decedent's surviving

spouse may file an application in the probate court of the county in which the decedent is

3 Kathleen’s statement was contradicted by Calvary’s records, which indicated that
Marion, Irene, and Roger gave Kathleen and her husband permission to use four graves
in June 1983. The records also stated that Kathleen retained the cemetery graves per
her November 26, 2001 divorce decree. See Tr. 73 and Ex. 4.
 -20-

buried, asking the court to issue an order for disinterment of the decedent's remains. In

this situation, notice is given to various persons, including all persons who would have

been entitled to inherit from the decedent under R.C. Chap 2105 if the decedent had died

intestate. R.C. 517.24(B)(2)(a).4

{¶ 48} “Well-established public and legal policy has been that a person, once

buried, should not be exhumed except for the most compelling reasons.” In re

Disinterment of Frobose,163 Ohio App.3d 739, 2005-Ohio-5025, 840 N.E.2d 249, ¶ 15

(6th Dist.), citing Spanich v. Reichelderfer, 90 Ohio App.3d 148, 628 N.E.2d 102 (2d

Dist.1993). “This general policy is exemplified in the requirement that good cause for

disinterment must be demonstrated before the probate court may issue an order for

disinterment.” Jasper v. White, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-22-52, 2023-Ohio-2358, ¶ 25,

citing former R.C. 517.24(B)(3)(a).5

4 In its decision, the probate court noted that the governor had just signed S.B. 202, which

would be effective April 3, 2023. The court stated that the bill’s purpose was “to provide
consistency between the disinterment statute[s] (R.C. 517.23 and R.C. 517.24) and right
of disposition statute[s],” meaning the statutory scheme in R.C. 2108.70 through R.C.
2108.90. Disinterment Decision at p. 15. The court found the amendments would not
impact the case before it. Id. at 16. After reviewing the amendments, which took effect
after the court’s decision and three years after the applications were filed, we agree. The
legislation does not provide that it should be applied retroactively with respect to any
section involved here. See Am. Sub. S.B. 202, 2022 Ohio Laws 152.
5 The amendments effective in April 2023 removed the “good cause” requirement and

the requirement that the court find a “compelling reason” for disinterment from R.C.
517.24. However, the amendments substituted a requirement that courts consider the
provisions in R.C. 2108.82. See R.C. 517.24(B)(3)(a) (2023). R.C. 2108.82(B)
contains factors that are consistent with ones courts have traditionally used to decide
these issues. Compare Frobose at ¶ 16. R.C. 2108.82(C) further states, “There shall
be no disinterment or other change of the original or last disposition unless the court
makes a finding of compelling reasons based upon the factors listed in division (B) of this
section.” Therefore, analysis under the revised statute would not differ materially from
the prior analysis. We also note that R.C. 2108.70 through 2108.90 (relating to final
 -21-

{¶ 49} A hearing is not required if all persons who are entitled to be given notice

consent to the disinterment. R.C. 517.24(B)(3)(b). When courts decide contested

requests for disinterment, they apply a “flexible, multifactor-equitable standard.” In re

Estate of Eisaman, 2018-Ohio-1112, 110 N.E.3d 96, ¶ 13 (3d Dist.), citing In re

Disinterment of Swing, 2014-Ohio-5454, 26 N.E.3d 827, ¶ 16 (6th Dist.). (Other citations

omitted.)

{¶ 50} “These equitable factors include, but are not limited to (1) the degree of

relationship that the party seeking reinterment bears to the decedent, (2) the degree of

relationship that the party seeking to prevent reinterment bears to the decedent, (3) the

desire of the decedent, (4) the conduct of the person seeking reinterment, especially as

it may relate to the circumstances of the original interment, (5) the conduct of the person

seeking to prevent reinterment, (6) the length of time that has elapsed since the original

interment, and (7) the strength of the reasons offered both in favor of and in opposition to

reinterment.” Frobose at ¶ 16, summarizing Spanich at 152-155. (Other citation

omitted.)

{¶ 51} According to Kathleen, the probate court’s error occurred in relation to

factors four, five, and seven, which the court found weighed heavily in favor of

disinterment. Appellant’s Brief, p. 17, and fn. 14. Kathleen’s reply brief objects to

several conclusions in the court’s decision, including comments the court made about her

conduct before litigation. In addition, Kathleen argues that the court elicited settlement

disposition of adult remains) were not effective until October 12, 2006, which was after
Marion was interred on March 17, 2006. See Sub.H.B. 426, 2006 Ohio Laws 139 and
Ex. 1.
 -22-

discussion evidence from her during the hearing that turned out to match offers Kathleen

conveyed to Roger and Carol before the 2021 mediation, and ten months later.

Appellant’s Reply Brief, p. 3.6 Kathleen argues that no one would ever participate in

settlement negotiations in disinterment cases if they could later be asked about

statements made during those negotiations.

{¶ 52} Ironically, the parties have changed positions in that Kathleen was the party

initially seeking to introduce evidence of settlement negotiations, and Applicants were the

ones who asked the trial court to exclude this evidence. See Respondent Kathleen

Glass’ Pretrial Statement and attached Ex. A (List of Trial Exhibits), July 11, 2022;

Applicants’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence of Compromise Negotiations, August

2, 2022; Respondent Kathleen Glass’ Memorandum in Opposition to Applicants’ Motion

in Limine to Exclude Evidence of Compromise, August 8, 2022; and Tr. at 11-16

(discussing Respondent’s Exs. B and E, pre-litigation emails between Kathleen’s attorney

and Roger’s attorney).

{¶ 53} Kathleen's position in this regard was that no settlement negotiations were

occurring at the time of the pre-litigation emails; they were just “conversations” between

Kathleen and Roger. Tr. at 13. In addition, Kathleen argued that other statements

Roger's attorney made had nothing to do with a settlement or a dispute. Included among

such statements was a comment from Roger's attorney that “If she, meaning Kathleen

* * * wishes to have a crypt within the mausoleum, Roger is prepared to accommodate

6 The claim about matching offers is not based on evidence in the trial court record.
Instead, it refers to evidence attached to Kathleen’s motion to strike, which will be
discussed later.
 -23-

that under certain terms and conditions.” Id. at 15-16.

{¶ 54} After considering the matter, the court overruled Roger’s and Carol’s liminal

motion, subject to further objections. Id. at 16. As a result, Roger testified during direct

and cross-examination about his pre-litigation emails with Kathleen, emails with

Kathleen’s attorney, and emails between his attorney and Kathleen’s attorney (over his

renewed objection). See Tr. 293-294, 295, 298-300, 304, 308, 311, 330, 331, 324-326,

and 356-360, and Exs. 38, 39, 43, 44, 56, 57, 59, C, E, and J.

{¶ 55} During cross-examination, Kathleen’s attorney asked Roger about Ex. E,

which was an email from Roger’s attorney to Kathleen’s attorney. At that point, Roger’s

attorney objected, noting that “this was the subject of a prior motion in limine” and that

“[t]he court was going to consider the question as the evidence was coming in.” Id. at

356. A discussion then ensured, during which Kathleen’s attorney argued that the

questioning was intended to show that a “deception was being perpetrated on both Mr.

Warwar and * * * Ms. Glass.” Id. at 358. In contrast, Roger’s attorney argued that “the

context of this is that we had two lawyers understanding there was a dispute. There was

a planned process and application for disinterment,* * * [s]o the lawsuit was not a maybe;

it was a definite.” Id. at 359. The court again overruled the objection to the extent it was

based on Evid.R. 408 and allowed Kathleen’s attorney to question Roger about

statements his attorney made in the email, i.e., in Ex. E. Id. at 359-360.

{¶ 56} Further discussion of this issue occurred during Kathleen’s testimony, when

Roger’s attorney tried to cross-examine Kathleen about her response to Roger’s

December 3, 2020 email, in which, as noted, Roger had offered to pay Kathleen an
 -24-

amount of money that she found “insulting.” Tr. 480-482 and Ex. 44. After Kathleen’s

attorney objected because this was “probably a settlement communication,” the court

stated that it believed some of the evidence should be admitted because the conduct of

the parties was involved, particularly with consideration of factor seven (which involves

“the strength of the reasons offered both in favor of and in opposition to reinterment.”

Frobose, 163 Ohio App.3d 739, 2005-Ohio-5025, 840 N.E.2d 249, at ¶ 16; Tr. at 482-

483. After further discussion (which included the fact that Roger’s counsel had

previously discussed Ex. 44 without objection by opposing counsel), the court decided it

would continue to consider these matters on a case-by-case basis. The court therefore

allowed Roger’s attorney to question Katherine about Roger’s email. Id. at 483-485.

{¶ 57} During Carol’s testimony, the subject of Evid.R. 408 arose again, when the

court asked Carol questions about whether she ever found out if Kathleen would have

participated in the mausoleum process after Carol called her (in October 2020). Tr. at

579-585. After discussion, the court stressed that it did not want to hear about

statements made during mediation. Id. at 585. The court followed this by asking Carol

about her opinion of what Kathleen’s real objection to disinterment was and whether Carol

felt Kathleen would have wanted to participate if she had seen the schematics with the

four statues and names in August 2020. Id. at 586-587. Carol responded that she

honestly did not know why Katherine objected and that she did not “understand why

someone would not want to move their parents to a better place where we could all be

buried together.” Id. at 586. Carol also said that in her heart of hearts, she thought that

Kathleen would maybe want to be with them, but maybe Kathleen did not want to settle.
 -25-

Id. at 586-587.

{¶ 58} During her own case, Kathleen’s attorney asked Kathleen about the email

that Roger’s attorney had sent to Kathleen’s attorney on October 30, 2020 (Ex. E) and

statements made in the email. Tr. at 669-671. Thus, during trial, Kathleen advocated

for admission of settlement matters when it suited her and objected when she wished

such evidence to be kept out of evidence.

{¶ 59} Kathleen also said in her pretrial statement that she intended to call Roger’s

attorney at trial to testify about communications he had had with her attorney “and

associated documents.” Respondent Kathleen Glass’ Pretrial Statement (July 11,

2022), p. 3. And finally, the exhibit list attached to Kathleen’s pretrial statement included

all the pre-litigation emails between Roger and Kathleen; all such emails between Roger

and Carol; Roger’s email to Kathleen’s attorney; and the email from Roger’s attorney to

Kathleen’s attorney. See Ex. A attached to Kathleen Glass Pretrial Statement, Items A,

B, C, D, E, F, J, K, M, S, T, and QQQ (the last item being a January 23, 2020 email from

Roger to Kathleen that was not identified or discussed at trial).

{¶ 60} In light of the above discussion, we conclude that Kathleen waived

objections to admission of evidence under Evid.R. 408. Specifically, while Kathleen did

object to admission of evidence at various times during trial, she had no issue with

admitting such evidence when it was to her advantage, both during trial and in responding

to Applicants’ pre-trial liminal motion. However, Kathleen opposed admission when it

was not to her benefit. The law is well-established that “a party cannot be permitted to

occupy inconsistent positions or to take a position in regard to a matter which is directly
 -26-

contrary to or inconsistent with one previously assumed by him.” (Citations omitted.) Van

Dyne v. Fid.-Phenix Ins. Co., 17 Ohio App.2d 116, 127, 244 N.E.2d 752 (7th Dist.1969).

{¶ 61} The quoted statement typically applies to parties who act in a particular

manner before litigation is filed and then advocate for an inconsistent position during

litigation. While the current situation does not fit neatly into that context, the principle

rings true here, as it did in Nationwide Ins. Co. v. Hall, 7th Dist. Jefferson No. 1258, 1978

WL 214906 (Mar. 23, 1978). There, the court stressed that “[i]t is fundamental that a

party cannot take inconsistent positions such as plaintiffs are attempting to do in this case

by introducing evidence as to the death of defendant's sister and then objecting to

defendant’s doing the same thing.” Id. at *3. At a minimum, Kathleen’s inconsistent

postures significantly detract from the force of her argument.

{¶ 62} Furthermore, even if waiver did not apply, the probate court did not abuse

its discretion. In the first place, the parties tried the case to the court. In this situation,

trial courts are presumed “to know the law.” Donofrio v. Whitman, 191 Ohio App.3d 727,

2010-Ohio-6406, 947 N.E.2d 715, ¶ 46 (9th Dist.), citing E. Cleveland v. Odetellah, 91

Ohio App.3d 787, 794, 633 N.E.2d 1159 (8th Dist.1993). Trial courts are also presumed

“to have considered only admissible evidence unless the record indicates otherwise.”

White v. White, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2013-CA-86, 2014-Ohio-1288, ¶ 11, citing Cleveland

v. Welms, 169 Ohio App.3d 600, 2006-Ohio-6441, 863 N.E.2d 1125, ¶ 27 (8th Dist.).

{¶ 63} We also agree with the probate court that the evidence in question was not

precluded by Evid.R. 408. As a preliminary point, none of the witnesses testified as to

the content of the mediation proceedings or about statements made during mediation.
 -27-

This was the only formal settlement negotiation that was conducted. Furthermore,

disinterment cases are somewhat unique. Specifically, the factors outlined in deciding

whether disinterment is allowed require courts to consider motive and conduct.

{¶ 64} For example, the seventh factor, “the strength of the reasons offered both

in favor of and in opposition to reinterment,” does consider motive, which can be

expressed by statements, but is also often shown through an individual’s conduct. See

Spanich, 90 Ohio App.3d at 154-155, 628 N.E.2d 102 (noting that “[i]f the person seeking

or opposing reinterment does so to harass another, his case will be very weak”). See

also Frobose, 163 Ohio App.3d 739, 2005-Ohio-5025, 840 N.E.2d 249, at ¶ 24. In

Frobose, the court considered the applicant’s conduct after filing her action for

disinterment, i.e., that shortly after the action was filed, the decedent’s son “completely

acquiesced to [the applicant’s] demands,” which removed her professed reasons for

seeking disinterment. Id.

{¶ 65} In the case of In re Estate of Eisaman, 2018-Ohio-1112, 110 N.E.3d 96 (3d

Dist.), a decedent’s sister told his widow that she could not be buried beside her husband

in the family plot because the deed had been given to a trust that precluded the widow

from being buried there. As a result, the widow disinterred her husband’s body and

moved it to another cemetery. The decedent’s sister then filed an application for

disinterment, seeking to move the body back to the family plot. Id. at ¶ 1-5.

{¶ 66} During trial, the sister testified contradictorily that the deed transfer allowed

the widow to be buried in the family plot and that she was not opposed to the widow’s

being buried there. Id. at ¶ 23. The trial court found that the sister’s “testimony
 -28-

concerning her change of heart was disingenuous” and “that her objection * * * softened

only in the face of litigation.” Id. The court of appeals concluded that competent,

credible evidence supported these conclusions. Id. The court therefore considered the

sister’s pre- and post-litigation statements because they related to motive.

Consequently, in the case before us, the probate court correctly found that Kathleen’s

comments before the action was filed, as well as her motives expressed through conduct

in continuing to oppose disinterment, were relevant to its analysis.

{¶ 67} Accordingly, the first assignment of error is overruled.

III. Waiver of Right to Seek Disinterment

{¶ 68} Kathleen’s second assignment of error states that:

The Court Erred in Failing to Find that Applicants Waived Their Right

to Seek Disinterment.

{¶ 69} Under this assignment of error, Kathleen contends that Roger and Carol

waived their right to seek disinterment because they had not objected to placement of

their parents in the SoC and had failed to seek disinterment of Irene and Marion for about

20 and 16 years, respectively.

{¶ 70} As a preliminary point, we stress again that this case involved a bench trial.

“When appellate courts review judgments following bench trials, a presumption applies

that the trial court's findings are correct.” McNelly v. Conde, 2021-Ohio-146, 166 N.E.3d

697, ¶ 18 (2d Dist.), citing Fed. Ins. Co. v. Fredericks, 2015-Ohio-694, 29 N.E.3d 313,

¶ 21 (2d Dist.). “Consequently, appellate courts may not substitute their judgment for
 -29-

that of trial courts and must affirm judgments that are ‘supported by some competent,

credible evidence going to the essential elements of the case.’ ” Id., quoting State ex rel.

Petro v. Gold, 166 Ohio App.3d 371, 2006-Ohio-943, 850 N.E.2d 1218, ¶ 81 (10th Dist.).

(Other citations omitted.)

{¶ 71} We also keep in mind that we must defer to the factfinder in bench trials.

“The underlying rationale of giving deference to the findings of the trial court rests with

the knowledge that the trial judge is best able to view the witnesses and observe their

demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these observations in weighing the

credibility of the proffered testimony.” Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77,

80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984). Accord McNelly at ¶ 19.

{¶ 72} R.C. 517.24 does not contain a statute of limitations, nor does it say

anything about “waiver.” The length of time is only one factor in assessing applications,

and the circumstances in each disinterment case obviously differ. The fact that Roger

and Carol waited for some time was not significant. As the probate court noted, when

Marion died, only two spaces remained for the three children, and it “created a math

problem that was not remedied until the construction of the Glass Family Mausoleum.”

Disinterment Decision at p. 4. While the court stated that the time lapse weighed against

disinterment, it found the lapse understandable since the GM was not completed until

July 2022 and was not an option when Marion and Irene were interred. Id. at 12-13.

This is true. The court also stated that, because Roger had died in 2022, the GM would

likely be permanent, and the court viewed “time periods of one or two decades as

significant to one life, but not eternity.” Id. at 13. The court’s reasoning was not
 -30-

unsound.

{¶ 73} The case Kathleen primarily relies on is Spanich, 90 Ohio App.3d 148, 628

N.E.2d 102, in which we found “substantial, relevant and probative evidence to support

the trial court's conclusion that the appellant waived his rights to disinter his wife by failing

to object to her place of burial for nearly two years.” Id. at 156. However, the facts in

Spanich were quite different from those involved here.

{¶ 74} Specifically, at the time of her death, the decedent and her husband had

been separated for nearly two years, and she was living in her hometown. The reason

for the separation was that the husband had forged the decedent’s name on $40,000 in

checks in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and had admitted he had a gambling problem. Id.

at 150. Shortly before dying of blunt force trauma, the decedent had consulted an

attorney about divorcing her husband. Her parents paid for the decedent’s funeral and

grave site, purchased two plots next to her, and paid for a monument that included their

names as well as that of their daughter. Id.

{¶ 75} The husband filed exceptions to the inventory in the decedent’s estate and

also challenged some survivorship accounts that were in her name and that of her mother.

Before that litigation was resolved, the husband contacted the cemetery about moving his

wife’s body to another grave. He denied during cross-examination that he was trying to

blackmail his wife’s parents “by threatening to disinter their daughter's body in order to

obtain money from [them] to pay a $40,000 civil judgment emanating from the forgeries.”

Id. The probate court granted a permanent injunction against disinterment, stating that

the husband “ ‘has not been motivated by love, honor, or respect for the deceased or her
 -31-

parents. Quite the contrary, this court can only describe [his] conduct and attitude in this

entire matter as egregious, greedy, and a gross infringement of any form of decency.’ ”

Id. at 151, quoting the probate court’s decision.

{¶ 76} After we considered the factors that were later summarized in Frobose, 163

Ohio App.3d 739, 2005-Ohio-5025, 840 N.E.2d 249, at ¶ 16, we found that substantial

evidence supported the probate court’s decision. Id. at 156.

{¶ 77} Having given proper deference to the probate court here, we find no error

in its failure to find that Roger and Carol had waived their right to seek disinterment. As

indicated, the facts in each case are unique, and courts have not found fault where the

disinterment occurred a long time after the decedent was initially buried. See

Sencenbaugh v. Monclova Twp., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-87-081, 1987 WL 19580 (Nov. 6,

1987) (rejecting complaint for wrongful disinterment and trespass where decedent’s son

disinterred him from an Ohio cemetery fifteen years after he had died and had moved him

to a cemetery in North Carolina, where his wife was buried. The court noted that the son

“did in fact fully comply with the statutory requirements of R.C. 517.23 and 517.24.” Id.

at *3). See also Scott v. Spearman, 115 Ohio App.3d 52, 54, 684 N.E.2d 708 (5th

Dist.1996) (finding no action for wrongful disinterment where decedent’s wife filed an

application for disinterment and was allowed to move her husband’s body more than 18

years after he was buried). Admittedly, these cases involve actions for wrongful

disinterment, but they do indicate that the lapse of time here was neither unusual nor

unprecedented. In any event, this is simply one factor in considering whether

applications for disinterment should be granted.
 -32-

{¶ 78} In her reply brief, Kathleen stresses our statement in Spanich that “ ‘[w]aiver

is a particularly appropriate principle to apply in the interpretation of the disinterment

statute.’ ” Appellant’s Reply Brief at p. 6, quoting Spanich, 90 Ohio App.3d at 156, 628

N.E.2d 102. However, we also emphasized in this context that “[t]he disinterment of the

Spaniches’ daughter would surely cause them to revisit the acute pain they must have

felt upon her untimely death.” Id. In contrast, both decedents here led prosperous,

apparently happy, and long lives, Irene having died at age 84, and Marion having died at

age 92. See Exs. 1 and 2. There was no indication that relocating their caskets to a

nearby location in the same cemetery would cause anyone to revisit the acute pain of

their deaths. Furthermore, Spanich involved a situation in which the conduct of the

husband who wanted to disinter the decedent was so bad that the trial court found he

could not even “ ‘be considered the surviving spouse as was intended under this statute

[R.C. 517.23] for purposes of disinterment.’ ” Spanich at 151-152. That is not the case

here. The evidence indicates that Roger and Carol desired to honor their parents.

{¶ 79} Based on the preceding discussion, the second assignment of error is

overruled.

IV. Granting the Applications for Disinterment

{¶ 80} Kathleen’s third assignment of error states that:

The Court Erred in Granting the Applications for Disinterment.

{¶ 81} Under this assignment of error, Kathleen discusses the seven-factor test

and argues that under her assessment of the facts, equitable considerations required
 -33-

denial of the applications. As noted, these seven factors were outlined in Frobose, 163

Ohio App.3d 739, 2005-Ohio-5025, 840 N.E.2d 249, at ¶ 16. The probate court found

the first two factors (degree of relationship of party seeking reinterment bears to the

decedent, and degree of relationship of person seeking to prevent reinterment) were

neutral, because all the parties bore the same relationship to their parents. Disinterment

Decision at p. 8-9. Concerning the remaining factors, the court found factor three

weighed in favor of disinterment, factors four, five, and seven weighed heavily in favor of

disinterment, and factor six, while weighing against disinterment, was not significant. Id.

at 9-15. We will discuss these matters briefly, since we have already mentioned many

relevant facts while discussing the prior assignments of error.

A. The Decedents’ Desires

{¶ 82} The third factor is “the desire of the decedent.” Frobose at ¶ 16. As noted,

the probate court considered this factor as favoring disinterment, but did not weigh it as

heavily as other factors. The court found that, in reality, one could only speculate what

Marion and Irene wanted, since the GM did not exist when they were interred and they

were limited in options when they purchased crypts in SoC. Disinterment Decision at p.

9. The court also stressed that in order to make the math work for the SoC, one child

would have had to make a concession. Id.

{¶ 83} Furthermore, the court found that the GM was consistent with many of

Irene’s and Marion’s desires, including being buried above ground, being in a Catholic

cemetery, being very close to where they were originally interred, allowing Marion to be
 -34-

next to Irene, and “permitting the entire family to be buried closer together, which appears

to be what the decedents wished, from their purchase of eight burial plots and then four

crypts.” Id. Additionally, the court commented that Irene had not been happy with the

aesthetics of the SoC but had little choice at the time, and that the elegant nature of the

GM would correlate with Irene’s lifestyle. Id. at 9-10.

{¶ 84} According to Kathleen, the court erred because Marion and Irene had had

“options” and Irene had been especially interested in SoC. She further argues that her

parents could have either moved their private mausoleum to a “more desirable location”

or purchased spaces in the SoC, and they chose SoC. Appellant’s Reply Brief at p. 8.

{¶ 85} First, the original private mausoleum’s location in an unattractive area

“helped create interest” for the new SoC location. Tr. at 67. This did not mean that the

decedents were particularly enamored with the SoC. It is true that Marion and Irene had

an option to relocate their mausoleum, but there is no evidence in the record that anything

“more desirable” was available at that time; in fact, there is no description at all in the

record of any other locations then available. Id. at 71-72. As indicated, the section

where Roger located the GM was not available at the time. Id. at 72. There was

testimony that the prior mausoleum was later sold to someone else and relocated to a

more attractive location, but no time period was specified with respect to that transaction.

Id. at 131.

{¶ 86} It is also true that Calvary’s director said he had met with Marion and Irene

in 1997 and that Irene had liked the SoC. Id. at 132. However, Carol testified that Irene

had had a heart-attack in the middle of the night and that she (Carol) believed SoC was
 -35-

a “stop-gap” measure so her parents would have somewhere to go. Id. at 539. This

may have been the basis for the court’s conclusion that Irene did not like the aesthetics

of the SoC. The court did not cite a specific part of the transcript, but the court clearly

found Roger and Carol credible and did not find Kathleen credible.

{¶ 87} Furthermore, the court was correct in every other respect. There was

testimony that Irene wanted to be in a mausoleum above ground and wanted to be with

her family, which included the three children and Marion. Id. at 532. This would not

have been possible at the SoC because the SoC had only two remaining spaces for the

children. And, as indicated, the court did not weigh this factor as heavily as the others,

which was appropriate since one could only speculate as to the decedents’ preferences.

Clearly, Marion and Irene wanted a private mausoleum but did not have other good

options when they chose interment in the SoC.

B. Conduct of Person Seeking Reinterment

{¶ 88} The fourth factor is “the conduct of the person seeking reinterment,

especially as it may relate to the circumstances of the original interment.” Frobose, 163

Ohio App.3d 739, 2005-Ohio-5025, 840 N.E.2d 249, at ¶ 16.

{¶ 89} In this regard, the court acknowledged the presumption that the decedents

would not wish for their remains to be disturbed but stressed that all three children could

not be buried with their parents. Disinterment Decision at p. 10. The court further noted

that Roger and Carol had no choice other than to bury Marion in the SoC in 2006, because

no other mausoleum was then available, and Marion wished to be buried next to Irene.
 -36-

The court therefore found their decision to bury Marion in the SoC had no bearing on the

request to disinter. Id. at 11. These observations were consistent with the statement in

Spanich that “the decedent's desire to be buried with his family may be a factor favoring

reinterment, if that desire cannot be fulfilled in the place of original interment.” Spanich,

90 Ohio App.3d at 153-154, 628 N.E.2d 102.

{¶ 90} In addition, the court emphasized that Roger invited both siblings to

participate in the design and use of the GM and paid for it, but Kathleen chose not to

participate, making Roger’s conduct “pure,” as demonstrated by his November 3, 2020

email (which offered Kathleen a space in the GM). Id., citing Ex. 57.

{¶ 91} Kathleen argues that Roger was dishonest and tampered with an image he

sent her. (Roger denied this, and there is no proof that he did so. See Tr. at 340-343

and 391-392, and Ex. 56.) Kathleen further contends that Roger sought to “trick” her into

agreeing to disinter her parents to his mausoleum, “which exclude[d] her from the Glass

family completely.” Appellant’s Brief at p. 22. As previously indicated, the court

obviously did not find Kathleen credible and did find Roger and Carol credible. Again,

we defer to a trial court’s credibility decisions because the court had the best opportunity

to see and hear witnesses. Seasons Coal, 10 Ohio St.3d at 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273.

{¶ 92} More importantly, there was uncontroverted evidence that Roger offered

Kathleen a space in the new mausoleum – a fact that she inexplicably denied at trial.

See Tr. at 500-501 and Ex. 57 (where, even after being presented with an email in which

Roger offered her a space, Kathleen insisted that she thought the GM was only for Roger

and their parents). Accordingly, the court’s findings were supported by competent,
 -37-

credible evidence, and the court did not err in weighing this factor heavily in favor of

disinterment.

C. Conduct of Person Seeking to Prevent Disinterment

{¶ 93} The fifth factor is “the conduct of the person seeking to prevent reinterment.”

Frobose, 163 Ohio App.3d 739, 2005-Ohio-5025, 840 N.E.2d 249, at ¶ 16. Concerning

this factor, the probate court described Kathleen’s conduct as “nothing short of

obstructive, heartless, and damaging.” Disinterment Decision at p. 11. In this vein, the

court noted Kathleen’s failure to respond to Roger “timely and reasonably” when he

reached out in October 2020 or to respond to emails or calls from Roger and Carol. Id.

The court also referenced Kathleen’s statement about cooperating if Roger had said he

wanted a family mausoleum when he did just that, and it interpreted Kathleen’s references

to money as an indication that Kathleen was “never offered enough money” and that “this

whole debate is just about money.” Id.

{¶ 94} Kathleen points to her testimony that disturbing her parents’ remains was

not worth any amount of money. Appellant’s Reply Brief at p. 23. Clearly the court did

not find this credible. The court’s decision was supported by competent, credible

evidence.

{¶ 95} At trial, Kathleen claimed she was still waiting for “information” in November

2020 and also said several times that she was not aware the GM was to be a family

mausoleum. Tr. at 465, 489-490, 501-502, and 680. This contradicted Kathleen’s pre-

litigation statement in an email to her attorney on October 29, 2020, concerning the fact
 -38-

that Roger had approached her about a private mausoleum. Tr. at 620-623. 7 On

October 29, 2020, Kathleen told her attorney that, “I’m positive they know exactly where

everyone would be buried [in the GM], including Carol & her three darlings. Somehow,

my gut feeling is that all of a sudden, things will get mixed up & there will be no room for

me.” Id. at 622.8 These statements also contradict Kathleen’s denial that Roger offered

her a space in the GM. Tr. at 500-501 and Ex. 57. In light of Kathleen’s contradiction

of facts established by undisputed evidence, the court did not err in discounting her

testimony.

{¶ 96} Kathleen also claims that the court improperly considered settlement

matters in violation of Evid.R. 408. However, we have already rejected that argument.

{¶ 97} An additional argument that Kathleen makes is that by selling the two

remaining SoC crypts back to Calvary, Roger removed her right to the space in the SoC.

But the crypts were not sold back to Calvary. The contract between Roger and Calvary

stated that:

Pending approved court order, the fees will be waived for relocation

of Marion & Irene Glass to the new mausoleum; a refund of $8900 will be

authorized for the return of unused crypts (M1, Mausoleum 2, Crypt #5495,

7 The parties stipulated at trial that this email had not been produced during discovery

but had been disclosed during a grievance hearing against Roger’s attorney, who waived
confidentiality for purposes of the probate trial. Tr. at 620-622.
8 This also contradicted Kathleen’s trial testimony before the parties agreed to enter this

material into evidence. Specifically, Kathleen had previously testified that she had no
idea until April 2021 that her sister, Carol, would be buried in the mausoleum, did not
express concern that Carol and her children had firmly committed spots in the
mausoleum, and did not ever express concern about Carol and her children being in
there. Tr. at 466-467.
 -39-

5496).

(Emphasis added). Ex. 11, p. 2.

{¶ 98} Consistent with the contract, Calvary’s director, Meade, testified that no

credit had been applied to Roger’s $278,755 purchase (which had been paid in full), the

two crypt spaces had not reverted to Calvary, and the spaces were still available to all

three siblings. Tr. at 80-83, 121, 139, and 296-297, and Exs. 11, 41, and 42. According

to Meade, whether a refund would be applied depended on whether the court authorized

one or anything concerning the unused crypts. Tr. at 141-142. If the court did not order

the refund, Calvary could not provide one, since the crypt spaces belonged to the three

siblings. Id. at 142. Because the court did not provide for a refund or disposition in its

decision, Kathleen has not lost access to these spaces.

{¶ 99} Based on the preceding discussion, the probate court’s findings were

supported by competent, credible evidence, and the court did not abuse its discretion in

finding that Katherine’s conduct weighed heavily in favor of disinterment.

D. Length of Time Since Original Interment

{¶ 100} The sixth factor concerns “the length of time that has elapsed since the

original interment.” Frobose, 163 Ohio App.3d 739, 2005-Ohio-5025, 840 N.E.2d 249,

at ¶ 16. We have already considered this point and, for the reasons stated, find no abuse

of discretion in the probate court’s findings.

E. Strength of Reasons Offered For and Against Reinterment
 -40-

{¶ 101} The seventh and final factor involves “the strength of the reasons offered

both in favor of and in opposition to reinterment.” Id. at ¶ 16. In this regard, the court

described Kathleen as having “concocted numerous baffling and constantly evolving

excuses as to why she would not participate in the Glass Family Museum and further,

why she would not consent to the disinterment of her parents.” Disinterment Decision at

p. 13.

{¶ 102} The court further found that Kathleen was “well-aware of how important”

the mausoleum was to Roger, and that after Roger began to provide design information,

Kathleen could have had time to negotiate a statue and participation if she had

“responded timely and with any sincerity.” Id. The court then described several

instances where “Kathleen’s reasons for refusing consent changed repeatedly.” Id. at p.

14. These included Roger’s excluding Kathleen (which was untrue); that her parents

were not “pretentious,” when in fact they had donated to charitable causes publicly and

had not hid a lavish lifestyle; and religious objections which were later withdrawn and on

which Kathleen provided no evidence. In total, Kathleen crafted “whatever excuse

appears to have occurred to her.” Id.

{¶ 103} In contrast, the court found that Roger and Carol had solved the “math”

problem caused by only having two crypts and that Roger’s November 3, 2020 email to

Kathleen “exemplified his desperation, sincerity, frustration, insight, and desire.” Id. at

p. 15.

{¶ 104} According to Kathleen, her objection never deviated: her objection was

that disinterment was not what her parents wanted. Appellant’s Brief at p. 25. However,
 -41-

Kathleen did not point to evidence indicating this was her parents’ position, and both

Roger and Carol testified that Marion and Irene never stated that they did not want to be

moved from the SoC. Tr. at 278 and 585. Carol also said she did not know why

Kathleen objected to disinterment; in fact, her October 2020 call to Kathleen expressed

that this was exactly what their parents wanted. Id. at 585.

{¶ 105} At trial, Kathleen related a story about the fact that her mother had been

“thrilled” with SoC and that every time Kathleen’s grown children came into town, her

mother took them to the SoC and showed them the bench where they could sit and talk

to her and pray. Tr. at 635. The court clearly did not believe this story.

{¶ 106} Our preceding discussion has mentioned a number of ways in which

Kathleen’s testimony contradicted established facts and her own testimony, all of which

supported the court’s conclusion that Kathleen gave baffling and changing reasons for

her refusal to consent. Having reviewed the entire record, we find competent and

credible evidence to support the court’s decision to approve the applications for

disinterment. Consequently, the third assignment of error is overruled.

V. Denial of Motion to Strike

{¶ 107} Kathleen’s fourth and final assignment of error states as follows:

The Court Erred in Denying Appellant’s Motion to Strike Without

Conducting an Evidentiary Hearing.

{¶ 108} Under this assignment of error, Kathleen argues that the court erred in

denying her motion to strike portions of Applicants’ closing brief or alternatively to reopen
 -42-

the evidentiary hearing. According to Kathleen, the closing brief contained two material

misrepresentations of fact about conditions for her consent to disinterment, and her

motion had arguable merit, thus requiring a hearing. While Kathleen mentions Civ.R. 11

briefly, her argument focuses on R.C. 2323.51 (the frivolous conduct statute) and whether

her claims had arguable merit such that the probate court erred in failing to conduct a

hearing. We will therefore focus on R.C. 2323.51.

{¶ 109} As previously noted, after the trial had ended and the parties had

submitted closing briefs, Kathleen filed a motion to strike Applicants’ brief and

alternatively sought to reopen the hearing to submit supplemental evidence. The first

alleged misstatement concerned a condition for consent to which Kathleen testified at the

hearing, i.e., that a space must be included for her niece, Meredith, and the Applicants’

claim that Kathleen “ ‘never communicated this (or any other condition) to Roger or Carol

before the hearing.’ ” Respondent Kathleen Glass’ Motion to Strike Applicants’ Closing

Brief or, in the Alternative, to Reopen the Evidence (Dec. 13, 2022) (“Motion to Strike”),

p. 4, quoting Applicants’ Closing Brief at p. 13. The second alleged misstatement was

that “ ‘Kathi’s late-arrived-at conditions for consenting were only revealed at the hearing.’ ”

Id.

{¶ 110} Despite her prior claim at trial that settlement offers were inadmissible

under Evid.R. 408, Kathleen attached two settlement offers to her motion to strike. Both

were in writing: one was dated May 14, 2021, and the other was dated February 7, 2022.

Kathleen also included a June 20, 2022 letter from Applicants’ counsel rejecting the last

settlement demand. The May 14, 2021 document (Ex. A) was marked “settlement
 -43-

communication subject to Evidence Rule 408” and referred to the order to mediate. The

February 7, 2022 document (Ex. B) was similarly marked.

{¶ 111} After Roger and Carol replied to the motion to strike on January 10, 2023,

the court denied the motion. See Decision, Order and Entry Denying Motion to Strike,

or in the Alternative to Reopen the Evidence (January 17, 2023) (“Strike Decision”). In

the decision, the court first noted that the documents Kathleen had attached were

unauthenticated. Id. at p. 3. However, the court’s decision to deny the motion was

based on: (1) the fact that, during trial, Kathleen opposed all relevant evidence of attempts

to settle or compromise under the guise of Evid.R. 408, when the rule did not apply; (2)

no misrepresentations were made; and (3) there was no need to reopen the trial because

the evidence was duplicative of evidence Kathleen provided at trial, and “reopening the

case to present two otherwise irrelevant letters in rebuttal to a statement made in a closing

brief is simply unnecessary.” Id. at p. 3-6.

{¶ 112} With certain exceptions that do not apply here, R.C. 2323.51(B)(1)

provides, in pertinent part, that “at any time not more than thirty days after the entry of

final judgment in a civil action or appeal, any party adversely affected by frivolous conduct

may file a motion for an award of court costs, reasonable attorney's fees, and other

reasonable expenses incurred in connection with the civil action or appeal. The court

may assess and make an award to any party to the civil action or appeal who was

adversely affected by frivolous conduct, as provided in division (B)(4) of this section.”

{¶ 113} In her motion, Kathleen alleged frivolous conduct under R.C.

2323.51(A)(2)(a)(iii) and (iv). Strike Motion at p. 3. This subdivision defines frivolous
 -44-

conduct as conduct of a party to a civil action or of the party’s counsel of record “that

satisfies any of the following”:

(iii) The conduct consists of allegations or other factual contentions

that have no evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, are not likely

to have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further

investigation or discovery.

(iv) The conduct consists of denials or factual contentions that are

not warranted by the evidence or, if specifically so identified, are not

reasonably based on a lack of information or belief.

{¶ 114} R.C. 2323.51(B)(2) allows courts to award fees, but only if the court sets

a hearing, provides notice of the hearing, holds a hearing at which the parties are

permitted to present evidence, and decides: (1) a party’s conduct was frivolous; (2) a

party was adversely affected; (3) the amount of fees to be awarded. See R.C.

2323.51(B)(2)(a), (b), and (c). Courts have held that “though R.C. 2323.51 requires a

trial court to hold a hearing before it grants a motion for attorney fees, a hearing is not

required when the court determines, upon consideration of the motion and in its

discretion, that the motion lacks merit.” State ex rel. Delmonte v. Woodmere, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 86011, 2005-Ohio-6489, ¶ 54. Accord Brock-Hadland v. Weeks, 7th Dist.

Mahoning No. 13 MA 170, 2015-Ohio-834, ¶ 9 (“[h]olding such a hearing when the court

has already determined that there is no possible basis for the award would be a waste of

judicial resources”).

{¶ 115} Our district has said that “R.C. 2323.51 does not mandate that an
 -45-

evidentiary hearing always be conducted to determine whether a particular action

involves frivolous conduct, but it does require that if attorney fees are to be ultimately

awarded, then a hearing indeed must be held in accordance with subsections (a), (b),

and (c) of R.C. 2323.51(B)(2).” Shields v. Englewood, 172 Ohio App.3d 620, 2007-Ohio-

3165, 876 N.E.2d 972, ¶ 50 (2d Dist.). Even where a hearing is held, it may be oral or

on written materials. Foland v. Englewood, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22940, 2010-Ohio-

1905, ¶ 31, citing Shields at ¶ 48. We have also discussed the issue of “arguable merit”

in this context. Classic Comfort Heating & Supply, LLC v. Miller, 2d Dist. Darke No.

2021-CA-11, 2022-Ohio-855, ¶ 62, citing Russell v. Ryan, 2021-Ohio-2505, 175 N.E.3d

969, ¶ 15-16 (10th Dist.). No precise definition of arguable merit exists in this context,

but in Russell, the court mentioned terms like “lack of a triable issue” and “no basis.” Id.

{¶ 116} “The legal standard of review depends on whether a court is reviewing

legal or factual decisions.” Horenstein, Nicholson & Blumenthal, L.P.A. v. Hilgeman, 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 28581, 2021-Ohio-3049, ¶ 168, citing Namenyi v. Tomasello, 2d

Dist. Greene No. 2013-CA-75, 2014-Ohio-4509, ¶ 19-20. Generally, “[w]e review lower

court decisions on sanctions for abuse of discretion.” Payson v. Phipps, 2d Dist. Miami

No. 2021-CA-36, 2022-Ohio-1525, ¶ 67, citing State ex rel. Striker v. Cline, 130 Ohio

St.3d 214, 2011-Ohio-5350, 957 N.E.2d 19, ¶ 11.

{¶ 117} “However, reviewing factual decisions ‘involves some degree of

deference, and we will not disturb a trial court's findings of fact where the record contains

competent, credible evidence to support them.’ ” Id., quoting Shields, 172 Ohio App.3d

620, 2007-Ohio-3165, 876 N.E.2d 972, at ¶ 54. Purely legal issues, like those involved
 -46-

in deciding “ ‘ “whether a pleading or argument is warranted under existing law or can be

supported by a good faith argument for an extension, modification, or reversal of existing

law,” ’ ” are reviewed de novo. Id., quoting Natl. Check Bur. v. Patel, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 21051, 2005-Ohio-6679, ¶ 10. (Other citation omitted.) “ ‘The ultimate

decision whether to impose sanctions for frivolous conduct, however, remains wholly

within the trial court's discretion.’ ” Id., quoting Orbit Elecs., Inc. v. Helm Instrument Co.,

167 Ohio App.3d 301, 2006-Ohio-2317, 855 N.E.2d 91, ¶ 47 (8th Dist.).

{¶ 118} As noted, “most instances of abuse of discretion will result in decisions that

are simply unreasonable, rather than decisions that are unconscionable or arbitrary.”

AAAA Ents., 50 Ohio St.3d at 161, 553 N.E.2d 597. “A decision is unreasonable if there

is no sound reasoning process that would support that decision.” Id.

{¶ 119} After reviewing the record, we find no arguable merit to Kathleen’s claims.

The probate court therefore did not abuse its discretion in overruling the motion to strike

and in rejecting the request to reopen the evidentiary hearing.

{¶ 120} As a preliminary point, the documents that Kathleen attached to the motion

were not authenticated. According to Kathleen, the court made a decision before she

had time to file a reply brief and remedy this error. However, Kathleen filed her motion

on December 13, 2022, and the court did not issue its decision until more than a month

later. As a result, Kathleen had ample opportunity to correct anything she wished.

Nonetheless, the court did not rest its decision on this point.

{¶ 121} We also agree with the probate court that Kathleen should not be permitted

to try to conceal evidence of attempts to compromise at trial and then rely on them when
 -47-

it suits her purposes. Strike Decision at p. 4. As noted, Kathleen asserted prior to trial

that she wanted to use evidence of emails between attorneys and opposed a motion in

limine that sought to exclude those matters. Then at trial, Kathleen attempted to limit

such evidence based on Evid. 408, but did not succeed. Subsequently, after closing

briefs had been filed, Kathleen then contradicted her trial position and sought to add this

type of evidence to the record. Ultimately, this was fatal to the motion to strike because

it demonstrated an inconsistent pattern of conduct during the litigation.

{¶ 122} The court also found that the Applicants had not misrepresented facts to

the court. In this vein, the court stressed the great latitude afforded in closing arguments.

Id. at 5. This is correct. The Supreme Court of Ohio has acknowledged that “counsel

should be afforded great latitude in closing argument * * * and that the determination of

whether the bounds of permissible argument have been exceeded is, in the first instance,

a discretionary function to be performed by the trial court.” (Citations omitted.) Pesek

v. Univ. Neurologists Assn., Inc., 87 Ohio St.3d 495, 501, 721 N.E.2d 1011 (2000).

Moreover, as we noted, in bench trials, courts are presumed to know the law and are

presumed to consider only admissible evidence. Donofrio, 191 Ohio App.3d 727, 2010-

Ohio-6406, 947 N.E.2d 715, at ¶ 46, and White, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2013-CA-86, 2014-

Ohio-1288, at ¶ 11.

{¶ 123} Further, we agree with the probate court’s decision. There is no question

that this was a fiercely-fought case with animosity between opposing parties. In fact, the

Applicants’ reply to Kathleen’s closing brief also alleged various ways in which Kathleen

had misrepresented facts and referenced facts not in evidence or that were outside the
 -48-

record. See Applicants’ Closing Reply (Dec. 16, 2022), p. 2, 3-6, 7, 8, and 9 (referencing

and detailing Kathleen’s “misrepresentations of the evidence”; stating that “Kathleen

misrepresents facts and relies on ‘facts not in evidence’ ” and asking to strike the

evidence; claiming that “Kathleen argues based on inferences not supported by the

record at trial”; and stating that Kathleen “creates the misleading impression” and “weaves

a revisionist tale”). The only difference between the Applicants and Kathleen in this

context was that Applicants did not file a motion to strike asserting frivolous conduct.

{¶ 124} The Applicants’ closing brief did reference the record but was overzealous

in stating that Kathleen had never communicated a condition about her niece being

entombed in the Glass mausoleum or any other conditions to Roger and Carol before the

hearing, and in stating that Kathleen’s “late-arrived at conditions were only revealed at

the hearing.” Applicants’ Closing Brief (Oct. 28, 2022), p. 13. These statements were

technically true based on the evidence presented at the hearing.

{¶ 125} However, if one considers the unauthenticated attachments to the motion

to strike, Kathleen did mention her niece in a mediation letter and did later, in February

2022, send an offer with some conditions. Applicants’ statements could have been

better phrased, but in fact, the court did prohibit testimony about mediation or actual

offers, and facts regarding these matters were not in the trial record. Tr. at 482-485, 579,

and 585. Therefore, the Applicants accurately stated the trial record as it existed.

Based on the circumstances here, which include intense advocacy on both sides, the

court correctly found no basis for the motion to strike.

{¶ 126} Kathleen has only briefly mentioned her alternative motion to reopen the
 -49-

evidentiary hearing. In this regard, she argues that the court should have reopened the

hearing to admit evidence of the settlement offers. Appellant’s Brief at p. 29 and fn. 18,

citing Evid.R. 611(A).

{¶ 127} “Trial courts are given great deference in controlling their dockets, and

therefore, a reviewing court uses an abuse of discretion standard when reviewing a trial

court's requirements in this area.” Mathewson v. Mathewson, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2005-

CA-35, 2007-Ohio-574, ¶ 26, citing State v. Unger, 67 Ohio St.2d 65, 67, 423 N.E.2d

1078 (1981). Evid.R. 611(A) further provides that “[t]he court shall exercise reasonable

control over the mode and order of interrogating witnesses and presenting evidence so

as to (1) make the interrogation and presentation effective for the ascertainment of the

truth, (2) avoid needless consumption of time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment

or undue embarrassment.”

{¶ 128} Typically, this rule is applied where a court restricts the time length of a

proceeding, or restricts witness questioning, or allegedly shows judicial bias in conducting

a trial. E.g., In re T.H., 192 Ohio App.3d 201, 2011-Ohio-248, 948 N.E.2d 524, ¶ 39 (2d

Dist.); Franks v. Rankin, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-934, 2012-Ohio-1920, ¶ 49; Rick's

Foreign Exchange Co. v. Greenlee, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26096, 2014-Ohio-4505,

¶ 27-29. However, courts have allowed parties to reopen their cases after resting in

order to introduce further evidence. Again, the decision is reviewed for abuse of

discretion. Positron Energy Resources, Inc. v. Weckbacher, 4th Dist. Washington No.

07CA59, 2009-Ohio-1208, ¶ 20.

{¶ 129} Given the limited number of cases we found in which reopening has been
 -50-

approved, this situation does not occur frequently. The procedure also seems

particularly inappropriate when, as here, a case has been pending for a significant period

of time and the parties were allowed all the time they needed to try the case.

{¶ 130} Nonetheless, the court did not err in this regard. In fact, while the court

denied Kathleen’s motion, it did consider the attached documents. The court noted the

content was “was not entirely different than the reasons [Kathleen] provided at trial for

refusing to consent – in other words, the evidence was already taken into consideration

– not for offers of compromise but rather substantively under Frobose.” Strike Decision

at p. 5-6. This is true. Thus, while the court denied the motion to reopen, the court

actually did consider the exhibits Kathleen submitted. However, the court found them

duplicative of the evidence Kathleen had already provided at trial. Id. at p. 7. Again,

our review of the record indicates that the court was correct.

{¶ 131} Accordingly, the probate court did not abuse its discretion in denying

Kathleen’s motion to strike, and the fourth assignment of error is overruled.

VI. Conclusion

{¶ 132} All of Kathleen’s assignments of error having been overruled, the

judgments of the probate court are affirmed.

.............

EPLEY, J. and LEWIS, J., concur.
-51-