[Cite as Graham v. Lake Cty. JFS/CSEA, 2023-Ohio-2321.]
IN THE COURT OF CLAIMS OF OHIO
DANIEL GRAHAM Case No. 2023-00048PQ
Requester Judge Lisa L. Sadler
v. DECISION AND ENTRY
LAKE COUNTY JFS/CSEA
Respondent
{¶1} In this public-records case, Respondent Lake County JFS/CSEA objects to a
Special Master’s Report and Recommendation. The Court overrules Respondent’s
objections and adopts the Report and Recommendation for reasons set forth below.
I. Background
{¶2} Requester Daniel Graham has filed a Complaint in which he asserts:
Today, 1/20/2024, I received an email from Lake County Chief Asst.
Prosecutor David Hackman, the email states that my request would not be
honored as [CSEA] emails that concerned me are not public record. I
requested all email correspondence from JFS worker Hazel to any other
public official that concerned me (Daniel Graham).
(Complaint dated January 23, 2023.) Requester’s Compliant is accompanied by
supporting documentation, including a copy of an email of January 6, 2023, in which
Requester states: “I am * * * requesting all emails concerning me, Daniel A. Graham,
between Amanda Hazel and any other public official between 12/25/2022 and 1/6/2023.”1
{¶3} The Court appointed a Special Master who referred the matter for mediation.
Mediation failed to successfully resolve all disputed issues between the parties.
1 Email dated January 6, 2023, between Requester and Cheryl Baibak. (Complaint.)
Case No. 2023-00048PQ -2- DECISION & ENTRY
Respondent filed a combined filing labeled “Response and Motion To Dismiss,” in which
Respondent claims that Requester’s Complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief
may be granted. The Special Master ordered certain documents to be filed under seal.
{¶4} On April 11, 2023, the Special Master issued a Report and Recommendation
(R&R). The Special Master recommends that Respondent be ordered to produce to
Requester the records copied at pp. 21-25, Bates 18-22 of Respondent’s Sealed
Submissions, filed March 15, 2023, that Requester recover his filing fees and other costs
of this case, and that Requester be denied the other relief he seeks. (R&R, 11.) The
Report and Recommendation does not contain an express recommendation about
Respondent’s Motion To Dismiss.
{¶5} On April 19, 2023, Respondent filed written objections to the Report and
Recommendation, which are accompanied by Respondent’s counsel’s certification
attesting that the objections were served on Requester by “regular U.S. Mail, postage
prepaid” and “email.”2 Respondent asks the Court to “grant its objections, modify or reject
the Special Master’s Report and Recommendation, and enter judgment in favor of
Respondent.”
{¶6} Requester has not filed a response to Respondent’s written objections.
II. Law and Analysis
{¶7} Through the enactment of R.C. 2743.75, the General Assembly has created
an alternative means to resolve public-records disputes. Welsh-Huggins v. Jefferson Cty.
Prosecutor’s Office, 163 Ohio St.3d 337, 2020-Ohio-5371, 170 N.E.3d 768, ¶ 11. See
R.C. 2743.75(A). Under R.C. 2743.75(F)(1), a special master is required to submit to
7this Court a report and recommendation based on the ordinary application of statutory
law and case law as they existed at the time of the filing of a complaint. Pursuant to R.C.
2743.75(F)(2) parties may file written objections to a report and recommendation and
responses thereto. According to R.C. 2743.75(F)(2), this Court, within seven business
2 R.C. 2743.75(F)(2) requires an objecting party to “send[] a copy [of the objections] to the other
party by certified mail, return receipt requested.”
Case No. 2023-00048PQ -3- DECISION & ENTRY
days after a response to the objection is filed, “shall issue a final order that adopts,
modifies, or rejects the report and recommendation.”
{¶8} Under Ohio law, a requester “must establish entitlement to relief in an action
filed in the Court of Claims under R.C. 2743.75 by clear and convincing evidence.” Viola
v. Cuyahoga Cty. Prosecutor’s Office, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110315, 2021-Ohio-4210,
¶ 16, citing Hurt v. Liberty Twp., 2017-Ohio-7820, 97 N.E.3d 1153, ¶ 27-30 (5th Dist.).
See Welsh-Huggins v. Jefferson Cty. Prosecutor’s Office, 163 Ohio St.3d 337, 2020-
Ohio-5371, 170 N.E.3d 768, ¶ 32. It is a requester’s burden to prove, by clear and
convincing evidence, that the requested records exist and are public records maintained
by a respondent. See State ex rel. Cordell v. Paden, 156 Ohio St.3d 394, 2019-Ohio-
1216, 128 N.E.3d 179, ¶ 8.
{¶9} A public-records custodian has the burden to establish the applicability of an
exception to disclosure of a public record. State ex rel. Cincinnati Enquirer v. Jones-
Kelley, 118 Ohio St.3d 81, 2008-Ohio-1770, 886 N.E.2d 206, paragraph two of the
syllabus. In Jones-Kelley, the Ohio Supreme Court held:
Exceptions to disclosure under the Public Records Act, R.C. 149.43,
are strictly construed against the public-records custodian, and the
custodian has the burden to establish the applicability of an exception. A
custodian does not meet this burden if it has not proven that the requested
records fall squarely within the exception. (State ex rel. Carr v. Akron, 112
Ohio St.3d 351, 2006-Ohio-6714, 859 N.E.2d 948, ¶ 30, followed.)
Kelley at paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶10} Pursuant to R.C. 2743.75(F)(2), any objection to a report and
recommendation “shall be specific and state with particularity all grounds for the
objection.” Respondent presents two objections for the Court’s determination:
• “FIRST OBJECTION - REQUESTER IS NOT ENTITLED TO THE BATES #S
18-22 EMAILS PURSUANT TO OAC 5101:12-1-20.1(C)(2)(a)(i).”
• “SECOND OBJECTION - BATES #s 18-22 EMAILS ARE NOT PUBLIC
RECORDS.”
{¶11} For ease of analysis, the Court shall consider Respondent’s objections
together and in a different order than that presented by Respondent.
Case No. 2023-00048PQ -4- DECISION & ENTRY
{¶12} Respondent maintains in its second objection that “[d]etermination as to
whether child support enforcement records may be disclosed is made pursuant to the
laws relating to such records, not pursuant to a public records analysis” (Objections, 6),
and that child support enforcement records “are not public records because state law
requires that such records be kept confidential.” (Objections, 6.) Respondent further
maintains that that the Special Master erred because there “may be certain circumstances
where a non-public record may be released does not mean that the non-public record
becomes a public record.” To support this proposition, Respondent cites to Walsh v. Ohio
Dept. of Health, 2022-Ohio-272, 183 N.E.3d 1281 (10th Dist.). (Objections, 5.)
{¶13} First, contrary to Respondent’s contention in the second objection, a “public-
records analysis” applies in this instance because Requester has brought a complaint
under R.C. 2743.75(D) in which Requester alleges a denial of access to public records.
(Complaint, filed January 23, 2023.) See R.C. 2743.75(D). A “public-records analysis”
requires this Court to consider state law or federal law. See R.C. 149.43(A(1)(v). Under
R.C. 149.43(1)(v), if a state or federal law prohibits the release of a public record, then
such a public record may not be released and, for purposes of R.C. 149.43, it is not a
public record. See State ex rel. Frank v. Ohio State Univ., 161 Ohio St.3d 112, 2020-
Ohio-3422, 161 N.E.3d 559, ¶ 8, quoting R.C. 149.43(A)(1)(v) (“[a] ‘public record’ does
not include ‘[r]ecords the release of which is prohibited by state or federal law’” (emphasis
sic)). Under Ohio law a properly promulgated regulation may constitute an exemption to
the Ohio Public Records Act. See State ex rel. Lindsay v. Dwyer, 108 Ohio App.3d 462,
466, 670 N.E.2d 1375 (10th Dist.1996) (“agree[ing] that the information specifically
excluded by Ohio Adm.Code 3307-1-03(A) falls within the authority allotted by the
General Assembly to the board for nondisclosure of confidential material”); State ex rel.
Gallon & Takacs Co., L.P. v. Conrad, 123 Ohio App.3d 554, 559, 704 N.E.2d 638 (10th
Dist.1997).3 Accord 2000 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 2000-36, syllabus.
3 In State ex rel. Gallon & Takacs Co., L.P. v. Conrad, 123 Ohio App.3d 554, 559, 704 N.E.2d 638
(10th Dist.1997), the Tenth District Court of Appeals stated:
[A]n administrative rule adopted pursuant to statutory authority has the force of law unless
the rule is unreasonable or in clear conflict with statutes governing the same subject matter.
State ex rel. DeBoe v. Indus. Comm. (1954), 161 Ohio St. 67, 117 N.E.2d 925 (paragraph
one of the syllabus); Doyle v. Ohio Bureau of Motor Vehicles (1990), 51 Ohio St. 3d 46,
Case No. 2023-00048PQ -5- DECISION & ENTRY
{¶14} Second, Walsh is factually distinguishable and, consequently, Respondent’s
reliance on Walsh is unpersuasive. Walsh addressed a public-records request to the Ohio
Department of Health for a death registry. See Walsh at ¶ 2. Here, Requester seeks
copies of records, including certain emails, from the Lake County Department of Job and
Family Services/Child Support Enforcement Agency.
{¶15} Third, an email may constitute a public record. For purposes of R.C. Chapter
149, emails, which are created or received by or coming under the jurisdiction of any
public office of the state or its political subdivisions, which serves to document the
organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, operations, or other activities of
the office, generally are “records” for purposes of R.C. Chapter 149. See R.C.
149.011(G);4 State ex rel. Toledo Blade Co. v. Seneca Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 120 Ohio
St.3d 372, 2008-Ohio-6253, 899 N.E.2d 961 (examining a public office’s obligations under
R.C. 149.43 if e-mails that constitute public records are deleted in violation of a records-
retention policy). In this instance, the disputed emails fall within the meaning of “records,”
as used in R.C. Chapter 149, because, as described by the Special Master, the disputed
emails document the organization, functions, policies, decisions, and operations of
Respondent. See R.C. 149.43(A)(1) (defining “public records”).5
{¶16} The Court finds that Respondent’s second objection is not well taken.
48, 554 N.E.2d 97; Columbus and Southern Ohio Elec. Co. v. Indus. Comm. (1992), 64
Ohio St. 3d 119, 592 N.E.2d 1367. However, only valid rules have the force of law, and the
validity of any administrative rule must be determined by reference to the statutes
governing the agency. It is axiomatic that an administrative agency has no existence or
authority beyond the statutes and may exercise only powers that are clearly granted by the
General Assembly. State ex rel. Godfray v. McGinty (1981), 66 Ohio St. 2d 113, 419 N.E.2d
1102.
4 As used in R.C. Chapter 149, the term “records” “includes any document, device, or item,
regardless of physical form or characteristic, including an electronic record as defined in [R.C. 1306.01 of
the Revised Code], created or received by or coming under the jurisdiction of any public office of the state
or its political subdivisions, which serves to document the organization, functions, policies, decisions,
procedures, operations, or other activities of the office.” R.C. 149.011(G).
5 As used in R.C. Chapter 149, the term “public record” “means records kept by any public office,
including, but not limited to, state, county, city, village, township, and school district units, and records
pertaining to the delivery of educational services by an alternative school in this state kept by the nonprofit
or for-profit entity operating the alternative school pursuant to [R.C. 3313.533].” R.C. 149.43(A)(1).
Case No. 2023-00048PQ -6- DECISION & ENTRY
{¶17} In the first objection, Respondent disputes whether, under Ohio Adm.Code
5101:12-1-20.1(C)(2)(a)(i), Requester properly may be entitled to certain emails. Here,
the Special Master determined the records copied at pp. 21-25, Bates 18-22 of
Respondent’s Sealed Submissions, filed March 15, 2023, are accessible under Ohio
Adm.Code 5101:12-1-20.1(C)(2)(a)(i). (R&R, 11.) The Special Master reasoned:
Subsection (C)(2)(a)(i) of [Ohio Adm.Code 5101:12-1-20.1] provides that
information about a non-custodial parent can be released if it is “directly
connected to *** the support enforcement program.”
The emails have those defining characteristics. Mr. Graham is
apparently a non-custodial parent, otherwise he would not owe child
support. The emails are about him; he requested “emails concerning me,
Daniel A. Graham.” The emails are directly related to the support program.
As discussed in connection with their status as R.C. 149.011(G) records,
they discuss what records of the program are public, other documents
generated in the execution of the program, and the hierarchy of officials
within the program. Sealed Submission, pp. 21-25, Bates 18-22. They are
therefore accessible under Adm. Code 5101:12-1-20.1(C)(2)(a)(i).
The Special Master recognizes that access to such documents could be
limited if one or more of the conditions listed in Adm. Code 5101:12-1-
20.1(C)(2)(c) could be shown. However, the County has neither argued nor
offered evidence that those conditions apply, as was its burden. Welsh-
Huggins, 163 Ohio St.3d 337, ¶¶ 27, 50, 54, 63. Because of that omission,
this report and recommendation should not be taken as precedent about
the scope of those conditions in other cases where those limitations are
addressed.
(R&R, 10-11.)
Respondent maintains, however, that the Special Master’s interpretation
would permit anyone to request and receive any child support enforcement
records relating to a non- custodial parent. However, this interpretation
ignores two important aspects of the exception to confidentiality provided
for in OAC 5101:12-1-20.1(C)(2)(a)(i). First, the exception to the
Case No. 2023-00048PQ -7- DECISION & ENTRY
confidentiality of child support enforcement records provided for in OAC
5101:12-1-20.1(C)(2)(a)(i) only permits disclosure of information that
pertains to the support order and information that pertains to the non-
custodial parent or the attorney of the non-custodial parent. Second, OAC
5101:12-1- 20.1(C)(2)(a)(i) only permits disclosure of this otherwise
confidential information if the information is requested for a purpose related
to the support enforcement program.
(Objections, 4.)
Rule 5101:12-1-20.1(C)(2) of the Ohio Administrative Code provides:
Request for information about a non-custodial parent or attorney of a
non-custodial parent.
(a) The CSEA [Child Support Enforcement Agency], OCS [Office of
Child Support], or contractor may disclose information about a non-
custodial parent or attorney of a non-custodial parent when the request is
for a purpose directly connected to any of the following:
(i) The support enforcement program.
(ii) Any investigation, criminal prosecution, or civil or administrative
proceeding conducted in connection with the administration of the support
enforcement program or food assistance, medicaid, OWF, Title IV-B, or Title
IV-E programs.
(iii) A federal, state, or local audit.
(b) The following is the information that the CSEA, OCS, or contractor
may disclose about a non-custodial parent or attorney of a non-custodial
parent:
(i) Information that pertains to the support order; and
(ii) Information that pertains to the non-custodial parent or attorney of
the non-custodial parent.
(c) Restrictions on information disclosure:
(i) Information about any person in the child support case other than the
non-custodial parent or attorney of the non-custodial parent shall not be
disclosed and must be redacted from any document that will be disclosed,
Case No. 2023-00048PQ -8- DECISION & ENTRY
unless the non-custodial parent obtains written permission from the other
person, in accordance with rule 5101:12-1-20 of the Administrative Code.
(ii) Information shall not be disclosed when the CSEA, OCS, or
contractor has reasonable evidence of domestic violence or child abuse and
the CSEA, OCS or contractor has determined that the disclosure of such
information could be harmful to the representative of a child or child.
(iii) Information obtained from the state or federal PLS shall not be
disclosed.
(iv) Information shall not be disclosed when the disclosure of such
information would contravene the national policy or security interests of the
United States or the confidentiality of census data.
(Emphasis added.)
{¶18} Here, Requester seeks copies of email correspondence between himself
(who ostensibly is a non-custodial parent since Requester’s wages were garnished) and
certain staff of Respondent for a purpose that is directly connected to the support
enforcement program. Moreover, in this instance, it does not appear that restrictions set
forth in Ohio Adm.Code 5101:12-1-20(C)(2)(c)(i)-(iv) apply. The disclosure of such
information, under these circumstances, is therefore permissible under Ohio Adm.Code
5101:12-1-20.1(C)(2)(2)(a)(i).
{¶19} Because Ohio Adm.Code 5101:12-0-20.1(C)(2)(a)(i) does not prohibit
disclosure of the public records at issue, and since Respondent has not identified other
law that may prohibit disclosure, the Court finds that Respondent’s first objection is not
well taken.
III. Conclusion
{¶20} The Court overrules Respondent’s objections and adopts the Special
Master’s Report and Recommendation. Respondent has not objected to the lack of an
express ruling by the Special Master on Respondent’s Motion To Dismiss; the Court
therefore renders no ruling on Respondent’s Motion To Dismiss in the first instance. The
Court ORDERS Respondent to produce to Requester the records copied at pp. 21-25,
Case No. 2023-00048PQ -9- DECISION & ENTRY
Bates 18-22 of Respondent’s Sealed Submissions, filed March 15, 2023.6 Requester is
entitled to recover from Respondent the amount of the filing fee of twenty-five dollars and
any other costs associated with the action that are incurred by the Requester, excepting
attorney fees. Court costs are assessed against Respondent. The Clerk shall serve upon
all parties notice of this judgment and its date of entry upon the journal.
LISA L. SADLER
Judge
Filed June 13, 2023
Sent to S.C. Reporter 7/7/23
6
In footnote 1 of the Report and Recommendation, the Special Master states: “All references to
specific pages of matters filed in this case are to pages of the PDF copies posted on the Court’s online
docket, rather than to any internal pagination of the filings. References to the records filed under seal also
include citations to the Bates numbers added to those records.”