In re K.L.

[Cite as In re K.L., 2023-Ohio-3910.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MIAMI COUNTY

IN THE MATTER OF K.L. AND K.R. :
:
: C.A. No. 2023-CA-12
:
: Trial Court Case Nos. 21630212;
: 21630213
:
: (Appeal from Common Pleas Court-
: Juvenile Division)
:

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OPINION

Rendered on October 27, 2023

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EDWARD A. FRIZZELL, Attorney for Appellant, Mother

JAY M. LOPEZ, Attorney for Appellee, Father

.............

WELBAUM, P.J.

{¶ 1} Mother appeals from a judgment of the Miami County Common Pleas Court,

Juvenile Division, sustaining Father’s motion for reallocation of parental rights and

awarding Father legal custody of their minor child. Mother contends the trial court erred

in finding a change in circumstances sufficient to support a change in custody absent any

harm to the child. Mother also claims the trial court erred in ordering a change in custody
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without fully considering all statutory best-interest factors. She asserts that the trial court

exclusively focused on factors involving her denial of parenting time.

{¶ 2} We conclude that the trial court did not err in finding a change in

circumstances based on Mother’s relocation to Cleveland and the effect the move had on

the parties’ child. The trial court also properly considered the best-interest factors. The

trial court acted within its discretion in weighing those factors, and its decision to award

Father legal custody was not against the weight of the evidence. Accordingly, the trial

court’s judgment will be affirmed.

I. Facts and Course of Proceedings

{¶ 3} Mother and Father are the parents of K.L., who was born in 2014. Mother

has a second child, K.R., who was born in 2016. Father is not the parent of K.R., and the

child’s biological father was not involved in the proceedings below.

{¶ 4} In November 2016, Father was found to be an unsuitable parent for K.L. due

to a history of domestic violence and his recent release from prison on a domestic-

violence charge involving K.L and Mother. At that time, Mother also was found to be an

unsuitable parent for K.L. and K.R. due to her imprisonment on felony charges. As a

result, the children’s maternal grandparents were designated as their legal custodians.

{¶ 5} Following Mother’s release from prison, the trial court granted her parenting

time with both children in February 2020. Thereafter, the trial court granted Father

parenting time with K.L. in March 2021. Three months later, Mother and the maternal

grandparents agreed to Mother obtaining legal custody of both children effective August

1, 2021 with Father retaining parenting time with K.L and the maternal grandparents
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retaining substantial visitation rights with both children. Immediately after obtaining legal

custody, however, Mother terminated all contact with Father and the maternal

grandparents. In early August 2021, she decided to move to Cleveland with her new

fiancé without informing the trial court, Father, or the maternal grandparents. The record

reflects that Mother decided to move because the maternal grandparents had filed a

motion against her, Father had been showing up at her house to see K.L., and the

maternal grandparents had arrived at her house accompanied by police officers.

{¶ 6} Despite Mother’s covert relocation and attempts to cut off communication

with Father and the maternal grandparents, they eventually traced her to Cleveland. In

December 2021, Father and the maternal grandparents filed contempt motions against

Mother. Father also filed a motion for reallocation of parental rights, seeking to be

designated legal custodian of K.L., and the maternal grandparents moved for legal

custody of both children.

{¶ 7} In June 2022, Mother was found in contempt for denying parenting time and

visitation to Father and the maternal grandparents. Mother received a suspended jail

sentence and was ordered to comply with existing parenting-time and visitation orders

and to provide make-up time. Father and the maternal grandparents began receiving

parenting time and visitation in July 2022, including an extended month-long visit that

summer.

{¶ 8} Father’s motion for reallocation of parental rights and the maternal

grandparents’ motion for legal custody proceeded to a two-day hearing before a

magistrate on June 8, 2022 and September 2, 2022. The hearing also addressed a motion
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by Mother to restrict or modify Father’s parenting time and to terminate the maternal

grandparents’ visitation. After hearing testimony from Father, Mother, the maternal

grandmother, Mother’s fiancé, a guardian ad litem, and several other witnesses, a

magistrate filed a lengthy decision sustaining Father’s motion for legal custody of K.L.

and overruling the maternal grandparents’ motion for legal custody. The effect of the

ruling was that Father gained legal custody of K.L., and Mother retained legal custody of

her other child, K.R. Finally, the magistrate allowed the maternal grandparents to keep

their visitation rights but ordered them to meet Mother halfway to exchange K.R.

{¶ 9} Mother filed timely objections and supplemental objections to the

magistrate’s decision. In her supplemental objections, Mother acknowledged that the

magistrate’s decision contained “a near perfect and inarguable recitation of the facts and

circumstances” presented during the two-day hearing. Mother also admitted moving to

Cleveland without notice and effectively “ghosting” Father and the maternal grandparents.

She asserted, however, that the magistrate’s analysis had focused almost exclusively on

her withholding of parenting time and visitation while not giving sufficient weight to

evidence showing that both children were thriving in her care in Cleveland. In essence,

Mother argued that the magistrate’s decision represented a punitive response to her

disregard of parenting-time and visitation orders rather than a reasoned analysis of the

applicable statutory factors.

{¶ 10} In an April 3, 2023 judgment entry, the trial court overruled Mother’s

objections and awarded Father legal custody of K.L. while allowing Mother to retain legal

custody of K.R. and allowing the maternal grandparents to retain visitation rights. After
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conducting an independent review, the trial court found a change in circumstances

predicated on Mother moving and withholding parenting time and visitation. The trial court

also concluded that awarding Father legal custody of K.L. was in the child’s best interest

and that any harm caused by this change in custody would be outweighed by the

advantages to the child. Mother timely appealed, advancing two assignments of error.

II. Change in Circumstances

{¶ 11} Mother’s first assignment of error states:

THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN, AGAINST THE

MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE, IT FOUND A CHANGE IN

CIRCUMSTANCES BUT NO SPECIFIC HARM TO THE CHILD, AS

REQUIRED BY R.C. 3109.04(E)(1).

{¶ 12} The reallocation of parental rights is governed by R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a),

which provides:

The court shall not modify a prior decree allocating parental rights and

responsibilities for the care of children unless it finds, based on facts that

have arisen since the prior decree or that were unknown to the court at the

time of the prior decree, that a change has occurred in the circumstances

of the child, the child’s residential parent, or either of the parents subject to

a shared parenting decree, and that the modification is necessary to serve

the best interest of the child. In applying these standards, the court shall

retain the residential parent designated by the prior decree or the prior

shared parenting decree, unless a modification is in the best interest of the
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child and one of the following applies:

***

(iii) The harm likely to be caused by a change of environment is outweighed

by the advantages of the change of environment to the child.

R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a).

{¶ 13} Although not statutorily defined, a change in circumstances “has been held

to pertain to an event, occurrence, or situation which has a material effect upon the child.”

S.P. v. M.G., 2d Dist. Greene No. 2022-CA-57, 2023-Ohio-2084, ¶ 16, citing In re I.E., 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 28646, 2020-Ohio-3477, ¶ 15. Under appropriate circumstances,

a custodial parent’s interference with parenting time can constitute a change in

circumstances for purposes of reallocating parental rights. See, e.g., Pathan v. Pathan,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18254, 2000 WL 1299529, *3 (Sept. 15, 2000). A trial court

enjoys wide latitude when determining whether a sufficient change in circumstances has

occurred to support a change in custody. S.P. v. M.G. at ¶ 18. As a result, we review that

determination for an abuse of discretion. Id.

{¶ 14} Here the trial court found the requisite change in circumstances based on

Mother’s withholding of parenting time and visitation from Father and the maternal

grandparents. In fact, the trial court characterized Mother’s behavior as being “more than

withholding behavior and noncompliance of a court order behavior.” The trial court noted

that Mother secretly had relocated to Cleveland almost immediately after obtaining

custody, attempted to conceal her whereabouts, and “ghosted” Father and the maternal

grandparents. The trial court observed that Mother had engaged in this conduct despite
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court orders allowing Father and the maternal grandparents to see the children and

despite the fact that the maternal grandparents had raised the children for several years.

The trial court also noted Mother’s hearing testimony that she did not know when she

would comply with parenting-time and visitation orders because of her children’s

extracurricular activities in Cleveland and the cost of transporting them to Miami County

to see Father and the maternal grandparents.

{¶ 15} On appeal, Mother cites this court’s opinion in Echols v. Echols, 2d Dist.

Clark No. 2020-CA-45, 2021-Ohio-969, for the proposition that a denial of parenting time

does not constitute a change in circumstances sufficient to warrant a custody change,

particularly where the denial of parenting time results in no harm to children who otherwise

are thriving in the custodial parent’s care. The appellant-mother in Echols had sought a

change in custody based on the father’s alleged denial of parenting time on Thanksgiving

and Easter. On review, we noted that there had been a disagreement over parenting-time

rights on Thanksgiving and that the father had not deprived the mother of any parenting

time on Easter. We noted too that the father actually had given the mother extra parenting

time and other contact that was not required by court order. Under these circumstances,

we found no change in circumstances based on interference with parenting time to

support a change in custody.

{¶ 16} Even a cursory reading of Echols reveals that it bears no similarity to the

present case. Unlike Echols, there was no disagreement about Father’s right to parenting

time or the maternal grandparents’ right to visitation. Nor was Mother’s interference with

parenting time and visitation a discreet incident. Almost immediately after obtaining legal
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custody on August 1, 2021, Mother cut off all contact with Father and the maternal

grandparents. On August 8, 2021, someone at Mother’s house shut the door in Father’s

face when he arrived to pick up K.L. That same month, Mother and the children fled to

Cleveland, where she attempted to conceal her whereabouts. After Father located her,

she continued to impede parenting time and visitation, citing the children’s extracurricular-

activity schedules and the self-imposed expense of transporting them to Miami County to

see Father and the maternal grandparents.

{¶ 17} Contrary to Mother’s argument about her move to Cleveland having no

adverse effect on the children, the magistrate explicitly found that Mother did cause harm,

and the trial court adopted this finding. See Magistrate’s Decision at 18 (Nov. 16, 2022);

Judgment Entry at 8 (Apr. 3, 2023). Although the magistrate did not specify the nature of

the harm, we reasonably can infer from the magistrate’s decision that the adverse effect

involved being uprooted from Miami County and, in particular, being unable to see

maternal grandparents, who had raised both children for several years while Mother

served time in prison. The trial court pointed out that K.L. had done well in Father’s home

and that the child enjoyed a “very strong relationship” with the maternal grandparents.

The trial court explained that its concerns “extend[ed] beyond contemptuous conduct”

insofar as Mother’s move and denial of parenting time and visitation effectively had

“cancelled the children from Father and grandparents.”

{¶ 18} On the record before us, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion

in finding the requisite change in circumstances based on Mother’s denial of parenting

time and visitation, secretly moving to Cleveland, and continuing to impede the ability of
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Father to see K.L. and the maternal grandparents to see both K.L. and K.R. As relevant

to K.L., who is the subject of Mother’s appeal, the trial court reasonably found that

Mother’s move had a material effect upon the child, particularly the child’s budding

relationship with Father (which would have been even stronger but for Mother’s

termination of all contact upon obtaining legal custody) and the child’s long-term close

relationship with the maternal grandparents. Accordingly, Mother’s first assignment of

error is overruled.

III. Best-Interest Factors

{¶ 19} Mother’s second assignment of error states:

THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN, AGAINST THE

MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE, IT ORDERED A CHANGE IN

CUSTODY WITHOUT APPROPRIATE AND ACCURATE

CONSIDERATION OF ALL FACTORS LISTED IN R.C. 3109.04(F)(1) AND

RELYING SOLELY ON THOSE FACTORS INVOLVING DENIAL OF

PARENTING TIME.

{¶ 20} Mother contends the trial court did not fully consider the statutory best-

interest factors when awarding Father legal custody of K.L. She argues that the trial court

focused exclusively on factors relevant to parenting time while ignoring evidence that both

children were thriving in her care in Cleveland. Mother also cites case law from various

appellate districts to support the general propositions that split-custody decisions are

disfavored and that a custodial parent may relocate without losing custody.

{¶ 21} The applicable best-interest factors are found in R.C. 3109.04(F)(1), which
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identifies the following non-exclusive considerations to guide trial courts in custody

determinations:

(a) the wishes of the child’s parents; (b) the wishes and concerns of the

child; (c) the child’s interaction and interrelationship with the child’s parents,

siblings, and any other person who may significantly affect the child’s best

interest; (d) the child’s adjustment to the child’s home, school, and

community; (e) the mental and physical health of all persons involved in the

situation; (f) the parent more likely to honor and facilitate court-approved

parenting time rights or visitation; (g) whether either parent has failed to

make all child support payments; (h) whether either parent or any member

of the household of either parent previously has been convicted of or

pleaded guilty to any criminal offense involving any act that resulted in a

child being an abused child or a neglected child; (i) whether the residential

parent or one of the parents subject to a shared parenting decree has

continuously and willfully denied the other parent’s right to parenting time in

accordance with an order of the court; and (j) whether either parent has

established a residence, or is planning to establish a residence, outside this

state.

Sanchez v. Casiano, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 29415, 2022-Ohio-4179, ¶ 16, citing R.C.

3109.04(F)(1).

{¶ 22} No single best-interest factor is controlling, and the weight to be given to

each factor is within a trial court’s discretion. In re Z.C., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 29616,
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2023-Ohio-963, ¶ 34.

{¶ 23} Here the magistrate and the trial court properly considered the statutory

best-interest factors. With regard to Father’s motion for legal custody of K.L., the trial court

made explicit findings on every factor. See Judgment Entry at 11-15 (Apr. 3, 2023).

Contrary to Mother’s argument, the trial court did not consider only evidence related to

her withholding of parenting time. The trial court recognized that both parents wanted

legal custody and that K.L. had not been interviewed. It then noted the guardian ad litem’s

recommendation of legal custody to Father based on (1) concerns that Mother would not

obey any future parenting-time order and (2) Father’s demonstrated ability to work well

with the maternal grandparents to ensure that K.L. and K.R. continued to see each other

when the grandparents had visitation.

{¶ 24} With regard to K.L.’s interaction and interrelationship with others, the trial

court recognized that the child was doing well in Mother’s home in Cleveland. The trial

court noted that K.L. had enjoyed a 30-day visit with Father, while acknowledging the

guardian ad litem’s concerns about K.L. and K.R. being separated. The trial court then

recognized K.L.’s strong bond with the maternal grandparents, who had raised the child

for several years prior to Mother obtaining legal custody and cutting off all contact. Finally,

the trial court noted that Father is married and that K.L. has a step-sibling and a half-

sibling in Father’s home whereas Mother has no relatives in Cleveland.

{¶ 25} Concerning K.L.’s adjustment to home, school, and community, the trial

court again recognized that the child was doing well in Cleveland and had been involved

in activities there. With regard to the next factor, the trial court noted that both parents
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possessed medical-marijuana cards and admitted smoking daily. As for honoring

visitation, the trial court found that Mother was unlikely to comply with any future

parenting-time order, whereas Father likely would comply. The trial court also recognized

that Father owed the maternal grandparents child support and that the record did not

reveal whether Mother had an outstanding balance due. The trial court additionally

acknowledged that Father had been convicted of domestic violence several years earlier

and that both parents had served prison time. The trial court noted, however, that Father

had “gotten his life more together” following his release from prison. This finding was

supported by evidence that Father is married and employed earning $20 per hour while

successfully helping to raise two children other than K.L. The trial court then found that

Mother willfully had withheld parenting time, which is an enumerated best-interest factor.

The trial court additionally made a finding that neither party intended to move out of Ohio.

It also considered the parties’ incomes and made a finding that the maternal grandparents

will ensure that K.L. and K.R. continue to have regular contact.

{¶ 26} After analyzing each best-interest factor, the trial court made a final finding

that any harm likely to be caused by awarding Father legal custody of K.L. was

outweighed by advantages to the child. The trial court stated: “The advantages to [K.L.

are] that he will be able to have a relationship with both parents as well as have contact

with his half-sister. Based on Mother’s behavior, she has no problem taking off and just

setting up residence somewhere else taking [K.L.] away from a familiar environment.”

Judgment Entry at 14-15 (Apr. 3, 2023).

{¶ 27} Our review of the trial court’s decision refutes Mother’s contention that it
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focused exclusively on factors relevant to parenting time while ignoring evidence that both

children were doing well in her care. In our view, the trial court fully and fairly assessed

each best-interest factor. The trial court’s decision to award Father legal custody was

supported by the evidence and was not an abuse of discretion.

{¶ 28} In reaching this conclusion, we recognize that Ohio law does not prohibit a

custodial parent from relocating out of the area. But Mother’s move to Cleveland was a

relevant consideration. We also do not disagree with Mother’s claim that making split-

custody awards of siblings should not be done lightly. In the present case, however, the

trial court and the guardian ad litem both recognized the significance of separating K.L.

and K.R. In addition to its other findings, the trial court ultimately determined that awarding

Father legal custody of K.L. would enable the two children to continue seeing each other

while also allowing K.L. to maintain a relationship with Mother, Father, and the maternal

grandparents. Conversely, the trial court determined that awarding Mother legal custody

of K.L. likely would result in Mother continuing to deny or impede parenting time and

visitation by Father and the maternal grandparents. While that arrangement would have

kept K.L. and K.R. together with Mother in Cleveland, in the trial court’s view it likely would

have deprived K.L. of a meaningful relationship with Father and the maternal

grandparents. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in evaluating these competing

interests or in awarding Father legal custody. Accordingly, Mother’s second assignment

of error is overruled.

IV. Conclusion

{¶ 29} Having overruled both assignments of error, we affirm the judgment of the
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Miami County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division.

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TUCKER, J. and LEWIS, J., concur.