NUMBER 13-22-00213-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
ROBERTO GALVAN, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 445th District Court
of Cameron County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Tijerina, Silva, and Peña
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Silva
Appellant Roberto Galvan appeals his conviction for continuous sexual abuse of a
child under the age of fourteen, a first-degree felony, for which he received a sentence of
fifty years’ confinement. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(b), (h). By five issues,
appellant argues that the trial court erred by (1) allowing inadmissible hearsay testimony;
(2) improperly commenting on the weight of the evidence; (3) providing an improper
instruction in the jury charge; (4) permitting improper closing argument by the State; and
(5) permitting witnesses to testify via teleconferencing in violation of the Confrontation
Clause. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant was indicted for continuous sexual abuse of siblings A.G., D.G., and
K.G., all children under the age of fourteen. 1 See id. § 21.02(b) (permitting conviction by
proof of sexual abuse “committed against one or more victims”). The matter proceeded
to a jury trial, wherein the State presented eight witnesses, including the children, the
children’s mother, and a sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE). Appellant called one
witness and testified personally. The trial court issued its charge to the jury, which
included one count of continuous sexual abuse of young children, see id., and three
counts of the lesser-included offense of indecency with a child. See id. § 21.11(a). The
jury found appellant guilty of continuous sexual abuse of young children, but appellant
elected for the trial court to assess punishment. The trial court sentenced appellant to fifty
years’ confinement. This appeal followed.
II. HEARSAY
By his first issue, appellant complains that the trial court erroneously permitted
inadmissible hearsay from a witness. Specifically, appellant contends that the trial court
committed error when it permitted the children’s mother to testify as an outcry witness to
the children’s statements when the State had already designated the SANE as the outcry
1 We use initials to protect the identities of the minor complainants. See TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8, cmt.
2
witness. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.072 (permitting a witness to testify to
the outcries of a child complainant under certain conditions). However, appellant
concedes that he did not object to mother’s testimony during trial. Nonetheless, appellant
argues that “[t]he fact that defense counsel did not object was by far ineffective trial
strategy, however, the trial court is the ultimate gatekeeper of evidence and should have
never allowed inadmissible hearsay testimony to be presented to a jury whether there
was an objection or not.” 2
“Under Texas law, if, on appeal, a defendant claims the trial judge erred in
admitting evidence offered by the State, this error must have been preserved by a proper
objection and a ruling on that objection.” Martinez v. State, 98 S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2003) (cleaned up); see TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). At trial, the State requested a
hearing outside the presence of the jury regarding mother’s testimony as an outcry
witness. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.072. After presenting evidence
regarding the outcries to mother, the trial court asked appellant if he had “[a]ny objection
to the statements being made to mom?” Appellant’s counsel responded that there was
“[n]o objection to the statements being made to mom,” and the testimony was
subsequently presented to the jury without objection.
Appellant offers no support for his conclusory assertion that his hearsay complaint
is exempt from preservation requirements, and we decline to create such a rule. Rather,
appellant was required to timely object to the offered testimony with sufficient specificity
2 Aside from this statement, appellant does not otherwise present an argument of ineffective
assistance of counsel for this Court’s review.
3
to allow the trial court to make a decision. See Martinez, 98 S.W.3d at 193. Because
appellant failed to object, nothing is preserved for our appellate review. See id. Appellant’s
first issue is overruled.
III. JURY INSTRUCTION
By his second and third issues, which we consider together, appellant contends
that the trial court’s charge to the jury contained an improper comment on the weight of
the evidence (issue two), which constituted jury charge error (issue three). Namely,
appellant challenges the trial court’s instruction on lesser-included offenses:
In regard to the lesser included offenses, the State has presented evidence
of more than one incident to prove that the Defendant committed each of
these lesser included offenses. You must not find the Defendant guilty of
each of these lesser included offenses unless you all agree on which
incident or incidents occurred beyond a reasonable doubt. You need not all
agree on every incident, as long as there is one incident, as to each of these
lesser included offenses, on which all of the jurors are unanimous.
According to appellant, the first sentence of the paragraph “instructed the jury that the
[S]tate had proved Appellant’s guilt for the offense that he was convicted.”
A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
The trial court shall not “at any stage of the proceeding previous to the return of
the verdict, make any remark calculated to convey to the jury his opinion of the case.”
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.05. Moreover, in providing its charge to the jury, the
trial court shall not express any opinion as to the weight of the evidence, sum up the
testimony, discuss the facts, or use any argument calculated to arouse the sympathy or
excite the passions of the jury. Id. art. 36.14. “The trial court improperly comments on the
weight of the evidence if it makes a statement that implies approval of the State’s
argument, indicates disbelief in the defense’s position, or diminishes the credibility of the
4
defense’s approach to the case.” Proenza v. State, 555 S.W.3d 389, 397 (Tex. App.—
Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2018, no pet.) (quoting Simon v. State, 203 S.W.3d 581, 590
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.)).
When providing its jury charge, “a trial court’s general jury charge may not single
out a particular piece of evidence for special attention.” Lucio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 873,
876 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Bartlett v. State, 270 S.W.3d 147, 152 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008)). “A jury charge must be viewed as a whole in order to determine the existence of
error.” Salahud-din v. State, 206 S.W.3d 203, 210 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg
2006, pet. Ref’d). “Review should not be limited to parts of the charge standing alone.”
Id.
Article 38.05’s prohibition on the trial court commenting on the weight of the
evidence creates a category two Marin right, meaning the right is not forfeitable by
inaction. Proenza, 555 S.W.3d at 402–03; see Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 279 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1993) (detailing three distinct categories of rights provided in a criminal
prosecution: “(1) absolute requirements and prohibitions; (2) rights of litigants which must
be implemented by the system unless expressly waived; and (3) rights of litigants which
are to be implemented upon request”). Similarly, jury charge errors are not waived by a
failure to object, although they are subject to a more rigorous review, requiring egregious
harm before we may reverse a conviction. Alcoser v. State, 663 S.W.3d 160, 165 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2022) (citing Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984)).
Regardless of which degree of error is necessary, we first determine whether the charge
is erroneous. See id.
5
B. Analysis
We disagree with appellant’s characterization of the instruction as a comment on
the weight of the evidence because when viewing the jury charge as a whole, the trial
court did not instruct the jury that the State has proved the lesser-included offenses as
appellant suggests. Rather, the trial court instructed the jury that the State “presented
evidence” of more than one offense and that the jury must find him guilty of the lesser-
included offenses only if all the members of the jury “agree on which incident or incidents
occurred beyond a reasonable doubt.” Thus, we construe the complained-of statement
as instructing the jury that the State’s evidence was presented for the purpose of proving
the offenses. The trial court’s language appears to be an attempt to avoid singling out any
particular piece of evidence or allegation while instructing the jury on unanimity of the
lesser-included offenses should the jury not convict appellant of the primary offense. See
Lucio, 353 S.W.3d at 876; Bartlett, 270 S.W.3d at 150, 152.
Moreover, other provisions of the charge specifically instruct the jury that it should
determine the facts and not consider the opinion of the trial court. The charge included
the following instructions:
You are the exclusive judges of the facts proved, of the credibility of the
witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony, but the law you shall
receive in these written instructions, and you must be governed thereby.
....
From time to time throughout the trial the Court has been called upon to
pass on the question of whether or not certain offered evidence might
properly be admitted. You are not to be concerned with the reasons for such
rulings and are not to draw any inferences from them. Whether offered
evidence is admissible is purely a question of law. In admitting evidence to
which an objection is made, the Court does not determine what weight
should be given such evidence; nor does it pass on the credibility of the
6
witness. As to any offer of evidence that has been rejected by the court,
you, of course, must not consider the same; as to any question to which an
objection was sustained, you must not conjecture as to what the answer
might have been or as to the reason for the objection.
You are instructed that you are not to allow yourselves to be influenced on
any degree whatsoever by what you may think or surmise the opinion of the
Court to be. The Court has no right by any word or any act to indicate any
opinion respecting any matter of fact involved in this case, nor the guilt or
innocence of the Defendant. The Court has not intended to express any
such opinion, and if you have observed anything which you have or may
interpret as the Court’s opinion upon any matter of fact in this case or of the
guilt or innocence of the defendant, you must wholly disregard it.
Finally, we note that similar language is found in the Texas Pattern Jury Charge.
See Comm. On Pattern Jury Charges, State Bar of Tex., Texas Criminal Pattern Jury
Charges: Crimes Against Persons & Property CPJC 84.3 at 107–08 (2020) (Instruction—
Indecency with Child by Contact—Touching by Defendant) (“The state has presented
evidence of more than one incident to prove indecency with a child as alleged [in the
indictment/in count [number]].”); see also 8 TEX. PRAC., Criminal Forms and Trial Manual
§ 99.2 (11th ed.). Accordingly, we conclude the instruction did not constitute an improper
comment on the weight of the evidence, and the instruction was not an improper jury
instruction. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14; Proenza, 555 S.W.3d at 397;
Salahud-din, 206 S.W.3d at 210. Appellant’s second and third issues are overruled.
IV. IMPROPER JURY ARGUMENT
By his fourth issue, appellant argues the trial court erred by permitting the State to
make an improper jury argument when the State’s attorney “express[ed] her personal
opinion of the veracity of the complaining witnesses.” However, we agree with the State
that appellant never objected to the State’s closing argument. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a).
Improper jury arguments are subject to ordinary preservation rules and failure to lodge a
7
contemporaneous objection will forfeit any complaint. Compton v. State, 666 S.W.3d 685,
727–28 (Tex. Crim. App. 2023). Here, appellant failed to object to the alleged improper
comments, thus failing to preserve the complaint for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP.
P. 33.1(a); Compton, 666 S.W.3d at 727–28. Appellant’s fourth issue is overruled.
V. CONFRONTATION CLAUSE VIOLATION
By his fifth and final issue, appellant argues that the trial court committed error by
allowing witnesses to testify via teleconferencing during the punishment phase in
contravention of his Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses. See U.S. CONST.
amend. VI. (“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to . . . be
confronted with the witnesses against him . . . .”).
Prior to trial beginning on the second day of the guilt-innocence phase, the
following exchange occurred:
[State]: Yes, Your Honor, one thing. I spoke to Defense Counsel.
So I think we will be able to wrap up tomorrow morning.
However, if he is found guilty[,] I know that you are
sentencing. I don’t know if we would be able to do that on
Thursday. Because we do have some [witnesses] from
Oklahoma that we would like to fly in.
THE COURT: Can you have them here by Zoom?
[State]: Oh, I think we can do that.
THE COURT: It’s sentencing to me. Why fly them in?
[State]: That works. That works. We can definitely do that.
During the punishment phase, the State presented six witnesses, and appellant presented
one; all witnesses appeared via Zoom. Appellant did not object to the State’s witnesses
appearing through remote teleconference.
8
“Confrontation and compulsory process rights are subject to procedural default.”
Anderson v. State, 301 S.W.3d 276, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); see Reyna v. State, 168
S.W.3d 173, 179 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (holding that appellant failed to preserve a
confrontation clause complaint where he failed to articulate a trial objection on the same
grounds); Hernandez v. State, 508 S.W.3d 752, 757 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2016, no pet.)
(overruling appellant’s confrontation clause complaint where appellant failed to object to
the admission of evidence during trial and therefore did not preserve his complaint); see
also Jones v. State, No. 05-21-00019-CR, 2022 WL 854915, at *4–5 (Tex. App.—Dallas
Mar. 23, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“Because appellant did
not object to the remote testimony of any of the State’s witnesses, this issue is not
preserved for our review.”); Oliver v. State, No. 03-19-00725-CR, 2020 WL 5105209, at
*1–2 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 27, 2020, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (concluding appellant’s confrontation complaint about witnesses testifying via
teleconference was not preserved for appellate review when appellant did not raise
complaint in trial court).
Implicitly acknowledging that he failed to preserve his claim for appellate review,
appellant instead cites to Texas Rule of Evidence 103(e), which states that “[i]n criminal
cases, a court may take notice of a fundamental error affecting a substantial right, even if
the claim of error was not properly preserved.” TEX. R. EVID. 103(e). However, appellant
provides no support for his suggestion that the error, if any, is not subject to ordinary
preservation rules, and we find none. Rather, except in limited circumstances not present
here, Texas courts have consistently held that Confrontation Clause complaints are a
9
category three Marin right, which are subject to waiver. See Anderson, 301 S.W.3d at 280;
Reyna, 168 S.W.3d at 179; Hernandez, 508 S.W.3d at 757; see also Jones 2022 WL
854915, at *4–5; Oliver, 2020 WL 5105209, at *1–2. Accordingly, we conclude appellant
failed to preserve his complaint, leaving nothing for our review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a).
Appellant’s fifth issue is overruled.
VI. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
CLARISSA SILVA
Justice
Do not publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2 (b).
Delivered and filed on the
26th day of October, 2023.
10
Roberto Galvan v. the State of Texas
Combined Opinion