Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
August 29, 2023
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
HWAYO JENNY GALASSI and MICHAEL No. 56715-6-II
GALASSI wife and husband,
Appellants,
v. ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO
PUBLISH AND PUBLISHING OPINION
LOWE’S HOME CENTERS, LLC., A Foreign
Limited Liability Company,
Respondent.
Appellants, Hwayo and Michael Galassi, filed a motion to publish this court’s opinion
filed on July 5, 2023 pursuant to RAP 12.3(e). Respondent, Lowe’s Home Centers, LLC, filed a
response on August 10, 2023. After consideration, the court grants the motion. It is now
ORDERED that the final paragraph in the opinion which reads “A majority of the panel
having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports, but
will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040, it is so ordered.” is deleted. It
is further
No. 56715-6-II
ORDERED that the opinion will now be published.
PANEL: Jj. Maxa, Lee, Che
FOR THE COURT:
Che, J.
We concur:
Maxa, P.J.
Lee, J.
2
Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
July 5, 2023
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
HWAYO JENNY GALASSI and MICHAEL No. 56715-6-II
GALASSI wife and husband,
Appellants,
v. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
LOWE’S HOME CENTERS, LLC., a Foreign
Limited Liability Company,
Respondent.
CHE, J. ⎯ Hwayo Galassi appeals the grant of summary judgment in favor of Lowe’s
Home Centers, LLC (Lowe’s) in her premises liability lawsuit. Galassi saw a roll of wire
fencing laying askew on a shelf roughly six feet high behind a stop bar while shopping. Galassi
desired to purchase the roll. But as soon as Galassi touched the roll of fencing, it immediately
fell off the shelf and landed on her foot. Galassi filed a premises liability lawsuit against Lowe’s
to recover from the injuries she sustained in the incident.
We hold that there was a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the Pimentel v.
Roundup Co., 100 Wn.2d 39, 40, 666 P.2d 888 (1983), exception to traditional notice
requirements applies, and Lowe’s was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law. We decline to
No. 56715-6-II
review the moot issue of whether Thurston County Local Rule (TCLR) 56(1) is impermissibly
inconsistent with Civil Rule (CR) 56(c). Consequently, we reverse the summary judgment order.
FACTS
Galassi went to Lowe’s to shop for wire fencing. She located a 2 foot by 2 foot roll of
wire fencing on a shelf, roughly 6 feet above the floor. The shelf had a stop bar. The roll of wire
fencing lay askew. Galassi alleged that as soon as she touched the roll of fencing, it immediately
slid off the shelf and landed on her foot.
Galassi filed a premises liability lawsuit against Lowe’s.1 Lowe’s moved for summary
judgment, arguing that it did not have actual or constructive notice of the unsafe condition, and
the Pimentel exception to the notice requirement did not apply. In its motion, Lowe’s relied on
McPherson v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. 34696-0-III, slip op. at 1 (Wash. Ct. App. Dec. 14,
2017) (unpublished), https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/346960_unp.pdf. But Lowe’s did
not identify the case as unpublished.
In support of its motion for summary judgment, Lowe’s filed a declaration by Tina
Jenkins, a Lowe’s garden center employee on the day of Galassi’s injury. Jenkins stated
(1) employees are trained to immediately correct improperly stocked items on display shelves,
(2) employees do a safety walk at the beginning of the day searching for improperly stocked
items, (3) she did not see any improperly stocked items on the wire fencing display shelf prior to
1
Michael Galassi, Hwayo Galassi’s husband, is a co-plaintiff seeking recovery for loss of
consortium.
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No. 56715-6-II
Galassi’s incident, and (4) Galassi did not ask her for help before retrieving the wire fencing
from the display shelf.
On November 1, 2021, Galassi filed a response in opposition to Lowe’s motion for
summary judgment. In reply, Lowe’s argued that Galassi failed to timely file her response under
TCLR 56(1), which required responses to summary judgment to be filed not later than 14
calendar days before the scheduled hearing. The motion was set to be heard on November 12,
which meant Galassi’s response was due on October 29.
At the summary judgment hearing, the trial court did not rule on whether Galassi’s
untimely response violated TCLR 56(1) because the hearing had been continued several times.
Galassi noted that McPherson is unpublished. Galassi also emphasized that the roll of wire
fencing fell on her foot five hours after the store opened, which would have been five hours after
the safety walk allegedly occurred.
Before making its ruling, the trial court noted that it may consider McPherson as it is an
unpublished case from 2017. The trial court granted summary judgment in Lowe’s favor.
Galassi appeals the grant of summary judgment. 2
2
Galassi argues that summary judgment was inappropriate because the trial court considered an
unpublished opinion cited in violation of GR 14.1. There is nothing in GR 14.1 that indicates
that a court may no longer consider an unpublished opinion as persuasive because a party failed
to note that the case was unpublished. Moreover, the proper remedy for a GR 14.1 violation is
sanctions. See Johnson v. Allstate Ins. Co., 126 Wn. App. 510, 519, 108 P.3d 1273 (2005). As
such, Galassi’s argument on this ground fails.
Lowe’s also argues that we should dismiss the appeal because Galassi failed to timely file the
opening brief. We decline to dismiss this appeal for failure to comply with our Conditional
Ruling of Dismissal (July 26, 2022). Galassi complied with our ruling, and therefore, dismissal
is unwarranted.
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No. 56715-6-II
ANALYSIS
I. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Johnson v. Liquor & Cannabis Bd.,
197 Wn.2d 605, 611, 486 P.3d 125 (2021). Summary judgment is appropriate if, as a matter of
law, there is no substantial evidence or reasonable inference supporting a verdict for the
nonmoving party. Id. Substantial evidence exists “‘if it is sufficient to persuade a fair-minded,
rational person of the truth of the declared premise.’” Id. (quoting Brown v. Superior
Underwriters, 30 Wn. App. 303, 306, 632 P.2d 887 (1980)). When determining whether
summary judgment was appropriate, we view all the evidence and reasonable inferences in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id.
The plaintiff must establish the following elements to support a negligence action:
“‘(1) the existence of a duty owed, (2) breach of that duty, (3) a resulting injury, and (4) a
proximate cause between the breach and the injury.’” Id. (quoting Tincani v. Inland Empire
Zoological Soc., 124 Wn.2d 121, 127-28, 875 P.2d 621 (1994)). Generally, “[F]or the possessor
of land to be liable to invitees for the unsafe condition of his land, he must have actual or
constructive notice of that unsafe condition.” Pimentel, 100 Wn.2d at 44.
But “where the operating procedures of any store are such that unreasonably dangerous
conditions are continuous or reasonably foreseeable, there is no need to prove actual or
constructive notice of such conditions in order to establish liability for injuries caused by them.”
Id. at 40. Under the aforementioned exception, “[t]he plaintiff must still prove that defendant
failed to take reasonable care to prevent the injury.” Id. at 49. In its inception, the Pimentel
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No. 56715-6-II
exception applied only to self-service businesses, but such a requirement no longer exists.
Johnson, 197 Wn.2d at 618.
II. APPLICATION OF REASONABLE FORESEEABILITY STANDARD
Galassi argues that there was a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the
Pimentel exception applied. We agree.
Here, it is undisputed that Lowe’s had no actual or constructive notice of the dangerous
condition. Therefore, Galassi must show substantial evidence supporting the application of the
Pimentel exception. Johnson, 197 Wn.2d at 614. Specifically, Galassi must show “notice with
evidence that the ‘nature of the proprietor’s business and his methods of operation are such that
the existence of unsafe conditions on the premises is reasonably foreseeable.’” Id. at 618
(quoting Pimentel, 100 Wn.2d at 49). Of note, the question of whether a party has presented
sufficient evidence to warrant the application of the exception appears to have been mostly
litigated in the context of slip and fall cases, rather than falling merchandise cases.
In Pimentel, a paint can fell from a shelf injuring a customer, and the customer sued the
store for her injuries. 100 Wn.2d at 41. The defendant acknowledged the paint can overhung the
shelf, the defendant’s expert stated the paint can was dangerous, and there was proof of store
policies that prohibited such displays. Id. “[T]he trial court instructed the jury that it must find
actual or constructive notice of a dangerous condition in order to impose liability on defendant.”
Id. at 42. Because that instruction omitted the Pimentel exception language referenced above,
our Supreme Court remanded for a new trial so that the jury would be instructed properly. Id. at
50.
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No. 56715-6-II
Where a patron sued a mall for injuries caused by slipping on a smear while walking in a
common area in a mall, our Supreme Court affirmed the summary judgment order dismissing the
action because the patron failed to present sufficient evidence to warrant the application of the
Pimentel exception. Ingersoll v. DeBartolo, Inc., 123 Wn.2d, 649, 654-55, 869 P.2d 1014
(1994). The court held that evidence that there was “more than one food-drink vendor service in
the mall, that some such vendors do not provide seating and that some patrons carry the products
to benches for consumption” did not show that unreasonably dangerous conditions were
reasonably foreseeable. Id. at 654. The court emphasized that there must be a relationship
between the mall’s methods of operation and the hazardous condition. Id. at 654-55.
Where a customer sued a store owner for injuries caused by slipping on clear soda, the
court affirmed the summary judgment order dismissing the action as the customer failed to
present sufficient evidence to warrant the application of the Pimentel exception. Arment v.
Kmart Corp., 79 Wn. App. 694, 700, 902 P.2d 1254 (1995). The court held that the affidavits of
the customer and her husband—maintaining “that Kmart operates a restaurant in its Delridge
store, that the restaurant has a soft drink dispenser and that the restaurant is in the same general
area as the menswear department”—were insufficient as a matter of law to show unsafe
conditions were reasonably foreseeable because there was no evidence the Kmart allowed or
encouraged customers to carry drinks around the store, undercutting a connection between spills
in the retail area and Kmart’s mode of operation. Id. at 697-98.
In contrast, where a customer sued a grocery store after slipping on a piece of lettuce in
the checkout aisle, the court reversed the summary judgment order dismissing the action as the
customer presented sufficient evidence to warrant the application of the Pimentel exception.
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No. 56715-6-II
O’Donnell v. Zupan Enters., Inc., 107 Wn. App. 854, 859, 28 P.3d 799 (2001). The court held
that the store’s knowledge that items occasionally fell from carts during the checkout process and
the store’s maintenance policies to mitigate this hazard were sufficient facts to warrant the
application of the Pimentel exception. Id. at 859.
We find the present facts most like O’Donnell, where the store’s knowledge that items
occasionally fell from carts during checkout and the store’s maintenance policies to mitigate the
hazards were sufficient to warrant application of the Pimentel exception such that granting
summary judgment was improper. 107 Wn. App. at 859. There are two key pieces of
evidence—Galassi’s testimony about the askew roll of wire fencing falling on her when she
touched it and Jenkin’s declaration that associates are trained to immediately correct improperly
stocked items on display and do a safety walk at the beginning of the day.
Viewed in the light most favorable to Galassi, a trier of fact could reasonably infer that
storage of the wire fencing rolls nearly six feet above ground was an unreasonably dangerous
condition. A trier of fact could also reasonably infer that the store’s policy of immediately
correcting improperly stocked items on display shelves and doing daily safety walks at the
beginning of the day reflect Lowe’s belief that improperly stocked items may fall from the
display shelves and create unsafe situations or cause dangerous outcomes. Further, Lowe’s daily
practices could show that it implicitly knew that improperly stocked items were unsafe, and it
was reasonably foreseeable that such items would fall.
Finally, Galassi appears to argue that we should adopt a rule that when a plaintiff bases
their personal injury claim on falling merchandise, we should not require the plaintiff to show
that the store’s mode of operation made unsafe conditions reasonably foreseeable because the
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No. 56715-6-II
risk of unreasonably dangerous conditions is inherent in storing items on shelves. We decline to
adopt such a rule. The Pimentel exception is not a per se rule. Johnson, 197 Wn.2d at 615.
Viewing the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to Galassi,
there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the Pimentel notice exception applies,
and Lowe’s was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Whether the Pimentel exception
applies is a question for the jury.
III. LOCAL RULE CONFLICT WITH GENERAL CIVIL RULE
Galassi argues that TCLR 56(1) is invalid because it conflicts with CR 56(c). Galassi
concedes that this issue is moot but argues that it is a matter of continuing and substantial public
interest. We decline to reach this issue.
Where a court can no longer provide effective relief, the issue is moot. Eyman v.
Ferguson, 7 Wn. App. 2d 312, 320, 433 P.3d 863 (2019). We may, in our discretion, review a
moot issue when it involves “matters of continuing and substantial public interest.” Id. We
evaluate several factors in determining whether an issue involves such an interest:
“(1) Whether the issue is of a public or private nature; (2) whether an authoritative
determination is desirable to provide future guidance to public officers; and (3)
whether the issue is likely to recur.” A fourth factor may also play a role: “the level
of genuine adverseness and the quality of advocacy of the issues.” Lastly, the court
may consider the “likelihood that the issue will escape review because the facts of
the controversy are short-lived.”
Id. (quoting Satomi Owners Ass’n v. Satomi, LLC, 167 Wn.2d 781, 796, 225 P.3d 213 (2009)).
“[I]ssues of statutory interpretation are generally matters of substantial public interest.” Id. at
322.
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No. 56715-6-II
Under TCLR 56(1), “[t]he adverse party to a summary judgment motion may file and
serve opposing affidavits, memoranda of law, or other documentation not later than 14 calendar
days before the hearing.”3 In contrast, CR 56(c) provides, “[t]he adverse party may file and
serve opposing affidavits, memoranda of law or other documentation not later than 11 calendar
days before the hearing.” As such, the nonmoving party must file their responsive documents in
a summary judgment proceeding three days earlier under TCLR 56(1) than under CR 56(c).
Galassi timely filed her response to Lowe’s summary judgment motion under CR 56, but
untimely under TCLR 56(1). Consequently, Lowe’s asked the trial court to grant summary
judgment in its favor because Galassi failed to comply with the local rule. But the trial court
delayed the summary judgment hearing, making Galassi’s response timely under both rules. As
such, the timeliness issue regarding Galassi’s response is moot.
Lowe’s does not respond to this issue on appeal, and thus provides no argument
supporting or undermining Galassi’s argument that the local rule should be invalidated. And
Lowe’s did not press the issue at the summary judgment hearing. As such, this factor weighs
against reviewing the moot issue of whether TCLR 56(1) is inconsistent with CR 56(c). We
exercise our discretion to decline to invalidate a local rule on a moot issue.4
3
Thurston Cty Super. Ct. Loc. Ct. Rules at 26-27 (Sept. 1, 2022), https://s3.us-west-
2.amazonaws.com/thurstoncountywa.gov.if-us-west-2/s3fs-public/2023-02/SC_
Thurston_County_Superior_Court_Local_Court_Rules_2022.pdf.
4
TCLR 56(1) restricts the time the nonmoving party has to file responsive documents under CR
56(c). Thurston County Superior Court should consider reviewing its local rule.
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No. 56715-6-II
CONCLUSION
We reverse the summary judgment order and remand the matter for proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
Che, J.
We concur:
Maxa, P.J.
Lee, J.
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