IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
In the Matter of the Marriage of
No. 83845-8-I
LAURIE JEAN GUDNASON
DIVISION ONE
Appellant,
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
and
HELGI GUDNASON,
Respondent.
BIRK, J. — Laurie Gudnason appeals a superior court order vacating a
qualified domestic relations order (QDRO) which had divided her former spouse
Helgi Gudnason’s pension benefits in their dissolution. The superior court ruled
the QDRO did not reflect the intent of the parties’ separation contract and decree
of dissolution, vacated it, and entered a new QDRO carrying out the parties’
original intent. We affirm.
I
On February 15, 2007, Laurie1 petitioned for dissolution of her marriage with
Helgi. They had been married 24 years.
A
In 2008, the parties entered into a separation contract. The parties agreed
they were “desirous of making a full and final settlement, separation, division and
1 We use the parties’ first names for clarity, meaning no disrespect.
No. 83845-8-I/2
disposition of their marital and property rights and obligations by means of this
document.” They agreed the contract embodied “in its entirety the agreements of
the parties concerning the disposition of their property . . . and all other issues
between them.” They agreed no modification of the agreement shall be valid
“unless in writing.” They agreed “each spouse will execute any deeds, bills of sale,
assignments, promissory notes, transfers or other instruments and documents
necessary to complete and effectively carry out the terms of this agreement.”
Concerning property division, the parties recited they had “acquired the
property set forth in Exhibits A and B hereof.” (Emphasis omitted.) The contract
provided, “The property described in Exhibit A shall be the sole and separate
property of the wife. The property set forth in Exhibit B shall be the sole and
separate property of the husband.” (Emphasis omitted.) The contract allocated
the marital property to each spouse as their “sole and separate property, free from
any right, claim, title or interest” of the other. The parties warranted to each other
neither had “any right, title or interest in any property of any kind or description
whatsoever, other than as set forth herein.” Specific to retirement benefits, the
contract provided, “Both parties warrant that they have no vested or non-vested
interest in any pension plan, retirement plan, profit-sharing plan or any other
employee benefit other than those benefits as set forth herein.” (Emphasis added.)
The contract allocated to Helgi “[a]ll retirement rights” accrued to him
through employment including his Puget Sound Electric Workers’ (PSEW)
“pension and retirement benefits” (the Plan), except for a portion of these benefits
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No. 83845-8-I/3
allocated to Laurie. The allocation to Laurie was subject to a calculation approved
in In re Marriage of Bulicek, 59 Wn. App. 630, 632, 639, 800 P.2d 394 (1990). The
formula was as follows:
½ x Total months of x Monthly Benefit at
Service during marriage retirement based on electing a
Total months of accredited survivor annuity
Service at retirement date
The contract stated, “All” rights in the Plan were allocated to Helgi except
those identified as allocated to Laurie, the entirety of Laurie’s allocation was
subject to the Bulicek formula, and the contract made no allocation not subject to
the Bulicek formula. Exhibit B, allocating property to Helgi, included that “[t]he date
of separation to be used is 2/15/07.” Although exhibit A, allocating property to
Laurie, omitted this specific date, exhibit A, like exhibit B, described the Bulicek
formula by reference to the “[t]otal months of Service during marriage,” and both
parties signed the contract in its entirety.2 The provision allocating a portion of
Helgi’s retirement benefits to Laurie concludes, “To be divided by QDRO to be
drafted by husband’s attorney no later than 30 days after entry of the Decree.”
In the terminology of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
(ERISA), Pub. L. No. 93-406, 88 Stat. 829, a “domestic relations order” is “any
judgment, decree, or order that concerns ‘the provision of child support, alimony
payments, or marital property rights to a spouse, former spouse, child, or other
dependent of a participant’ and is ‘made pursuant to a State domestic relations law
(including a community property law).’ ” Boggs v. Boggs, 520 U.S. 833, 846, 117
2 In addition, the 2011 QDRO that Laurie drafted used February 15, 2007,
as the end date for her accrual of benefits under the Bulicek formula.
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No. 83845-8-I/4
S. Ct. 1754, 138 L. Ed. 2d 45 (1997) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 1056(d)(3)(B)(ii)). Such
an order is “qualified” if it “meet[s] certain requirements” listed in the statute. Id.
(citing 29 U.S.C. § 1056(d)(3)(C)-(E)). A state court order that is “qualified” is
exempt from ERISA’s provisions guarding against the alienation of benefits and
“creates or recognizes an alternate payee’s right to, or assigns to an alternate
payee the right to, a portion of the benefits payable with respect to a participant
under a plan.” Id. at 846-47. In Boggs, the court emphasized the surviving spouse
annuity and QDRO provisions strongly implied that other state-law community
property claims are not consistent with ERISA, and for that reason and others held
ERISA preempted a deceased spouse’s Louisiana law testamentary bequest of
her interest in a participant’s plan benefits. Id. at 844, 848.
On April 25, 2008, the superior court entered a dissolution decree that
incorporated the separation contract by reference. The decree awarded each
spouse as their separate property the property set forth in the separation contract.
Neither party appealed the decree.
B
On May 13, 2008, Helgi’s attorney sent a proposed QDRO (2008 QDRO)
to Laurie’s attorney. The proposal made Laurie the “Alternate Payee," reiterated
the Bulicek formula in section 4, and prescribed the method of payment shall be
made in the form of a “Single Life Annuity based upon the lifetime of the Alternate
Payee.” The 2008 QDRO stated that if Helgi died before payments were initiated
under the order, “the Alternate Payee shall be treated as the surviving spouse of
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No. 83845-8-I/5
the Participant and shall be entitled to a percentage of the benefits accrued, as
specified in Section 4 of this Order”—i.e., pursuant to the Bulicek formula.
(Emphasis added.) On May 12, 2008, Robert A. Bohrer, an attorney representing
the Plan, addressed a letter to Helgi’s and Laurie’s attorneys stating the 2008
QDRO “complies with statutory, regulatory and Plan requirements.” The parties
never signed the 2008 QDRO.
In 2011, Laurie’s attorney sent Helgi’s attorney a new draft QDRO (2011
QDRO). It stated it had been prepared by a new attorney now representing Laurie.
In its opening paragraph, the 2011 QDRO stated,
Helgi Gudnason has a property interest in the retirement plan
identified in section four below. The court awarded a portion of that
property interest to Laurie Gudnason in section 12 of exhibit A, which
was attached to and incorporated by reference into section 3.2 of the
DECREE OF DISSOLUTION in this proceeding. The award of that
interest was a part of the overall division of the property of the parties.
The court reserved jurisdiction to enter a domestic relations order to
govern that property award. This document is the domestic relations
order contemplated by the court.
It included the Bulicek formula in paragraph 6 along with other provisions similarly
found in the 2008 QDRO. In addition, paragraph 9 stated, “The Participant shall
elect to receive the Participant’s accrued benefit in the following form: 50% Joint
and Survivor Annuity with the Alternate Payee treated as the surviving spouse.”
Paragraph 10 provided that should Helgi die before Laurie and before his annuity
starting date, the Bulicek formula would not be followed, and instead Laurie would
be treated as Helgi’s surviving spouse “for purposes of the preretirement survivor
annuity provisions of the Plan.” In that scenario, the Plan would pay Laurie the
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No. 83845-8-I/6
preretirement survivor annuity payable on Helgi’s accrued benefit in the Plan using
the Plan’s benefit formula in effect as of the date of Helgi’s death. Paragraph 11
provided that should Helgi die before Laurie but after Helgi’s annuity starting date,
the Plan would pay the postretirement survivor annuity to Laurie.
On April 20, 2011, Bohrer addressed a letter (Bohrer letter) to Laurie’s
counsel—her new attorney and her original attorney. The letter was not addressed
to Helgi’s counsel. Bohrer stated he had reviewed the 2011 QDRO and when
entered by the court, it would constitute a valid QDRO. Bohrer concluded the
QDRO was capable of being administered, stating, “The instructions for allocation
under Paragraph 6 [i.e., the Bulicek formula] have been supplemented by further
instructions at Paragraph 9 wherein the Participant elects to obtain a future benefit
by way of an election for 50% Joint and Survivor Annuity with the Alternate Payee
named as the surviving spouse.” (Emphasis added.)
Helgi testified he did not receive the Bohrer letter in 2011. A PSEW pension
manager, Melinda Stokes, testified it was not part of her job to send
correspondence like the Bohrer letter to plan participants, but that responsibility
fell to the pension attorneys. In the superior court, Laurie conceded, “It is
undisputed that the husband did not see the letter before 2020 when he went to
the pension office.”
Laurie signed the 2011 QDRO on May 29, 2011, and all parties and the
court signed the 2011 QDRO by November 10, 2011.
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No. 83845-8-I/7
C
On February 7, 2020, Helgi applied for retirement. Helgi met with Stokes,
who informed him that the 2011 QDRO designated Laurie as his surviving spouse
and his new spouse, Claudia Elsemore, whom he had married in 2016, could not
be substituted. Stokes provided Helgi with a copy of the Bohrer letter. Stokes
testified that on being informed of the information in PSEW’s file, “[Helgi] stated
that that was not what his divorce said, that—you know, that [Laurie] was only
awarded a portion of the benefits earned during the marriage.”
On April 20, 2020, Helgi’s attorney contacted Laurie asking her to sign an
amended QDRO. Helgi’s attorney asserted Helgi had “agreed to grant you a
Separate Interest in his pension wherein he would give you 50% of the pension
earned during marriage.” The Plan obtained information from a consulting actuary,
who explained that under the 2011 QDRO, if Helgi died before Laurie she would
receive a portion of benefits not based on the benefit earned during marriage, but
“based on [Helgi’s] entire benefit.” (Emphasis added.) On December 11, 2020,
through her original counsel, Laurie refused to agree to an amended QDRO,
stating she “would like to maintain the agreement reached at mediation.”
(Emphasis added.) Laurie quoted the benefit allocation of the separation contract
incorporating the Bulicek formula, and stated her position was “[t]he exact form of
how the pension should be divided was agreed upon and reflected in the
Separation Contract.” (Emphasis added.) In support of this position, Laurie quoted
the sections of the separation contract setting forth the Bulicek formula.
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No. 83845-8-I/8
After the parties were unable to reach an agreement, Helgi moved to have
the 2011 QDRO vacated under CR 60(b)(3) and CR 60(b)(11). In support of the
motion, Helgi testified, “I had provided Laurie Gudnason, my ex-wife, with 50% of
the benefit earned during marriage with an agreed separation date of February 15,
2007.” Helgi asserted, “It was never agreed that Petitioner Laurie Gudnason would
continue to receive my pension benefits for my years of work after our separation
and [dissolution].” Helgi testified he signed the 2011 QDRO believing its
incorporation of the Bulicek formula referred to the “accrued” benefit as meaning
“based on total months of service during the marriage only.” In his motion to
vacate, Helgi argued paragraph 9 of the 2011 QDRO, as explained by the Bohrer
letter, gave Laurie a benefit that was “very different from what was written and
intended in the parties’ Separation Contract.” Helgi acknowledged that under the
Bulicek formula agreed to in the separation contract, Laurie was still entitled to
receive “a prorated share” of the joint and survivor annuity benefit.
In response, Laurie now argued there were “two income streams” at issue.
She argued the “first” of these was the monthly benefit paid during Helgi’s lifetime
and was divided pursuant to the Bulicek formula. But she further argued there was
a “second” income stream consisting of a survivor annuity and “the parties further
agreed that the wife would receive the survivor annuity.” Laurie presented
calculations allocating the entirety of this “second” income stream to herself and
explicitly dissociating from it the parties’ agreement to use the Bulicek formula.
Laurie argued the fundamental principle of contract law that “a party to a contract
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No. 83845-8-I/9
which he has voluntarily signed will not be heard to declare that he did not read it
or was ignorant of its contents.” Wash. Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Alsager, 165
Wn. App. 10, 14, 266 P.3d 905 (2011). She applied this principle to the 2011
QDRO. Laurie argued, “[T]he husband had ample opportunity to read and review
the [2011] QDRO before signing it.” (Emphasis added.) On whether the 2011
QDRO conformed to the separation contract, Laurie argued, “With all due respect,
if [Helgi] believes the [2011] QDRO was ‘incorrectly written’ or doesn’t conform to
the Property Settlement Agreement that is an error he needs to address with his
attorney.”
Laurie’s testimony was that the parties had agreed to give her the survivor
benefit independent of the Bulicek formula as part of the original separation
contract. Laurie testified,
We attended mediation to settle our issues. We settled all of our
issues and signed a CR 2A agreement. My husband’s pension was
a very important asset. We expressly negotiated that when he retired
I would receive a monthly benefit based on the Bulicek formula and
when he died I would receive the survivor annuity benefit. He is 11
years older than I am and I fully believed, then and now, that I will
outlive him. Thus, the survivor benefit was important and he agreed
to give it to me.
We both then signed a Property Settlement Agreement that
clearly stated I got the monthly benefit based on the Bulicek formula
and when he died I would receive the survivor annuity benefit. The
exact form of how the pension should be divided was agreed upon
and reflected in the Separation Contract.
(Emphasis added.) Laurie’s declaration then recited the sections of the separation
contract incorporating the Bulicek formula. Laurie further testified the parties
“signed” the 2011 QDRO giving her the survivor annuity, quoting paragraphs 6 and
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No. 83845-8-I/10
9 from the 2011 QDRO. (Emphasis added.) Laurie did not explicitly argue the
2011 QDRO constituted an express written modification of the original separation
contract.
The superior court granted Helgi’s motion to vacate the 2011 QDRO, under
both CR 60(b)(3) and 60(b)(11). The superior court indicated the 2011 QDRO, as
interpreted by the Bohrer letter, afforded Laurie benefits “contrary to the marital
parties’ Separation Contract.” The superior court entered a new QDRO (2022
QDRO) superseding the 2011 QDRO. The superior court denied Laurie’s motion
for reconsideration and motion for an evidentiary hearing. In denying
reconsideration, the superior court explained,
The QDRO does not reflect the intent of the parties as expressly
provided in the separation agreement that contains the bargained for
agreement of the parties. CR 60 balances the principles of equity
and finality. Fireside Bank v. Askins, 195 W[n].2d 365, 375, 460 P.3d
157 (2020) [(]citing[] Griggs v. Averbeck Realty, Inc.[,] 92 Wn.2d 576,
581, 599 P.2d 1289 (1979)[)]. Fundamentally, a CR 60 proceeding
is “[‘]equitable in its character, administered upon equitable
principles, and extended upon equitable terms.[’]”[] Id. at 375[
(quoting] Roth v. Nash, 19 W[n].2d 731, 738, 144 P.2d 271 (1943)[)].
This is consistent with a court’s “[‘]inherent power to supervise the
execution of judgments[’]” that have prospective effect. Id. at 375[
(quoting] Pac. Sec. Cos. [v]. Tanglewood, Inc., 57 W[n. ]App. 817,
821, 790 P.2d 643 (1990)[)]. The drafter of the QDRO did not
accurately reflect the agreed to terms of the separation contract by
using language that the drafter, and solely the drafter, was aware
that the plan interpreted differently than the terms of the separation
contract. Contract law does not preclude a CR 60 motion to vacate
a judgment. The order vacating the QDRO does not include any
order provisions regarding the separation contract and only provides
that a QDRO consistent with the parties’ separation agreement be
presented to the undersigned. The parties’ separation agreement
remains without any modification by the order vacating the QDRO.
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No. 83845-8-I/11
The superior court found “no support in the record or separation agreement that
the Bulicek valuation agreed to by the parties included the future earnings of a
subsequent community.” The superior court ruled such an award of future benefits
was not awarded by “agreement of the parties” or “a determination by a trial court.”
Laurie appeals.
II
A trial court’s decision to vacate a judgment is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. Luckett v. Boeing Co., 98 Wn. App. 307, 309, 989 P.2d 1144 (1999).
A trial court abuses its discretion if its discretion is manifestly unreasonable or
based on untenable grounds or untenable reasons. In re Marriage of Littlefield,
133 Wn.2d 39, 46-47, 940 P.2d 1362 (1997).
A
The superior court concluded the 2011 QDRO did not reflect the parties’
intent as established in the separation contract. Similarly, Helgi contends “the
[2011] QDRO drafted by Laurie’s attorney contravened [the separation contract],
and the Bohrer Letter confirmed as much.” We agree. Further, because the
separation contract was incorporated by the court as its decree, the 2011 QDRO
additionally contravened the court’s decree. This is because the separation
contract, and therefore the decree, unambiguously divide Helgi’s PSEW benefits
in the manner he urges.
We considered an inverse factual scenario in In re Marriage of Smith, 158
Wn. App. 248, 253, 241 P.3d 449 (2010). There, based on a stipulated decree,
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No. 83845-8-I/12
the spouse of a participant in a pension plan was awarded “[o]ne-half (1/2) of any
and all rights accrued by virtue of present, past or future employment of the
husband including but not limited to pension, retirement, profit sharing, reserve
vacation, sick leave, insurance coverage, social security benefits and the like for
the length of the marriage.” Id. (emphasis added) (alteration in original). When
the participant retired 10 years later, at the request of his former spouse, the court
entered a domestic relations order dividing the participant’s “monthly pension
payment.” Id. The order limited the former spouse to a half interest based on the
fraction of the number of months of marriage divided by the number of months the
participant worked—i.e., the Bulicek formula—and applied the formula to the
participant’s entire benefit at retirement. Id. The participant in Smith challenged
the order, arguing his former spouse’s share should have been reduced to account
for time they lived in a noncommunity property state, benefits earned in lieu of
Social Security, and salary increases after separation. Id. The participant asserted
the decree’s award of rights accrued by virtue of future employment was
inconsistent with provisions limiting his spouse’s proportional share “for the length
of the marriage” and awarding him property acquired after separation. Id. at 257.
As a result, the participant argued, the decree was ambiguous and amenable to
extrinsic evidence he contended showed the order did not correctly divide his
pension benefits. Id.
We started our analysis from the principle that “[a] property settlement
agreement incorporated into a dissolution decree that was not appealed cannot be
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No. 83845-8-I/13
later modified unless the court finds the existence of conditions that justify the
reopening of a judgment.” Id. at 256 (citing Byrne v. Ackerlund, 108 Wn.2d 445,
453, 739 P.2d 1138 (1987)). It was in recognition of this principle that the plan
participant in Smith insisted he was not challenging the decree, but arguing only
that the subsequent order misinterpreted the allegedly ambiguous decree. Id.
Because a decree that was not appealed can be modified based on only conditions
justifying the reopening of a judgment, in Smith we looked to the decree, rejected
the plan participant’s assertion that the decree was ambiguous, and rejected his
challenge to the domestic relations order because it “properly interpreted the
decree’s award of retirement benefits . . . as well as Washington law.” Id. at 258.
In In re Marriage of Lee, 176 Wn. App. 678, 690, 310 P.3d 845 (2013), also, we
affirmed a trial court’s entry of a QDRO that followed the separation contract, rather
than one party’s later stated intent.
Laurie does not challenge the 2008 decree, and we apply the same
principles as Lee. The separation contract was authorized by RCW 26.09.070.
Lee, 176 Wn. App. at 689. We review the language of a dissolution decree de
novo. Id. at 688. When an agreement is incorporated in a dissolution decree, the
court must ascertain the parties’ intent at the time of the agreement. Id. A
separation contract incorporated by reference is “merged into the decree.” In re
Marriage of Yearout, 41 Wn. App. 897, 900, 707 P.2d 1367 (1985). “When a
property settlement is approved by a [dissolution] decree, the rights of the parties
rest upon the decree.” Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Wadsworth, 36 Wn. App. 365, 368,
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No. 83845-8-I/14
675 P.2d 604, reversed on other grounds, 102 Wn.2d 652, 689 P.2d 46 (1984).
“The provisions as to property disposition may not be revoked or modified, unless
the court finds the existence of conditions that justify the reopening of a judgment.”
RCW 26.09.170(1); see also Millheisler v. Millheisler, 43 Wn.2d 282, 283, 288-89,
261 P.2d 69 (1953). We have applied preclusion principles when parties have
sought to avoid provisions of a separation contract incorporated into a decree.
Kelly-Hansen v. Kelly-Hansen, 87 Wn. App. 320, 334, 941 P.2d 1108 (1997).
“If the language is clear and unambiguous, the court must enforce the
contract as written; it may not modify the contract or create ambiguity where none
exists.” Lehrer v. State, Dep’t of Soc. & Health Servs., 101 Wn. App. 509, 515-16,
5 P.3d 722 (2000). If the decree were ambiguous, we would determine its meaning
as a matter of law using general rules of construction applicable to statutes,
contracts, and other writings. In re Marriage of Gimlett, 95 Wn.2d 699, 704-05,
629 P.2d 450 (1981). We would “ ‘consider the contract as a whole, the subject
matter and objective of the contract, all the circumstances surrounding the making
of the contract, the subsequent acts and conduct of the parties to the contract, and
the reasonableness of the respective interpretations advocated by the parties.’ ”
Paradise Orchards Gen. P’ship v. Fearing, 122 Wn. App. 507, 516, 94 P.3d 372
(2004) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Berg v. Hudesman, 115 Wn.2d
657, 667, 801 P.2d 222 (1990)). Extrinsic evidence could be considered “to help
the fact finder interpret a contract term and determine the contracting parties’
intent,” but not “to show intention independent of the contract.” Brogan & Anensen
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No. 83845-8-I/15
LLC v. Lamphiear, 165 Wn.2d 773, 775-76, 202 P.3d 960 (2009). “[T]he subjective
intent of the parties is generally irrelevant if the intent can be determined from the
actual words used.” Id. at 776.
Laurie argues the separation contract was ambiguous because it did not
specify how it would treat what Laurie on appeal calls the “second” income stream
consisting of the survivor benefit.3 But it did not need to. The separation contract
gave Helgi as his separate property “[a]ll” retirement rights in the plan, except for
that portion identified as going to Laurie. After allocating to Helgi “[a]ll” rights in the
PSEW plan, the separation contract says “except that [Laurie] shall receive: The
following retirement benefits from [the] plan.” Laurie’s allocation mirrors this
language, indicating she receives as her own separate property “[t]he following
retirement benefits from [the] plan.” Each allocation identically sets out the Bulicek
formula, and applies it embracingly to Helgi’s “Monthly Benefit at retirement based
upon electing a survivor annuity.” Far from leaving open the question whether
3 Laurie has taken three different, inconsistent positions on how and when
she says she was allocated the entirety of the survivor benefit independent of the
Bulicek formula. Before Helgi filed his CR 60 motion, Laurie argued that the
separation contract directed the allocation of benefits as set forth in the then-
governing 2011 QDRO, arguing she wished to “maintain the agreement reached
at mediation” and that the separation contract specified the “exact form” of the
benefits she should receive. Then, in response to Helgi’s motion to vacate the
2011 QDRO, Laurie contradicted this by arguing in her motion papers, though not
in her declaration, the parties “further” agreed she would receive the survivor
benefits, treating the 2011 QDRO itself as the controlling contract, and tacitly
conceding it altered the original separation contract when her only response to the
evident disparity was to argue that issue lay between Helgi and his attorney.
Finally, on appeal, Laurie contradicts both of those contentions, arguing for the first
time that the separation contract was ambiguous, and the 2011 QDRO was a
necessary clarification of the parties’ intent. Laurie never analyzes the language
of the separation contract, let alone point to anything in it that allocates to her any
share of Helgi’s PSEW pension other than pursuant to the Bulicek formula.
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No. 83845-8-I/16
Laurie’s allocation based on the Bulicek formula covered benefits payable in
Helgi’s lifetime and survivor benefits, the separation contract expressly references
“a survivor annuity” in the formula.
The separation contract’s language that this allocation was “[t]o be divided
by QDRO,” does not confound the allocation to Laurie governed exclusively by the
Bulicek formula. Washington law recognizes the validity of the separation contract,
but the state-law contract was not effective by itself under ERISA’s anti-alienation
provisions to effectuate its division of the PSEW benefit in the absence of an
ERISA-compliant QDRO. See Boggs, 520 U.S. at 846-48. The most
straightforward reading of the requirement that the retirement benefits were to be
divided by QDRO is that the parties would use a compliant QDRO to effectuate the
property division on which they had just agreed with binding effect under state law.
Two other provisions of the separation contract support this reading directly. One,
the parties agreed they had no retirement benefits “other than those benefits as
set forth herein,” an agreement directly contradicting Laurie’s argument that there
remained a property division to agree on in a further arrangement. And two, the
parties agreed they would “each . . . execute any . . . instruments and documents
necessary to complete and effectively carry out the terms of this agreement.” This
acknowledges the need for “instruments and documents” to carry out the parties’
agreements and describes the operation of a QDRO in doing so. As in Smith, the
decree’s unambiguous disposition of Helgi’s PSEW retirement benefits “cannot be
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No. 83845-8-I/17
later modified” absent conditions justifying reopening a judgment. 158 Wn. App.
at 256.
Other provisions of the separation contract contradict Laurie’s argument
that the parties intended to make a further distribution or leave any issues for
further discussion. They agreed the separation contract was intended as a “full
and final settlement.” They agreed it embodied “in its entirety the agreements of
the parties concerning the disposition of their property . . . and all other issues
between them.” The separation contract included mutual warranties that neither
party had any property other than as set forth in the agreement. As further context,
the allocation of pension benefits under Bulicek is established as a fair allocation.
In re Marriage of Rockwell, 141 Wn. App. 235, 253-54, 170 P.3d 572 (2007).
Laurie points to no similar body of case law backing an allocation granting her what
the superior court viewed as a grant of future community assets. Laurie does not
point to any extrinsic evidence other than her declaration indicating her own intent,
but “a party’s unilateral or subjective intent as to contract’s meaning” is not
relevant. Hearst Commc’ns, Inc. v. Seattle Times Co., 154 Wn.2d 493, 503, 115
P.3d 262 (2005). The separation contract discloses an unambiguous intent to
distribute the entirety of the marital property. That distribution granted to Helgi all
rights in the PSEW plan, except for a portion granted to Laurie governed by the
Bulicek formula.
Laurie alternately argues that the 2011 QDRO should be viewed as a new
contract granting her rights in the PSEW pension. Even assuming the parties
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No. 83845-8-I/18
could modify a property disposition ordered by the court in such manner, the
circumstances still do not support this argument. The 2011 QDRO stated it was
intended to govern “that property award” which the trial court had already made in
the decree, and that it constituted the order “contemplated by the court.” It
incorporated the Bulicek formula to divide Helgi’s “monthly benefit.” The original
separation contract applied that formula to Helgi’s “Monthly Benefit at retirement
based on electing a survivor annuity,” whereas the 2011 QDRO separately
provided Helgi “shall elect” to receive his “accrued benefit” in the “form” of a joint
and survivor annuity “with the Alternate Payee treated as the surviving spouse.”
The 2011 QDRO was ambiguous in that it stated it was intended to carry out the
intent of the decree, but the Plan’s interpretation signaled a different result. Having
the Bohrer letter, Laurie was aware of the discrepancy. As the superior court ruled,
“The drafter of the [2011] QDRO [Laurie] did not accurately reflect the agreed to
terms of the separation contract by using language that the drafter, and solely the
drafter, was aware that the plan interpreted differently than the terms of the
separation contract.” This supports construing the ambiguity in the 2011 QDRO
against Laurie as the drafter. Cronin v. Cent. Valley Sch. Dist., 23 Wn. App. 2d
714, 756, 520 P.3d 999 (2022).
The superior court based its ruling in part on an analysis of ERISA’s
protections for spousal rights, and the parties disagree on whether their respective
QDROs violate that law. ERISA does not determine the parties’ state law property
disposition. It is undisputed any of the orders at issue—Helgi’s proposed 2008
18
No. 83845-8-I/19
QDRO, the 2011 QDRO, and the 2022 QDRO—would have been acceptable to
the Plan and, according to the Plan, could be implemented consistent with ERISA.
The parties rely on Carmona v. Carmona, 603 F.3d 1041, 1057-59 (9th Cir. 2010),
which held a state court could not, even through a QDRO, reassign a survivor
annuity payment after the accrued benefit had vested and been reduced to an
annuity following the participant’s retirement and death. At the time of the superior
court ruling under review, Helgi had neither retired nor died, and his accrued
benefit had not been reduced to an annuity actuarially based on his, Laurie’s, or
Claudia’s lifetime. Carmona is inapplicable. To the extent of the Plan’s
representations, ERISA would permit a property disposition in this case either
according to the original separation contract and decree or according to the 2011
QDRO. The only question, therefore, is which of those dispositions is appropriately
enforced as a matter of Washington law. We find no abuse of discretion in the
superior court’s ruling it was the former.
B
The court may relieve a party from a final judgment for “[a]ny other reason
justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.” CR 60(b)(11). This rule should
be confined to situations involving extraordinary circumstances not covered by any
other section of the rule. Gustafson v. Gustafson, 54 Wn. App. 66, 75, 772 P.2d
1031 (1989). For the first time on appeal, Laurie argues the superior court erred
by relying on CR 60(b)(11) on the ground that if Helgi believed Laurie engaged in
misconduct by failing to disclose the Bohrer letter, he needed to seek relief under
19
No. 83845-8-I/20
CR 60(b)(4). Because Laurie did not make this argument before the superior court,
we decline to address this claimed error under RAP 2.4(a). Roberson v. Perez,
156 Wn.2d 33, 39, 123 P.3d 844 (2005).
Helgi relies on the fact Laurie never provided a copy of the Bohrer letter to
Helgi or his attorney. The superior court found, “It is extraordinary that neither
[Bohrer] nor the [Plan] provided a copy of the 2011 letter to Helgi Gudnason. It is
further extraordinary due to the fiduciary obligation and a duty of good faith and
fair dealing owed under In re Marriage of Sievers, 78 Wn. App. 287, 311[, 897 P.2d
388] (1995).” In Sievers, we held a party to a property settlement agreement owes
a fiduciary obligation and duty of good faith and fair dealing to attempt to draft
formal contract language that will honor that agreement. Id. We further held any
deliberate effort to draft language intended to subvert the agreement is a breach
of the fiduciary obligations of marriage and a violation of the duties of good faith
and fair dealing. Id.
“Spouses owe each other ‘the highest fiduciary duties.’ ” In re Marriage of
Lutz, 74 Wn. App. 356, 369, 873 P.2d 566 (1994) (quoting Peters v. Skalman, 27
Wn. App. 247, 251, 617 P.2d 448 (1980)). Spouses owe a duty to one another not
only to enter into agreements in good faith but also to deal with each other fairly
so that each may obtain the benefit of the other’s performance. In re Marriage of
Sanchez, 33 Wn. App. 215, 217-18, 654 P.2d 702 (1982). This duty does not
cease during dissolution. Id. at 218. This court has previously expressed
skepticism of negotiations unaccompanied by full disclosure of material facts in
20
No. 83845-8-I/21
dissolution, observing, “The trend has been toward requiring a duty to disclose in
commercial transactions, even though there is an absence of a fiduciary
relationship, particularly if one of the parties has superior knowledge of business
affairs.” Seals v. Seals, 22 Wn. App. 652, 655-56, 590 P.2d 1301 (1979)
(emphasis added).
In Barr v. MacGugan, the court held an attorney suffering from severe
clinical depression interfering with his ability to comply with a court order
constituted an extraordinary circumstance under CR 60(b)(11). 119 Wn. App. 43,
45, 48, 78 P.3d 660 (2003). The plaintiff’s attorney failed to respond to the
defendant’s discovery requests, and then failed to comply with an order compelling
discovery responses. Id. at 45. The plaintiff had returned draft responses to
discovery requests to her attorney and left multiple phone messages at his office,
but she never received any response. Id. On the defendant’s motion, the trial
court dismissed the plaintiff’s lawsuit with prejudice. Id. The plaintiff successfully
moved to vacate the order of dismissal after learning her attorney had been
suffering from severe clinical depression. Id. Barr upheld the vacatur, reasoning
the irregularities that affected the trial court proceedings “were entirely outside the
control of the plaintiff, the defendant, and the court.” Id. at 48. Barr noted the
plaintiff diligently provided information to her attorney and made follow-up inquiries,
but through no fault of her own was unaware of her attorney’s disability, and the
defendant did not show with any specificity how he would be prejudiced by
reinstatement. Id.
21
No. 83845-8-I/22
In Topliff v. Chicago Insurance Company, the court held the failure of
process to be forwarded to the defendant constituted an extraordinary
circumstance justifying relief to vacate a default judgment under CR 60(b)(11). 130
Wn. App. 301, 307, 122 P.3d 922 (2005). The plaintiffs properly served the
defendant insurance company, but the insurance commissioner neglected to notify
the defendant by forwarding process. Id. at 305. The insurance commissioner’s
failure deprived the defendant of the opportunity to respond to the lawsuit. Id. The
trial court entered a default judgment for over $2 million, but later vacated the
default judgment under CR 60(b)(11). Id. at 304. Topliff affirmed the order
vacating the default judgment, reasoning the insurance commissioner’s
inexcusable neglect justified relief under CR 60(b)(11). Id. at 306.
Sievers, Barr, and Topliff share commonalities with this case. The opening
paragraph of the 2011 QDRO recited that the court had already “awarded” an
interest in the Plan to Laurie in its decree, the court reserved jurisdiction to enter
an order governing “that property award,” and “[t]his document” is the order
“contemplated by the court.” The 2011 QDRO went on to incorporate the Bulicek
formula. Contrary to Laurie’s arguments in this court, the 2011 QDRO stated on
its face that it was intended to implement the award the court had already made,
and as discussed above, the court had no authority apart from the power to reopen
judgments to modify that award. We do not equate Laurie’s conduct to the
intentional concealment of marital property at issue in Sievers. But compared to
Helgi, Laurie had “superior knowledge,” Seals, 22 Wn. App. at 656, at the time of
22
No. 83845-8-I/23
the entry of the 2011 QDRO, and this procedural anomaly is a factor supporting a
conclusion of extraordinary circumstances.
Helgi brought the error of the 2011 QDRO to the parties’ and the court’s
attention before any benefits were paid from the Plan. The superior court’s order,
as in Barr, granted prospective relief only. And as in Topliff, the superior court
reasonably found the failure of the pension attorneys to send their own plan
participant the Bohrer letter supported extraordinary circumstances. Laurie argues
that the Plan’s neglect to send the letter to Helgi was not her fault. But that is not
the inquiry. It remains a circumstance working a hardship on Helgi that was
“entirely outside the control of the plaintiff, the defendant, and the court.” Barr, 119
Wn. App. at 48. The superior court did not abuse its discretion in concluding this
case presents a unique combination of extraordinary circumstances bringing it into
the scope of CR 60(b)(11). Because we conclude relief was appropriate under
that rule, we do not reach any other issues.
Affirmed.
WE CONCUR:
__________________________
23
No. 83845-8-I In the Matter of the Marriage of Gudnason
DÍAZ, J. (dissenting) — I agree with the majority that this matter is
fundamentally an issue of contract interpretation, and that the Gudnasons’ 2008
property settlement agreement (PSA) and the signed 2011 qualified domestic
relations order (QDRO or DRO) are unambiguous. However, I respectfully
disagree with their conclusion that the proper interpretation of those documents
favors Helgi Gudnason.1 The PSA was silent about who the survivor/payee of
Helgi’s death benefits was, and expressly deferred the final “division” of Helgi’s
pension benefits to a future instrument to be executed by the parties, which would
“complete” the resolution of their dissolution. The DRO is that instrument, and it
clearly states that Lauri should be treated as the surviving spouse of his death
benefits. Our analysis should end there.
I further respectfully disagree with the majority’s conclusion that Lauri’s
failure to forward to Helgi the qualifying “Bohrer” letter, which merely reiterated
verbatim language from the DRO and was available to Helgi for years, constitutes
exceptional circumstances under CR 60(b)(11).
Finally, I write separately because I am concerned that, under the majority’s
reasoning, any QDRO may be reopened and vacated simply because an unhappy
litigant belatedly prevails on an alternate interpretation of a PSA and needs only to
1 Because the parties share a last name, we will refer to them by their first names
for clarity. No disrespect is intended.
No. 83845-8-I/2 (DÍAZ, J., dissenting)
point, even many years later, to a minor ministerial “anomaly” occurring in a heavily
negotiated, unhurried, non-coercive resolution. Majority at 22.
For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.
I. ANALYSIS
A. Supplemental Statement of the Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s decision to vacate a judgement for abuse of
discretion. Morin v. Burris, 160 Wn.2d 745, 753, 161 P.3d 956 (2007). A trial court
abuses its discretion whenever it “bases its ruling on an erroneous view of the law.”
Gildon v. Simon Prop. Grp., Inc., 158 Wn.2d 483, 494, 145 P.3d 1196 (2006). The
interpretation of contractual language used in a DRO or marriage dissolution
decree is a question of law and therefore subject to de novo review. In re Marriage
of Smith, 158 Wn. App. 248, 255-56, 241 P.3d 449 (2010).
B. Supplemental Statement of General Principles of Contract Interpretation
When parties dispute the meaning of an agreement incorporated by a
dissolution decree, “the court must ascertain and effectuate their intent at the time
they formed the agreement.” Boisen v. Burgess, 87 Wn. App. 912, 920, 943 P.2d
682 (1997). “The intent of the parties is determined by examining their objective
manifestations, including both the written agreement and the context within which
it was executed.” Id. We interpret contracts in a manner that will not render
provisions of the contract meaningless. GMAC v. Everett Chevrolet, Inc., 179 Wn.
App. 126, 135, 317 P.3d 1074 (2014).
When an instrument is “[c]lear and unambiguous” it will be enforced as
written. Grey v. Leach, 158 Wn. App. 837, 850, 244 P.3d 970 (2010). “‘A contract
2
No. 83845-8-I/3 (DÍAZ, J., dissenting)
provision is ambiguous when its terms are uncertain or when its terms are capable
of being understood as having more than one meaning.’” Martinez v. Miller Indus.,
Inc., 94 Wn. App. 935, 944, 974 P.2d 1261 (1999) (quoting Mayer v. Pierce County
Med. Bureau, 80 Wn. App. 416, 421, 909 P.2d 1323 (1995)). But, “ambiguity will
not be read into a contract where it can reasonably be avoided.” McGary v.
Westlake Inv’rs, 99 Wn.2d 280, 285, 661 P.2d 971 (1983). When clauses appear
to conflict, our aim is to harmonize them in order to give effect to all provisions in
the contract. Nishikawa v. U.S. Eagle High, LLC, 138 Wn. App. 841, 849, 158 P.3d
1265 (2007).
As to further principles of interpreting a contract, we give words their
“ordinary, usual, and popular meaning.” Hearst Commc’ns, Inc. v. Seattle Times
Co., 154 Wn.2d 493, 504, 115 P.3d 262 (2005). Where a contract contains
conflicting general and specific provisions, “specific statements control over the
more general provision[s].” Smith, 158 Wn. App. at 258.
When parties execute multiple instruments together, we construe them
together. In re Estates of Wahl, 99 Wn.2d 828, 831, 664 P.2d 1250 (1983).
“Generally, when two contracts are in conflict, the legal effect of a subsequent
contract made by the same parties and covering the same subject matter, but
containing inconsistent terms, ‘is to rescind the earlier contract. It becomes a
substitute therefor, and is the only agreement between the parties upon the
subject.’” Higgins v. Stafford, 123 Wn.2d 160, 165-66, 866 P.2d 31 (1994) (quoting
3
No. 83845-8-I/4 (DÍAZ, J., dissenting)
Bader v. Moore Bldg. Co., 94 Wash. 221, 224, 162 P. 8 (1917)).
C. Discussion
1. The PSA and DRO can and should be read harmoniously
We start from the fundamental principle that “a party to a contract which he
has voluntarily signed will not be heard to declare that he did not read it, or was
ignorant of its contents.” Nat’l Bank of Wash. v. Equity Inv’rs, 81 Wn.2d 886, 912,
506 P.2d 20 (1973). Here, the parties signed both the PSA (which the court
incorporated by reference into a dissolution decree) and the DRO.
The majority interprets the two documents such that the DRO contravenes
or is otherwise inconsistent with the intent of the PSA and, on that basis, sets the
DRO aside. Majority at 11. The majority has concluded that the DRO modifies the
decree, which, under its reading of Smith, is not permitted. Id. at 12-13.
I would instead harmonize the two instruments by giving force to language
in the PSA that anticipates work “to be” done by a future instrument to “complete”
their agreement.
Specifically, the PSA expressly states that the pension was “[t]o be divided
by QDRO.” This prospective language, in the future tense, indicates that a further
instrument, to be drafted in the future, would “divide” the pension. “Divide”
ordinarily means “to separate into parts or portions and give out in shares.”
WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 663 (2002); In re Estate of
Gillespie, 12 Wn. App. 2d 154, 168, 456 P.3d 1210 (2020) (an undefined,
nontechnical term may be determined from a standard English dictionary). Giving
this provision its ordinary meaning, the PSA manifests the Gudnasons’ intention to
4
No. 83845-8-I/5 (DÍAZ, J., dissenting)
defer the final “separation” or allocation of the pension to the DRO.
The PSA further indicates that the Gudnasons did not intend for it to serve
as a complete and final memorialization of their agreement. The Gudnasons
agreed in the PSA to “each . . . execute any . . . instruments and documents
necessary to complete and effectively carry out the terms of this agreement.”
(Emphasis added.) “Complete” means “to make whole, entire, or perfect.”
WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 465 (2002). On its face, the PSA
thus acknowledges the fact that the parties had left some terms of their agreement
incomplete, and obligated the Gudnasons to execute further instruments to
complete it, i.e., the DRO.
Furthermore, section five in Exhibit B of the PSA begins with general
language awarding “all retirement rights” to Helgi, “except that [Laurie] shall
receive: The following retirement benefits from . . . [the] plan.” The PSA then lays
out a formula to calculate Helgi’s “Monthly Benefit at retirement based upon
electing a survivor annuity” and concludes with the “[t]o be divided” language. Id.;
see also In re Marriage of Bulicek, 59 Wn. App. 630, 637, 800 P.2d 394 (1990)
(establishing the formula as one of many fair divisions of pension benefits). And it
is at this point that the majority and I diverge.
There is no survivor benefit formula identified and no survivor/payee
identified either. Counsel for Helgi conceded as much. Wash. Ct. of Appeals oral
argument, In re Marriage of Gudnason, No. 83845-8-I (Apr. 20, 2023), at 14 min.,
22 sec., through 15 min., video recording by TVW, Washington State’s Public
Affairs Network, https://tvw.org/video/division-1-court-of-appeals-2023041261. In
5
No. 83845-8-I/6 (DÍAZ, J., dissenting)
other words, the division of the survivor benefit (both the formula and the recipient)
in the 2011 DRO does not contradict the PSA because the PSA does not allocate
any survivor benefit to any party or non-party. There is nothing to contradict.
Moreover, when parties execute multiple instruments together, we must
construe them together. Wahl, 99 Wn.2d at 831. Here, when the parties filed their
DRO with the court over 10 years ago, they referenced the dissolution decree and
attached the incorporated PSA. This fact provides clear direction to this court to
construe their intent by considering the entire package the trial court blessed. Only
by interpreting the PSA as leaving the survivor benefit undefined (both the formula
and the beneficiary) can this court “harmoniously” construe the PSA and DRO
together and give full force to both instruments as executed by the parties.
Nishikawa, 138 Wn. App. at 849.
In setting aside the 2011 QDRO, the majority posits an interpretation of the
PSA that conflicts with various standard principles of contract interpretation.
First, the majority’s interpretation relies on the general language in the PSA
giving Helgi “‘[a]ll’ rights in the PSEW plan.” Majority at 15. Similarly, the majority
points to boilerplate language that the PSA was intended as a “‘full and final
settlement’” and “embodied ‘in its entirety the agreements of the parties concerning
the disposition of their property . . . and all other issues between them.’” Id. at 16.
But following Smith, the specific provision dividing the pension benefits should
control over this more general language. 158 Wn. App. at 258. Stated otherwise,
the specific language of section five in Exhibit B of the PSA indicates that the
parties’ intent was to expressly dispose of the “monthly benefit” according to the
6
No. 83845-8-I/7 (DÍAZ, J., dissenting)
Bulicek formula, but then further “divide[]” the benefits from the PSEW plan through
a forthcoming DRO.
In response, second, the majority argues that the “to be divided” language
“does not confound the allocation to Laurie.” Majority at 15. The majority interprets
the term “divide” to mean “effectuate” their prior agreement and, in support, relies
on the provision that commits the parties to “‘execute any . . . instruments and
documents necessary to complete and effectively carry out the terms of this
agreement.’” Id. at 16 (emphasis added).
As a preliminary matter, the majority’s interpretation emphasizes the term
“effectively carry out” to the detriment of the phrase as a whole. That is, the
majority’s analysis does not allow for a non-redundant, independent meaning of
the term “complete” in the phrase “complete and carry out.” The plain language
meaning of “complete” suggests that the PSA is incomplete or the parties left some
terms open for future perfection. We should not render the term “complete”
meaningless by conflating it with mere execution. GMAC, 179 Wn. App. at 135.
Further, I respectfully submit that the most “straightforward” reading of “to
be divided” is not “to effectuate” or carry out anything because such an
understanding attributes an unusual meaning to “divide,” which ordinarily indicates
a “separation” or allocation of some portion of some thing. Majority at 16. The
majority’s interpretation runs against the mandate to give words their ordinary and
common meaning. Hearst Commc’ns, 154 Wn.2d at 504.
Third, the majority further faults Laurie for failing to provide extrinsic
evidence supporting her interpretation of the PSA. Majority at 17. However, as
7
No. 83845-8-I/8 (DÍAZ, J., dissenting)
argued supra, the plain language of the PSA unambiguously deferred the final
division of the pension to the DRO and its “intent can be determined from the actual
words used.” Brogan & Anensen LLC v. Lamphiear, 165 Wn.2d 773, 776, 202
P.3d 960 (2009). And thus, Laurie’s “subjective intent . . . [was] generally
irrelevant” and she had no obligation to provide extrinsic evidence.2 Id.
In short, the manifest intention of the parties, when the PSA and DRO are
construed together, was to divide the pension through a DRO and the DRO
expressly names Laurie as the surviving spouse. Respectfully, the analysis should
have ended there.
2. Failure to forward the Bohrer letter does not constitute exceptional
circumstances under CR 60(b)(11)
Relief under CR 60(b)(11) “‘should be confined to situations involving
extraordinary circumstances not covered by any other section of the rule.’” In re
Marriage of Yearout, 41 Wn. App. 897, 902, 707 P.2d 1367 (1985) (quoting State
v. Keller, 32 Wn. App. 135, 140, 647 P.2d 35 (1982)). “Such circumstances must
relate to irregularities extraneous to the action of the court or questions concerning
2 Even if we were to examine extrinsic evidence, it is telling that Helgi’s draft 2008
DRO (unsigned by the parties) would have allocated all potential disability
payments to himself. CP 102 (“If the participant becomes disabled and begins
receiving Disability Retirement payments from the Plan, such benefits are the
separate property of the Plan Participant.”). There is no reference to a disability
payment in the PSA and yet, in 2008, Helgi appears to view this as an open issue
to be revisited when they execute a DRO. Furthermore, in that 2008 draft DRO,
Helgi claims the entirety of the disability benefit from his plan need not be subject
to a Bulicek division, suggesting that the formula applied only to the monthly
benefit, not to “all pension benefits” as the majority suggests. In short, like the
disability benefit, the survivor benefit is a benefit contained within the pension, but
is not expressly allocated to either party in the PSA, and is not covered by the
Bulicek formula.
8
No. 83845-8-I/9 (DÍAZ, J., dissenting)
the regularity of the court’s proceedings.” Id. In other words, CR 60(b)(11) should
be applied “sparingly,” again, only to situations “‘involving extraordinary
circumstances not covered by any other section of the rules.’” In re Marriage of
Knutson, 114 Wn. App. 866, 872-73, 60 P.3d 681 (2003) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting In re Marriage of Irwin, 64 Wn. App. 38, 63, 822 P.2d 797 (1992)).
In Knutson, this court found that a trial court abused its discretion when it
granted a husband’s motion to vacate under CR 60(b)(11), which allowed him to
seek to modify a dissolution decree “dividing the marital assets in a manner [he
claimed was] consistent with the intent of the parties as of the time of trial,”
although “[n]either party appealed the decree,” and “[b]oth parties were unhurried
in processing the QDRO while the . . . plan fluctuated in value.” Id. at 873. In
finding error, this court emphasized that the husband himself “did not appeal the
decree, remained silent for more than a month after [his former wife] filed the
QDRO, and took no action until more than three months after the trial court entered
the decree.” Id. at 873-74.
The trial court’s order granting Helgi’s motion to vacate under CR 60(b)(11)
relied heavily on the fact that Laurie did not forward to Helgi the qualifying letter
from the pension plan (the “Bohrer letter”), which only she received. The majority
agrees and, pointing to a fiduciary obligation and duty of good faith and fair dealing
owed by Laurie to Helgi, holds that “Laurie had ‘superior knowledge’ . . . at the
time of the entry of the 2011 QDRO, and this procedural anomaly is a factor
supporting a conclusion of extraordinary circumstances.” Majority at 19-22
(quoting Seals v. Seals, 22 Wn. App. 652, 656, 590 P.2d 1301 (1979)) (emphasis
9
No. 83845-8-I/10 (DÍAZ, J., dissenting)
added). I respectfully disagree.
First, Laurie did not have “superior knowledge” simply based upon
possession of the 2011 version of the Bohrer letter. In Seals, one spouse
fraudulently failed to disclose the utter existence of substantial community property
in a dissolution action, and affirmatively asserted that property’s “nonexistence” in
response to discovery. 22 Wn. App. at 654, 656.
Here, Helgi was not ignorant of the underlying property interest at issue or
the nature of this document. Indeed, as his counsel acknowledged at oral
argument, he knew what a qualifying letter was years before the Bohrer letter and,
in fact, his counsel had a role in soliciting an earlier version of it. Gudnason, Wash.
Ct. of Appeals oral argument, supra, at 8 min., 20 sec., through 8 min., 53 sec.
Specifically, after the parties signed the PSA, as required, Helgi’s counsel drafted
a DRO and submitted it for approval to his pension administrators, who in turn sent
him a qualifying letter. The parties never signed this draft DRO, but it shows that
Helgi was aware of the concept of a qualifying letter, what its contents generally
were, when one would be issued, and the procedures for obtaining one.
Moreover, as his counsel also acknowledged at oral argument, Helgi had
access to the 2011 Bohrer letter for over 8 years before bringing this action.
Gudnason, Wash. Ct. of Appeals oral argument, supra, at 10 min., 43 sec. through
10 min., 50 sec. At any time, he could have requested a copy from the pension
administrator at his work place. Id. And there is nothing in the record to suggest
that, other than her receipt of the letter in 2011, Laurie had any greater access
than he did to the plan or other business records at any point. These facts stand
10
No. 83845-8-I/11 (DÍAZ, J., dissenting)
in great contrast to Seals, where the husband did have superior access to the
business records and then actively concealed the community property. 22 Wn.
App. at 656.
More substantively, the Bohrer letter told Helgi nothing more than was
contained in the DRO, which he himself signed. The purpose of a qualifying letter
is to inform the parties whether or not the DRO they signed is capable of being
administered (or “qualified”), subject to constraints imposed by federal law. 29
U.S.C. § 1056(3)(A) & (C)-(D) (listing ministerial requirements to meet
qualification); Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Wheaton, 42 F.3d 1080, 1084 (7th Cir.
1994) (“The purpose [of a DRO and qualifying letter] is to reduce the expense of
ERISA plans by sparing plan administrators the grief they experience when
because of uncertainty concerning the identity of the beneficiary they pay the
wrong person, or arguably the wrong person, and are sued by a rival claimant.”).
Comparing the language of the letter and the 2011 QDRO, the Bohrer letter
does not purport to do more than this ministerial action. The letter states:
The Order is capable of being administered. The instructions for
allocation under Paragraph 6 have been supplemented by further
instructions at Paragraph 9 wherein the Participant elects to obtain a
future benefit by way of an election for 50% Joint and Survivor
Annuity with the Alternate Payee [Laurie] named as the surviving
spouse.
(Emphasis added.) For comparison, the letter quotes nearly word-for-word the
language in section 9 of the 2011 DRO:
The Participant shall elect to receive the Participant’s accrued benefit
in the following form: 50% Joint and Survivor Annuity with the
Alternate Payee [Laurie] treated as the surviving spouse.
Helgi contends that, without the Bohrer letter, section 9 can “be interpreted either
11
No. 83845-8-I/12 (DÍAZ, J., dissenting)
way.” Gudnason, Wash. Ct. of Appeals oral argument, supra, at 11 min., 36 sec.,
through 12 min., 5 sec. This assertion flies in the face of the plain language of the
DRO, which the letter quoted verbatim.
In short, I would not conclude, as does the majority, that Laurie had
“superior knowledge” by virtue of possessing the Bohrer letter because Helgi had
the same information, as he (presumably) read and signed the DRO itself.
Other factors also weigh against finding “extraordinary circumstances” here.
Helgi does not allege that he signed the DRO under coercion or was hurried in any
way. As in Knutson, Helgi considered the DRO for four months—a document
which was merely six pages long—was represented by counsel, and freely signed
it. 114 Wn. App. at 873. Also, as in Knutson, Helgi did not appeal the entry of the
QDRO, “remained silent” and “took no action” for nearly a decade before bringing
the present action. Id. at 873-74.
At the end of the day, this case is most similar to In re Marriage of Tang, 57
Wn.App. 648, 789 P.2d 118 (1990). There, a wife sought to have a dissolution
decree vacated because the decree “failed to list, characterize, and evaluate”
certain items of property, and because it “left the parties as tenants in common of
most of their property.” Id. at 649-50. The trial court granted the request and, on
appeal, the wife argued, inter alia, that the trial court’s order should be upheld
under CR 60(b)(11). Id. at 650-51 & 655. This court reversed and reinstated the
decree, holding that relief under CR 60(b)(11) “has previously been invoked in
unusual situations which typically involve reliance on mistaken information” Id. at
656 (emphasis added). This court concluded that an incomplete enumeration of
12
No. 83845-8-I/13 (DÍAZ, J., dissenting)
the property that is later unpalatable to one side does “not justify relief under CR
60(b)(11).” Id.
The facts here present a similar situation. Taking him at face value, Helgi
simply may have relied on a mistaken belief, namely, that he was signing the same
or a similar DRO as in 2008, believing the 2011 DRO incorporated his
understanding of the breadth of the Bulicek formula set out in 2008. As in Tang, I
respectfully submit that a subjective misunderstanding about the words on the
page that you sign, followed by regret at the result, are not “‘extraordinary’”
circumstances and do not justify relief under CR 60(b)(11). 57 Wn. App. at 655
(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Yearout, 41 Wn. App. at 902)).
Finally, even the majority does not equate Laurie’s conduct to the intentional
concealment of marital property, and it implicitly acknowledges that it was the
pension plan’s responsibility to send the Bohrer letter to Helgi’s counsel. Majority
at 22. Despite all this, the majority holds that it was an “anomaly” that Laurie
happened to have the qualifying letter, and that that anomaly met the demanding
vacatur standards of CR 60(b)(11). Id. I respectfully submit that a ministerial
“anomaly” does not rise to the level of “an irregularit[y] extraneous to the action of
the court [or an irregularity in] the court’s proceeding,” and the trial court abused
its discretion in finding so. Yearout, 41 Wn. App. at 902.3
3 The majority also cites to Barr v. MacGugan, 119 Wn. App. 43, 45-48, 78 P.3d
660 (2003), where a plaintiff was effectively deprived counsel because her attorney
suffered from “severe clinical depression” and failed to respond to discovery
requests, and Topliff v. Chicago Ins. Co., 130 Wn. App. 301, 304-06, 122 P.3d 922
(2005), where a defendant received a default judgment for $2,186,863.10 after
they were deprived “the basic pillars of due process” because his counsel failed to
forward service. Majority at 20-21. I would not conclude, as does the majority,
13
No. 83845-8-I/14 (DÍAZ, J., dissenting)
II. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion.
that the facts of the present case approach the exceptional circumstances of either
case. In both of these cases, the party seeking relief under CR 60(b)(11) suffered
a fundamental procedural defect in the prior judicial proceeding: the right to
assistance of counsel in Barr and the right to notice in Topliff. Those cases
presented circumstances beyond the parties’ control and created “irregularities in
the proceedings,” as required by CR 60(b)(11). Yearout, 41 Wn. App. at 902. For
the reasons above, no such irregularities occurred here.
14
Laurie Jean Gudnason, V. Helgi Gudnason
Combined Opinion