[J-12-2023] [MO: Todd, C.J.]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
WESTERN DISTRICT
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 19 WAP 2022
:
Appellee : Appeal from the Order of the
: Superior Court entered May 26,
: 2021 at No. 582 WDA 2020,
v. : affirming the Judgment of Sentence
: of the Court of Common Pleas of
: Allegheny County entered February
ANGELO WEEDEN, : 24, 2020 at No. CP-02-CR-
: 0000513-2019.
Appellant :
: ARGUED: April 18, 2023
CONCURRING OPINION
JUSTICE BROBSON DECIDED: NOVEMBER 16, 2023
I join the majority opinion in full, as I agree with its analysis and application of
Confrontation Clause1 jurisprudence to the “Shotspotter Investigative Lead Summary”
(Summary) at issue in this appeal. This is not to say that I am entirely at ease with the
trial court’s decision to admit the Summary over defense counsel’s hearsay objection,
particularly in light of the testimony about human involvement “in the ShotSpotter
process.” (Maj. Op. at 4.)2 In addition, I am intrigued by amici curiae’s other rule-based
1 The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
provides: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be
confronted with the witnesses against him.”
2 I do not believe the Court’s recent decision in Commonwealth v. Wallace, 289 A.3d 894
(Pa. 2023), relating to GPS data, forecloses this argument as it applies to the Summary
specifically.
argument addressed to the reliability, or authenticity,3 of this particular technology (Maj.
Op. at 12 n.15), especially in light of the following disclaimer included in the Summary:
[T]his summary should only be used for initial investigative
purposes . . . . This summary has been generated solely for
the purpose for which it is provided. Nothing herein shall to
any extent substitute for the independent investigation of the
shooting incident. The data and conclusions herein should be
corroborated with other evidentiary sources such as
recovered shell casings and witness statements.
(Appellant’s Br., Appendix D at 3.) Nonetheless, the majority disposes of the only
question before this Court—i.e., Appellant’s Confrontation Clause argument. And, as
noted above, I join the majority opinion in full.
This matter, however, like our recent disposition in Wallace, illustrates the complex
constitutional and evidentiary concerns that reasonably attach to what Justice Wecht
refers to in his Concurring Opinion in Wallace as the use of “computer-generated
evidence” (in contrast to “computer-stored evidence”) at trial. Wallace, 289 A.3d
at 908-09 (Wecht, J., concurring) (emphasis in original). One thing is certain, as
technology advances, particularly in the field of artificial intelligence, these concerns will
continue to arise, and judges and litigators—civil and criminal—will continue to wrestle
with them. Accordingly, this may be the right time for the Court’s Committee on Rules of
Evidence to examine these concerns and assess whether our current rules are adequate
on the subject.
Justice Dougherty joins this concurring opinion.
3 See Pa. R. Evid. 901(b)(9) (requiring evidence of accuracy to authenticate a process or
system).
[J-12-2023] [MO: Todd, C.J.] - 2