In re: Alicia Marie Richards

FILED
DEC 11 2023
ORDERED PUBLISHED
SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re: BAP No. CC-22-1241-GFL
ALICIA MARIE RICHARDS,
Debtor. Bk. No. 8:21-bk-10635-SC

ALICIA MARIE RICHARDS, Adv. No. 8:22-ap-01056-SC
Appellant,
v. OPINION
RYAL W. RICHARDS; KEVIN E.
ROBINSON,
Appellees.

Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
for the Central District of California
Scott C. Clarkson, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

APPEARANCES:

Appellant Alicia Marie Richards, pro se, on the brief; Kevin E. Robinson for
Appellees Ryal W. Richards and Kevin E. Robinson.

Before: GAN, FARIS, and LAFFERTY, Bankruptcy Judges.

GAN, Bankruptcy Judge:
 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 71 debtor Alicia Marie Richards (“Debtor”) appeals the

bankruptcy court’s order striking her cross-complaint with prejudice.

Applying California’s “anti-SLAPP” statute, the court granted the special

motion to strike filed by cross-defendants and appellees Ryal W. Richards

and Kevin E. Robinson (together “Appellees”). Each of Debtor’s claims was

premised on purported actions by Appellees in a prior state court

dissolution proceeding. We find no error in the bankruptcy court’s decision

to strike the cross-complaint under the anti-SLAPP statute. And contrary to

Debtor’s argument on appeal, the bankruptcy court had constitutional and

statutory authority to enter a final order. Accordingly, we AFFIRM.

We publish to highlight the necessity of clearly objecting to entry of

final orders where a party asserts a right to de novo review by an Article III

court, and to explain that a party who makes an undisputed assertion that

claims are core consents to entry of final orders by the bankruptcy court.

1 Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the
Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101–1532, all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules
of Bankruptcy Procedure, and all “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure.
2
 FACTS 2

A. Prepetition events

Debtor and Mr. Richards were married and owned, as husband and

wife in joint tenancy, a residence in Newport Beach, California (the

“Property”). In 2015, Mr. Richards commenced divorce proceedings in state

court, and Debtor and Mr. Richards eventually stipulated to entry of a

dissolution judgment. The stipulation gave Debtor several weeks to

refinance the Property and buy out Mr. Richards’s community property

interest. If Debtor was unable or unwilling to do so, the stipulation

required the Property to be sold with proceeds divided equally. In 2018,

the state court entered a final dissolution judgment in accordance with the

stipulation.

Debtor was unable to buy out Mr. Richards’s interest, and she failed

to cooperate with the required sale. Instead, she moved to set aside the

stipulation based on fraud and duress. The state court denied her motion,

and the California Court of Appeal affirmed. In re Marriage of Richards, Case

No. G055927, 2020 WL 104357, at *9-13 (Cal. Ct. App. Jan 9, 2020).

Although she had not appealed the dissolution judgment, Debtor

filed several post-judgment motions to stop its enforcement and prevent

the sale of the Property. The state court denied each of her motions, and

2
We exercise our discretion to take judicial notice of documents electronically
filed in the adversary proceeding and main bankruptcy case. See Atwood v. Chase
Manhattan Mortg. Co. (In re Atwood), 293 B.R. 227, 233 n.9 (9th Cir. BAP 2003).
3
none of her appeals were successful. In disposing of Debtor’s fifth appeal,

the Court of Appeal noted, “[c]ontrary to [Debtor’s] contention on appeal,

the former couple’s respective rights concerning the Property were

determined long ago by the final marital dissolution judgment.” In re

Marriage of Richards, Case No. G057803, 2020 WL 5902889, at *5 (Cal. Ct.

App. Oct. 6, 2020).

B. Debtor’s bankruptcy and the present adversary proceeding

In July 2019, the state court entered an order granting Mr. Richards

exclusive use, possession, and control of the Property. Mr. Richards sought

to evict Debtor, and after an unsuccessful chapter 13 filing and a second

eviction attempt, Debtor filed the current chapter 7 case in March 2021.

Debtor scheduled the Property as an asset of her bankruptcy estate

and listed it as community property. In May 2021, Mr. Richards sought

stay relief to pursue claims in state court, including modification of child

support and custody orders, a claim for attorney’s fees, and permission to

evict Debtor and sell the Property. The bankruptcy court granted stay relief

to allow all matters before the state court to proceed, except for those

related to the sale of the Property and Debtor’s eviction. The chapter 7

trustee then obtained an order from the bankruptcy court authorizing a

sale of the Property, free and clear of all liens and interests, to a third-party

purchaser for a price substantially higher than the aggregate amount of

liens against the Property. Debtor and her father, Lawrence Remsen, each

objected and appealed, and we affirmed. Richards v. Marshack (In re

4
Richards), BAP Nos. CC-21-1262-SGL; CC-21-1266-SGL, 2022 WL 16754394,

at *1 (9th Cir. BAP Nov. 7, 2022), appeal docketed, Case No. 22-60058 (9th Cir.

Dec. 15, 2022).

In September 2022, Mr. Remsen filed the present adversary

complaint, alleging breach of contract against Debtor based on an

agreement to transfer the Property to the Remsen Family Trust for the

benefit of Mr. Remsen’s grandchildren. 3 He also asserted claims against

Appellees for interference with contract and abuse of bankruptcy process.

Mr. Remsen sought declaratory relief that his contract with Debtor was

valid, the Property belonged to his trust, and the dissolution judgment—

which required the Property to be sold—was void. Appellees filed a

motion to dismiss, which the court granted with prejudice.

In response to Mr. Remsen’s complaint, Debtor filed an answer and a

cross-complaint against Appellees. She alleged claims for: (1) declarative

relief that the dissolution judgment was void; (2) declarative relief that

structural error occurred in the family court; (3) fraudulent transfer based

on the dissolution judgment causing the Property to become community

property after the stipulation made it her separate property; (4) declaratory

relief that the state court’s vexatious litigant order was void; (5) breach of

fiduciary duty against Mr. Richards based on his financial decisions during

3
Mr. Remsen filed a proof of claim based on the alleged contract. The
bankruptcy court sustained the trustee’s objection and disallowed the claim with
prejudice. That order is the subject of a concurrent appeal, BAP No. CC-23-1007-LGF.
5
the dissolution proceeding and by causing the dissolution judgment to be

entered; (6) declaratory relief that the stipulation—and not the dissolution

judgment—was binding; (7) breach of contract against Mr. Richards based

on the stipulation; (8) breach of oral contract against Mr. Richards based on

the stipulation; (9) intentional infliction of emotional distress based on

actions in the divorce proceeding; (10) equitable estoppel related to the

stipulation; and (11) promissory fraud based on the stipulation.

Debtor asserted that the bankruptcy court had jurisdiction and her

claims were “core.” However, she also included the statement:

To the extent any claim for relief contained herein is
determined not [sic] to be a non-core proceeding or a Stern-
claim, Cross Complainant does not give her consents [sic] to the
entry of final judgment and orders by the Bankruptcy Court.
Cross-Complainant reserves her right to request leave of court
to pursue non-core or Stern-claims in the District Court.

Cross-Complaint, Aug. 22, 2022, p.2.

C. Appellees’ motion to strike and the court’s ruling

Appellees then filed a special motion to strike under the so-called

anti-SLAPP provision of California law, Code of Civil Procedure (“CCP”)

§ 425.16. 4 They argued that all of Debtor’s claims pertained to alleged

“SLAPP” means “Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation.” The anti-
4

SLAPP statute provides:
A cause of action against a person arising from any act of that
person in furtherance of that person’s right of petition or free speech
under the United States Constitution or the California Constitution in
connection with a public issue shall be subject to a special motion to strike,
6
actions and statements made by Appellees in the state court dissolution

proceeding, which constituted protected conduct under the anti-SLAPP

statute. Appellees further asserted that the alleged statements and conduct

were protected by the “litigation privilege” of California Civil Code

(“CCC”) § 47(b), and Debtor failed to comply with CCC § 1714.10, which

requires a court order prior to naming an attorney as a defendant in a

conspiracy action based on his representation of a client. Appellees sought

an order striking all claims in the cross-complaint and an award of

attorney’s fees and costs under CCP § 425.16(c).

In opposition, Debtor argued the motion to strike was untimely. She

maintained that some of her claims were based solely on federal law and

thus, could not be struck under the anti-SLAPP statute. Debtor argued that

her allegations did not involve protected conduct under CCP § 425.16, and

she had a reasonable probability of prevailing on the merits. She requested

an opportunity to conduct discovery, and she sought leave to file an

amended complaint to add a cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 based

on her allegation that Appellees conspired with state court judges to

prevent the dissolution judgment from being overturned. Debtor stated

that she did not consent to entry of final orders on non-core claims. 5

unless the court determines that the plaintiff has established that there is a
probability that the plaintiff will prevail on the claim.
CCP § 425.16(b)
5 Debtor’s opposition included the statement:

Cross-Complaint [sic] does not consent to this bankruptcy court, a non-
7
Although she requested a hearing to determine which causes of action

were non-core, she did not assert that any of her claims were non-core.

After a hearing, the bankruptcy court granted Appellees’ motion and

entered a written order striking Debtor’s cross-complaint with prejudice.

Pursuant to CCP § 425.16(c), the bankruptcy court awarded Appellees

$6,190 for attorney’s fees and costs.6 Debtor timely appealed.

JURISDICTION

The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and

157(b)(1). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.

ISSUES

Did the bankruptcy court have authority to enter a final order?

Did the bankruptcy court err by granting Appellees’ special motion

to strike?

Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion by awarding attorney’s

fees and costs?

Article III court making final orders in this matter on any of the non-core
issues and this court is required to submit its findings and conclusions of
law on all non-core causes of action to the District Court. Debtor requests
a hearing to be held to determine which causes of action brought in Cross-
Complainant’s complaint are core and which are non-core.
Opposition to Cross-Defendants’ Motion to Strike, Oct. 11, 2022, p.8-9.
6 Because the bankruptcy court previously dismissed Mr. Remsen's complaint

with prejudice, the order dismissing Debtor's cross-complaint was a final order.
8
 STANDARDS OF REVIEW

Whether the bankruptcy court has authority to enter a final order is

an issue we review de novo. See Hasse v. Rainsdon (In re Pringle), 495 B.R.

447, 455 (9th Cir. BAP 2013). We also review de novo a bankruptcy court’s

decision to grant an anti-SLAPP motion. Restaino v. Bah (In re Bah), 321 B.R.

41, 44 (9th Cir. BAP 2005). Under de novo review, we “consider a matter

anew, as if no decision had been made previously.” Francis v. Wallace (In re

Francis), 505 B.R. 914, 917 (9th Cir. BAP 2014).

We review the bankruptcy court’s award of attorney’s fees and costs

under the anti-SLAPP statute for abuse of discretion. Graham-Sult v.

Clainos, 756 F.3d 724, 751 (9th Cir. 2014). A bankruptcy court abuses its

discretion if it applies an incorrect legal standard or its factual findings are

illogical, implausible, or without support in the record. TrafficSchool.com v.

Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th Cir. 2011).

DISCUSSION

Debtor’s primary argument on appeal is that the bankruptcy court

lacked authority to enter a final order disposing of her cross-complaint

because she did not consent to entry of final orders on non-core claims. She

also contends the court erred by granting the special motion to strike

because the motion was untimely, the alleged misconduct was not

protected under the anti-SLAPP statute, and the court should have granted

her leave to amend the cross-complaint. Debtor argues she had a

9
reasonable probability of success on her claims and the court abused its

discretion by awarding attorney’s fees and costs.

A. The bankruptcy court had statutory and constitutional authority to
enter a final order.

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334, district courts have original jurisdiction

over bankruptcy cases and proceedings and may refer both “core” and

“non-core” proceedings to the bankruptcy court.7 “When a district court

refers a case to a bankruptcy judge, that judge’s statutory authority

depends on whether Congress has classified the matter as a ‘core

proceeding’ or a ‘non-core proceeding[.]’” Wellness Int’l Network, Ltd. v.

Sharif, 575 U.S. 665, 670 (2015) (brackets omitted).

The bankruptcy court can enter final orders, reviewable on appeal, in

core proceedings. Id. In non-core proceedings, the bankruptcy court is

required to submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law to the

district court.8 28 U.S.C. § 157(c). In such cases, “any final order or

7
“Core” proceedings include those listed under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2), as well as
any proceeding in bankruptcy “that invokes a substantive right provided by title 11 or a
proceeding that, by its nature, could arise only in the context of a bankruptcy case.”
Gruntz v. Cnty. of L.A. (In re Gruntz), 202 F.3d 1074, 1081 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc)
(cleaned up). Conversely, “non-core” proceedings “do not depend on the Bankruptcy
Code for their existence and they could proceed in another court.” Dunmore v. United
States, 358 F.3d 1107, 1114 (9th Cir. 2004).
8 Congress implemented the bifurcated scheme of 28 U.S.C. § 157 in response to

Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., 458 U.S. 50, 53 (1982)
(plurality opinion), in which the Supreme Court held that Congress cannot vest
bankruptcy courts with judicial power reserved for courts “whose judges enjoy the
protections and safeguards specified in” Article III of the Constitution. See Wellness Int’l
Network, Ltd., 575 U.S. at 669-70 (discussing history of the statutory scheme); Exec.
10
judgment shall be entered by the district judge after considering the

bankruptcy judge’s proposed findings and conclusions and after reviewing

de novo those matters to which any party has timely and specifically

objected.” Id. “There is one statutory exception to this rule: If all parties

consent, the statute permits the bankruptcy judge to hear and determine

and to enter appropriate orders and judgments as if the proceeding were

core.” Exec. Benefits Ins. Agency, 573 U.S. at 34 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(2))

(cleaned up).

Because the statutory scheme of 28 U.S.C. § 157 depends on the

nature of the claims and whether the parties consent to entry of final

orders, the Bankruptcy Rules require litigants to state at the initial pleading

stage whether they consent. See Rule 7008 (requiring party filing adversary

complaint or cross-complaint to provide the jurisdictional basis for the

bankruptcy court and “a statement that the pleader does or does not

consent to entry of final orders of judgment by the bankruptcy court”);

Rule 7012(b)(1) (“A responsive pleading shall include a statement that the

Benefits Ins. Agency v. Arkison, 573 U.S. 25, 31-34 (2014) (same). In Stern v. Marshall, 564
U.S. 462 (2011), the Supreme Court clarified that some claims (since referred to as “Stern
claims”) which are statutorily defined as “core,” may nonetheless entitle litigants to
Article III adjudication. However, as explained below, the bankruptcy court may treat
Stern claims as non-core and enter final orders with consent of the parties. See Exec.
Benefits Ins. Agency, 573 U.S. at 36 (holding Stern claims may proceed as non-core within
the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)); Wellness Int’l Network Ltd., 575 U.S. at 678-89 (holding
bankruptcy courts may enter final orders on Stern claims with consent). Thus, if the
parties consent, a bankruptcy court has both constitutional and statutory authority to
enter final orders.
11
party does or does not consent to entry of final orders or judgment by the

bankruptcy court.”).

In the cross-complaint, Debtor asserted the bankruptcy court had

jurisdiction and that her claims were core. Appellees never disputed

Debtor’s characterization. “An allegation that the proceeding is core serves

as an express consent for the bankruptcy court to treat that proceeding as

core and enter a final order in that proceeding.” Resource Funding, Inc. v.

Pac. Cont’l Bank (In re Wash. Coast I, L.L.C.), 485 B.R. 393, 408 (9th Cir. BAP

2012) (cleaned up).

On appeal, Debtor argues the bankruptcy court exceeded its

constitutional and statutory authority by entering a final order on non-core

claims. However, the bankruptcy court never determined the claims were

non-core, and it had no basis to do so because the issue was never in

dispute.9 The cross-complaint indicated that Debtor did not consent to

entry of final orders “to the extent” the court determined the claims were

non-core. But Debtor never argued the claims were non-core, and instead,

maintained throughout the case that her claims were core.10

9 Debtor also did not argue that her claims were Stern claims in the bankruptcy
court or in her opening brief. Thus, she has waived the issue. See Smith v. Marsh, 194
F.3d 1045, 1052 (9th Cir. 1999).
10 Even on appeal, Debtor argues her claims were core. She erroneously contends

the bankruptcy court decided they were non-core, and she disputes the alleged
determination. See Appellant’s Opening Brief, p.20 n.4. Although the bankruptcy court
decided the anti-SLAPP statue was applicable to all of Debtor’s claims, it did not
expressly decide whether the claims were core or non-core. See 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(3) (“A
determination that a proceeding is not a core proceeding shall not be made solely on the
12
 In other words, Debtor’s non-consent was contingent on a court

determination that the claims were non-core—a contingency which never

occurred because the parties were content to have the bankruptcy court

treat the claims as core.11 Based on the parties’ consent, the bankruptcy

court properly treated the claims as core and entered a final order pursuant

to 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(2).

Furthermore, the statutory scheme of 28 U.S.C. § 157 merely ensures

that any party to a non-core proceeding can choose to have de novo review

and final adjudication by an Article III court. If a bankruptcy court exceeds

its statutory or constitutional authority and enters a final order in a non-

core proceeding without consent of the parties, Rule 8018.1 provides the

remedy. Pursuant to that rule, if a district court determines the bankruptcy

court lacked authority to enter a final order, it can simply treat the order as

proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law and perform the

basis that its resolution may be affected by State law.”).
11 Debtor’s failure to characterize the claims as non-core and clearly object to

entry of final orders has consequences. Her belated claim of non-consent fails because
she always maintained the claims were core. Though we are puzzled why a litigant
would seek relief from the bankruptcy court on purportedly core claims, yet withhold
consent if the court determined otherwise, the Bankruptcy Rules require parties to
clearly state their non-consent to avert gamesmanship or sandbagging. See Stern, 564
U.S. at 482 (“[T]he consequences of a litigant sandbagging the court—remaining silent
about his objection and belatedly raising the error only if the case does not conclude in
his favor—can be particularly severe.” (cleaned up)); see also Exec. Benefits Ins. Agency v.
Arkison (In re Bellingham Ins. Agency, Inc.), 702 F.3d 553, 570 (9th Cir. 2012) (“Having lost
before the bankruptcy court, [a party] cannot assert a right it never thought to pursue
when it still believed it might win.” (citation omitted)), aff’d, 573 U.S. 25 (2014).
13
necessary de novo review. Moreover, a district court effectively cures any

constitutional infirmity by reviewing a bankruptcy appeal when the

standard of review is de novo. Exec. Benefits Ins. Agency, 573 U.S. at 39-40.

Therefore, Debtor could have had Article III review simply by

electing to have this appeal heard in the district court. Instead, she opted to

proceed before this Panel. The right to review by an Article III court is “a

personal right and thus ordinarily subject to waiver.” Wellness Int’l Network

Ltd., 575 U.S. at 678 (cleaned up). Consequently, even if we assume the

bankruptcy court determined the claims were non-core and Debtor clearly

withheld consent, she likely waived her right to district court review by

electing to have the appeal heard by the BAP. See 28 U.S.C. § 158(c)(1)

(describing procedure for BAP appeal and permitting any party to elect

district court appellate review). Debtor’s foremost argument on appeal is

that the bankruptcy court deprived her of Article III review by the district

court, yet she knowingly and voluntarily elected review by this Panel

instead of the district court.

B. Law governing application of the anti-SLAPP statute

California’s anti-SLAPP statute “was enacted in order to provide for

the early dismissal of meritless suits aimed at chilling the valid exercise of

the constitutional rights of freedom of speech and petition for the redress of

grievances.” In re Bah, 321 B.R. at 44-45 (quoting Globetrotter Software, Inc. v.

Elan Comput. Grp., Inc., 63 F. Supp. 2d 1127, 1128 (N.D. Cal. 1999)).

14
 In deciding a special motion to strike under CCP § 425.16(b), courts

first ask “whether ‘the claim call[s] for the anti-SLAPP statute’s

protections,’ and, if so, whether the claim has ‘sufficient merit.’” Gunn v.

Drage, 65 F.4th 1109, 1118 (9th Cir. 2023) (quoting Serova v. Sony Music Ent.,

13 Cal. 5th 859 (2022)). The “moving defendant must make a prima facie

showing that the plaintiff’s suit arises from an act in furtherance of the

defendant’s constitutional right to free speech.” Makaeff v. Trump Univ.,

LLC, 715 F.3d 254, 261 (9th Cir. 2013). If the defendant satisfies the first

step, “the burden shifts to the plaintiff to demonstrate that each challenged

claim based on protected activity is legally sufficient and factually

substantiated.” Gunn, 65 F.4th at 1118 (quoting Baral v. Schnitt, 1 Cal. 5th

376, 384 (2016)).

The Ninth Circuit has repeatedly affirmed the applicability of

California’s anti-SLAPP statute to state law claims in federal court and has

specifically held that CCP § 425.16(b) (special motion to strike) and CCP

§ 425.16(c) (providing for attorney’s fees and costs) may properly be

invoked in federal court. United States ex. Rel. Newsham v. Lockheed Missiles

& Space Co., 190 F.3d 963, 970-73 (9th Cir. 1999). But it has “also recognized

that some provisions of California’s anti-SLAPP law cannot apply in

federal practice.” Gunn, 65 F.4th at 1119 (citations omitted).

“Procedural state laws are not used in federal court if to do so would

result in a ‘direct collision’ with a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure.”

Metabolife Int’l, Inc. v. Wornick, 264 F.3d 832, 845-46 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing

15
Walker v. Armco Steel Corp., 446 U.S. 740, 749-50 (1980)). Thus, throughout

the years, the Ninth Circuit has sought to “weed[] out specific provisions of

the law that ran afoul of the Erie doctrine and fine-tun[e] [its] application of

those provisions that remained.” Gunn, 65 F.4th at 1119 (quoting CoreCivic,

Inc. v. Candide Grp., LLC, 46 F.4th 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 2022)).

Because the dismissal standard of the anti-SLAPP statute would

otherwise impermissibly collide with federal procedure, bankruptcy courts

must apply the Civil Rule 12(b)(6) standard when an anti-SLAPP motion

challenges only the legal sufficiency of a claim. Planned Parenthood Fed’n of

Am., Inc. v. Ctr. for Med. Progress, 890 F.3d 828, 834 (9th Cir. 2018). And

because granting a defendant’s anti-SLAPP motion without leave to amend

would directly collide with Civil Rule 15(a), made applicable by Rule

7015—and its policy favoring liberal amendment—courts must consider

whether to grant leave to amend when striking a cause of action under the

anti-SLAPP statute. Verizon Del., Inc. v. Covad Commc’ns Co., 377 F.3d 1081,

1091 (9th Cir. 2004).

Thus, the bankruptcy court must treat such a motion “in the same

manner as a motion under [Civil] Rule 12(b)(6) except that the attorney’s

fee provision of [CCP] § 425.16(c) applies.” Planned Parenthood Fed’n of Am.,

Inc., 890 F.3d at 834 (quoting Rogers v. Home Shopping Network, Inc., 57 F.

Supp. 2d 973, 983 (C.D. Cal. 1999)).

16
C. The bankruptcy court did not err by striking the cross-complaint
under the anti-SLAPP statute.

1. Appellees satisfied their burden to show the claims were
protected by the anti-SLAPP statute.

Debtor argues that the anti-SLAPP motion was not timely because

Mr. Remsen’s complaint had similar causes of action and Appellees could

have filed the anti-SLAPP motion in response to the initial complaint.

Debtor suggests that pursuant to Civil Rule 12(f)(2), made applicable by

Rule 7012, Appellees were required to file their special motion to strike

within 21 days of Mr. Remsen’s first amended complaint.

But the summons issued with Debtor’s cross-complaint on August

23, 2022, was clear: the deadline to file and serve a written response was

September 22, 2022. Appellees timely filed and served their special motion

to strike on September 22, 2022.12

12
Pursuant to CCP § 425.16(f), defendants may file a special motion to strike
within 60 days of the complaint or, at the court’s discretion, at any later date. The Ninth
Circuit has reasoned that § 452.16(g), which stays discovery after the filing of a special
motion to strike, together with § 425.16(f), “create a default rule that allows the
defendant served with a complaint to immediately put the plaintiff to his or her proof
before the plaintiff can conduct discovery.” Metabolife Int’l, Inc., 264 F.3d at 846 (quoting
Rogers, 57 F. Supp. 2d at 980). The Ninth Circuit held that “[b]ecause the discovery-
limiting aspects of § 425.16(f) and (g) collide with the discovery-allowing aspects of
[Civil] Rule 56, these aspects of subsections (f) and (g) cannot apply in federal court.” Id.
However, it is not apparent that allowing a defendant up to 60 days to file a special
motion to strike based on the legal sufficiency of a complaint would impermissibly
collide with federal procedure. The anti-SLAPP statute serves a different purpose than
Civil Rule 12(b)(6), see Makaeff v. Trump Univ., LLC, 736 F.3d 1180, 1182 (9th Cir. 2013)
(Wardlaw, J., concurring), and could reasonably apply even after a defendant has
timely filed an answer. However, we need not decide this issue because Appellees filed
17
 Debtor contends that Appellees failed to show that the claims in the

cross-complaint were subject to CCP § 425.16. We disagree. Every claim in

the cross-complaint is based on alleged statements and actions by

Appellees in the dissolution proceeding, and therefore, each claim arises

out of activity protected by CCP § 425.16.

The anti-SLAPP statute provides that an “act in furtherance of a

person’s right of petition or free speech” includes written or oral

statements made before a judicial proceeding or in connection with an

issue under consideration by a judicial body. CCP § 425.16(e); see also

Morgan v. Sacks, Ricketts & Case, LLP, Case Nos. 22-15254, 22-15793, 2023

WL 2983577, at *2 (9th Cir. Apr. 18, 2023) (“The statute, in no uncertain

terms, protects ‘all communicative acts performed by attorneys as part of

their representation of [a client] in a judicial proceeding or other

petitioning context,’ because such activity is ‘per se protected as petitioning

activity.’” (quoting Contreras v. Dowling, 5 Cal. App. 5th 394, 409 (2016))).

Debtor argues that her claims for declaratory relief are based on

federal law, 28 U.S.C. § 2201, and thus not subject to the anti-SLAPP

statute. We agree with the bankruptcy court that Debtor’s claims for

declaratory relief involve issues litigated in state court and “inextricably

intertwined” with state court judgments. Moreover, Debtor’s asserted

bases for declaratory relief are premised on actions and statements made

their anti-SLAPP motion within the response deadline stated in the summons.
18
by Appellees in the dissolution proceeding. “The anti-SLAPP statute’s

definitional focus is not the form of the plaintiff’s cause of action but,

rather, the defendant’s activity that gives rise to his or her asserted

liability—and whether that activity constitutes protected speech or

petitioning.” Navellier v. Sletten, 29 Cal. 4th 82, 92 (2002).

Appellees adequately demonstrated that all of Debtor’s claims

involved protected conduct subject to the anti-SLAPP statute.

2. The cross-complaint did not state a plausible claim for relief
under Civil Rule 12(b)(6).

The bankruptcy court determined that Debtor could not make a

showing of probability that she would prevail on her claims for three

reasons: (1) the cross-complaint appeared to be moot because it was based

on the same nucleus of operative facts as Mr. Remsen’s complaint which

was dismissed with prejudice; (2) the cross-complaint appeared to be an

impermissible collateral attack on the state court’s orders, which is

prohibited by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine; and (3) the court had previously

remanded to the state court issues involving the dissolution judgment.

Because Appellees’ motion and the court’s decision are premised on the

legal insufficiency of Debtor’s cross-complaint, we consider the order

under the standards of Civil Rule 12(b)(6). See Planned Parenthood Fed’n of

Am., Inc., 890 F.3d at 834.

Civil Rule 12(b)(6) provides that dismissal is appropriate if the

complaint fails to allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is

19
plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). In

assessing the adequacy of the complaint, the court must accept as true all

allegations and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.

See Cousins v. Lockyer, 568 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2009). However,

“[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by

mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,

678 (2009).

Accordingly, “for a complaint to survive a motion to dismiss, the

non-conclusory factual content, and reasonable inferences from that

content, must be plausibly suggestive of a claim entitling the plaintiff to

relief.” Moss v. U.S. Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009) (quotation

marks omitted). Dismissal “may be based on either a ‘lack of a cognizable

legal theory’ or ‘the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable

legal theory.’” Johnson v. Riverside Healthcare Sys., LP, 534 F.3d 1116, 1121

(9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699

(9th Cir. 1990)).

Debtor did not state a plausible claim for relief. Each cause of action

in the cross-complaint necessarily required the bankruptcy court to

disregard state court orders and judgments. Such a determination is

patently barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. See Carmona v. Carmona, 603

F.3d 1041, 1050 (9th Cir. 2010) (explaining that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine

“stands for the relatively straightforward principle that federal district

courts do not have jurisdiction to hear de facto appeals from state court

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judgments.”); see also Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S.

280, 284 (2005) (explaining that Rooker-Feldman bars suits “brought by state-

court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments

rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting

district court review and rejection of those judgments”).

Because Debtor’s cross-complaint does not state a plausible claim for

relief, the bankruptcy court did not err by granting the special motion to

strike.

3. The bankruptcy court did not err by refusing to grant leave to
amend.

Debtor is correct that, when granting an anti-SLAPP motion under

CCP § 425.16(b), bankruptcy courts must consider whether to grant leave

to amend under Civil Rule 15(a). But here, the court’s failure to consider

Rule 15(a) is harmless error because Debtor does not demonstrate she

could have successfully amended the cross-complaint, and amendment

appears futile.

Pursuant to Civil Rule 15, leave to amend a complaint should be

freely given when justice so requires. The court “should grant leave to

amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it

determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation

of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc).

“This policy is ‘to be applied with extreme liberality,’” Eminence Capital,

LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1051 (9th Cir. 2003) (per curiam) (quoting

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Owens v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc., 244 F.3d 708, 712 (9th Cir.

2001)), and the rule favoring liberal application “is particularly important

for the pro se litigant,” Crowley v. Bannister, 734 F.3d 967, 977-78 (9th Cir.

2013).

In determining whether to grant leave to amend, the bankruptcy

court should consider several factors including: (1) undue delay; (2) bad

faith or dilatory motive by the movant; (3) repeated failure to cure

deficiencies by previous amendments; (4) undue prejudice to the opposing

party; and (5) futility of amendment. Brown v. Stored Value Cards, Inc., 953

F.3d 567, 574 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)).

The consideration of prejudice to the opposing party carries the greatest

weight. Eminence Cap., LLC, 316 F.3d at 1052. “Absent prejudice, or a strong

showing of any of the remaining Foman factors, there exists a presumption

under [Civil] Rule 15(a) in favor of granting leave to amend.” Id. (citation

omitted).

Debtor argues the court should have granted leave to amend so she

could cure the defects and add a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. But Debtor

fails to explain how she could cure the defects in her claims given their

legal infirmity, or how a further claim based on Appellees’ conduct in the

state court proceedings would not also be subject to the anti-SLAPP statute.

Regardless of how Debtor may frame her causes of action, her purported

injury flows directly from Appellees’ alleged actions and statements made

in the state court proceeding which culminated in the dissolution

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judgment. The bankruptcy court has no power to reverse or vacate the

dissolution judgment and state courts have repeatedly upheld its validity.

And Debtor cannot amend the cross-complaint to allege a completely new

injury without contradicting the allegations in her original complaint. See

Reddy v. Litton Indus., Inc., 912 F.2d 291, 296-97 (9th Cir. 1990) (“Although

leave to amend should be liberally granted, the amended complaint may

only allege other facts consistent with the challenged pleading.” (cleaned

up)).

Debtor does not demonstrate, nor do we discern, why amendment

would not be futile. Thus, the court’s failure to expressly consider Civil

Rule 15(a) is harmless error. See Van Zandt v. Mbunda (In re Mbunda), 484

B.R. 344, 355 (9th Cir. BAP 2012) (“Generally speaking, we ignore harmless

error.”), aff’d, 604 F. App’x 552 (9th Cir. 2015); Civil Rule 61 (made

applicable by Rule 9005) (“At every stage of the proceeding, the court must

disregard all errors and defects that do not affect a party’s substantial

rights.”).

D. The court did not abuse its discretion by awarding attorney’s fees
and costs to Appellees.

Finally, Debtor challenges the bankruptcy court’s award of attorney’s

fees and costs. She argues that the requested fees were not supported by

substantial evidence and Mr. Robinson should not be entitled to attorney’s

fees for representing himself in the special motion to strike.

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 California’s anti-SLAPP statute provides that “a prevailing defendant

on a special motion to strike shall be entitled to recover that defendant’s

attorney’s fees and costs.” CCP § 425.16(c)(1). The award is mandatory to a

prevailing movant. Phillips v. Gilman (In re Gilman), BAP No. CC-18-1101-

STaL, 2019 WL 3074607, at *5 (9th Cir. BAP July 12, 2019), aff’d, 836 F. App’x

511 (2020). Because “the anti-SLAPP statute is ‘intended to compensate a

defendant for the expense of responding to a SLAPP suit,’” the “‘provision

is broadly construed so as to effectuate the legislative purpose of

reimbursing the prevailing defendant for expenses incurred in extracting

herself from a baseless lawsuit.’” Graham-Sult, 756 F.3d at 752 (quoting

Wanland v. Law Offices of Mastagni, Holstedt & Chiurazzi, 141 Cal. App. 4th

15 (2006)).

State law governs awards of attorney’s fees under CCP § 425.16(c). Id.

at 751. Reversal of a fee award “is appropriate where there is no reasonable

basis for the ruling or the trial court has applied the wrong test or standard

in reaching its result.” Nichols v. City of Taft, 155 Cal. App. 4th 1233 (2007)

(cleaned up). Under California law, the determination of an appropriate fee

award begins with the lodestar, which requires the court to multiply the

reasonable hours spent on the case by the hourly prevailing rate for

attorneys in the community. See Ketchum v. Moses, 24 Cal. 4th 1122, 1131-33

(2001). The court may then adjust the figure based on factors specific to the

case. Id.

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 Here, the bankruptcy court considered Mr. Robinson’s declaration

and determined his hours and rate were reasonable. Mr. Robinson’s

declaration does not include any additional work performed solely on his

own behalf, and the amount awarded would be the same regardless of

whether Mr. Robinson was a named defendant. Debtor does not

demonstrate an abuse of discretion in the court’s fee award.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s order

granting with prejudice the special motion to strike and awarding

attorney’s fees and costs.

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