Doris Lapham v. Walgreen Co.

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[PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 21-10491
____________________

DORIS LAPHAM,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
WALGREEN CO.,
a for-profit and foreign corporation,
a.k.a. Walgreens,

Defendant-Appellee.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 6:19-cv-00579-PGB-DCI
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2 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

____________________

Before WILSON, BRANCH, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.
LAGOA, Circuit Judge:
Doris Lapham worked for the Walgreen Co. (“Walgreens”)
in various roles and at multiple store locations for over a decade
until April 13, 2017, when she was fired for the stated reasons of
insubordination and dishonesty. Lapham’s version of events, how-
ever, is that she was unfairly fired as a result of her requests for
leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”), 29 U.S.C.
§§ 2601–54, so that she could provide care to her disabled son. Lap-
ham alleges that Walgreens both interfered with her attempts to
obtain leave in violation of the FMLA and retaliated against her for
those attempts in violation of the FMLA and Florida’s Private Sec-
tor Whistleblower Act (“FWA”), Fla. Stat. § 448.102 et seq. 1 How-
ever, the district court below ultimately granted summary judg-
ment in favor of Walgreens on all of these claims.
This appeal asks us to determine whether the district court
erred in granting summary judgment to Walgreens on these claims
and, as part of that larger inquiry, what the proper causation stand-
ard is for FMLA and FWA retaliation claims. After careful consid-
eration, and with the benefit of oral argument, we hold that the

1 Courts have referred to this law as Florida’s “private sector Whistle-Blower

Act,” Golf Channel v. Jenkins, 752 So. 2d 561, 563 (Fla. 2000), or “Whistle
Blower’s Act,” Sierminski v. Transouth Fin. Corp., 216 F.3d 945, 947 (11th Cir.
2000)
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 3

proper causation standard for both FMLA and FWA retaliation
claims is but-for causation and that the district court correctly
granted summary judgment in favor of Walgreens on Lapham’s re-
taliation and interference claims. Accordingly, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
Lapham is a single mother whose son has Lennox-Gastaut
syndrome and Dravet syndrome, which are severe forms of epi-
lepsy. 2 As a result of these health issues, Lapham’s son is non-ver-
bal, uses a wheelchair, and requires a caregiver.
On November 16, 2006, Lapham was hired by Walgreens as
a service clerk. She subsequently became a photo specialist techni-
cian and then was promoted to a drug store management trainee.
In March 2012, Lapham voluntarily stepped down from her posi-
tion as a drug store management trainee to become a shift lead. 3
According to Lapham, she made this switch so that she could work
overnight shifts and have more time during the day to care for her
son. Between 2011 and 2016, Lapham requested and received

2 Lapham’s son was twenty years old as of January 23, 2020.

3 As a shift lead, Lapham was responsible for “cash handling, opening and clos-

ing the store as needed, store maintenance, department maintenance, engag-
ing with employees, engaging with customers, SIMS responsibilities, pricing
and inventory reports, cleanliness of the store, customer service, communi-
cating with other employees effectively, completing tasks assigned by the
[s]tore [m]anager or [a]ssistant [s]tore [m]anager,” and was required to “fol-
low[] Walgreens’ rules, policies, and procedures.”
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4 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

intermittent FMLA leave on a yearly basis for purposes of provid-
ing care to her son.
During this timeframe, Lapham worked at Store No. 3107
in Sanford, Florida and received annual performance reviews. For
the period from September 2011 through August 2012, Lapham re-
ceived an overall performance score of 1.0 out of 5.0, which indi-
cated that she had not been achieving expectations and had some
performance issues. 4 Lapham’s performance subsequently im-
proved, and she received a score of 3.0 for the period from Septem-
ber 2013 through August 2014, 5 which indicated she was achieving
expectations, and a score of 3.2 for the period from September 2014
through August 2015. 6
On November 11, 2015, Lapham asked another employee to
receive a delivery truck by himself while she stayed at the register.

4 Lapham’s 2012 performance evaluation was completed by Walgreens store

manager Jim Matheny. Matheny included a list of complaints in his evaluation
of Lapham, noting that she, among other things, “seldom” completed assigned
projects; lied about completing tasks; did “little to nothing to help with loss
prevention”; took an “excessive amount of breaks”; regularly belittled em-
ployees “in front of customers and other employees”; and even caused at least
one other employee to quit.
5 Lapham’s 2014 performance evaluation was completed by Steven Parrish.

Parrish did not include any comments in his evaluation of Lapham.
6 Store manager Karina Kaliman completed Lapham’s 2015 performance eval-

uation. Kaliman wrote that Lapham had “shown commitment for [the] store
condition” and been “on top of the restroom[] conditions,” but could be “more
consistent on detailing” and “needs to be more consistent on [Walgreens’] pro-
grams.”
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 5

Lapham claimed during her deposition that she received permis-
sion to do this from the assistant store manager, Michael Shariff,
because she had recently broken her hip and could not lift anything
over twenty pounds. The store manager, Karina Kaliman, met
with Lapham and Shariff on November 21, 2015, to discuss the in-
cident and subsequently disciplined Lapham with a formal notice.
On October 14, 2016, Lapham received her performance re-
view for the period from September 2015 through August 2016.
Kaliman, the outgoing store manager, had completed that evalua-
tion, but the new store manager, Chad Dunlap, shared it with Lap-
ham.7 Kaliman had given Lapham an overall score of 2.3 out of
5.0, which indicated that she was only “[p]artially [a]chieving
[e]xpectations.” Kaliman had also written that Lapham “re-
spond[ed] to customer needs in [a] friendly and respectful manner”
but “need[ed] to be more proactive [in] assisting customers” and
“promoting sales.” Kaliman had also indicated that Lapham some-
times left early from day shifts, “was not consistent on finishing her

7 Dunlap overlapped with Lapham at Store No. 3107 in 2016 for approximately

“[t]wo to three months.” Dunlap never formally disciplined Lapham but did
have “coaching conversations” and “performance discussions” with her. Dun-
lap testified that Lapham was a “loyal employee” whose work performance
was “acceptable,” but also acknowledged that he had had conversations with
her regarding “communication with team members and following up on as-
signed tasks.”
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6 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

task list,” and “need[ed] to have better communication with [the]
management team.”
Around this time, Lapham requested a transfer to a different
store location closer to her home. Walgreens granted that request
and transferred Lapham to Store No. 4423 in Daytona Beach, Flor-
ida, on January 28, 2017.
Shortly after Lapham began working at Store No. 4423, she
was placed on a sixty-day Performance Improvement Plan (“PIP”)
in accordance with Walgreens’ policy based on her 2016 perfor-
mance score.8 Lapham discussed the PIP at a meeting with the
store manager of Store No. 4423, Lisa Shelton, who had been told
about the decision to place Lapham on a PIP by the district man-
ager, Nicole Macek. Lapham also reached out to Walgreens’ Em-
ployee Relations Department (“HR”) for additional clarification on
the reason for the PIP and the overall PIP process.
Lapham claims that, around this time, she complained about
four categories of work conditions at Store No. 4423: (1) blocked
fire exits; (2) the presence of bodily fluids; (3) a cockroach infesta-
tion; and (4) an unsanitary cooler containing salmonella and bugs.
Lapham took some photographs of the conditions at Store No.

8 Under Walgreens’ policy, PIPs are required for all employees who score be-

low a certain level on performance evaluations.
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 7

4423, but never submitted any of her photographs to either Shelton
or Walgreens’ corporate office.9
On February 16, 2017, Lapham submitted an FMLA leave
request to Shelton for her signature as store manager. The request
was for intermittent FMLA leave from February 2017 through Feb-
ruary 2018 and was Lapham’s first FMLA request at Store No. 4423.
Walgreens maintains that Lapham was supposed to send the pa-
perwork directly to the Unpaid Leave Department and that Shelton
was not responsible for playing any role in the approval process.
On February 23, 2017, after waiting a week for Shelton’s signature,
Lapham complained to both Shelton and HR about the delay. Shel-
ton signed the request form that day and then sent it to HR for
approval four days later, on February 27, 2017.
On March 3, 2017, the Unpaid Leave Department mailed
Lapham a letter asking for clarification regarding the start date for
the requested leave period. Lapham never received that letter,
however, because it had been sent to her old address on file with
the Unpaid Leave Department and not her new address that she
had listed on the request form.
On March 31, 2017, Lapham asked Shelton for a day off to
take her son to a doctor’s appointment. Shelton called HR about
the single-day request and was told that Lapham did not have any
FMLA days available to use because, at that time, Lapham had not

9 These health and safety complaints are not a major feature of the parties’

arguments on appeal.
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8 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

been approved for intermittent FMLA leave. Accordingly, Shelton
denied Lapham’s request for the day off, allegedly telling her that
“the [work] schedule was already up” and to “make [other] accom-
modations” for her son. Meanwhile, Shelton did not sign Lapham’s
updated FMLA leave request form that day. Lapham subsequently
learned that her FMLA leave request had been denied because she
had not provided the additional information regarding dates. Lap-
ham promptly filled out an updated FMLA leave request form for
that year, this time specifying the start and end dates (March 31,
2017, through March 31, 2018) on the form itself, 10 and gave the
form to Shelton for her signature.
On April 4 and 5, 2017, while the updated request form re-
mained unsigned, Shelton contacted HR to discuss Lapham’s work
performance. During one of those conversations, Shelton told
Amanda Miranda, an employee in HR, that Lapham was “actively
disregarding instructions,” lying to management, and “sabotaging
the store.” Miranda advised Shelton that Walgreens would support
her decision to fire Lapham if she properly documented instances

10 Lapham’s original leave request form was submitted along with a certifica-

tion from her health care provider that included specific start and end dates
for leave. Lapham generally maintains that Walgreens should not have
needed to ask for clarification as to those dates and that, by doing so,
Walgreens created an unnecessary delay.
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 9

of insubordination and reviewed everything with the district man-
ager prior to moving forward with termination.
During both of these conversations, Shelton mentioned
Lapham’s request for FMLA leave. Specifically, Shelton reported
that Lapham called out of work for two days even though her re-
quest had not yet been approved and that Lapham said she would
“take a leave” until the current manager had left and the PIP had
ended. Miranda advised Shelton to refrain from disciplining Lap-
ham for any attendance issues until the FMLA leave request was
approved or denied. Miranda also advised Shelton that, if she de-
cided to terminate Lapham, she should make it clear that the deci-
sion was based on Lapham’s poor performance and not Lapham’s
requests for leave. Miranda has since testified that it is standard
policy for HR to ask the manager in these discussions whether the
given employee has requested leave and whether there is any addi-
tional relevant information.
Following her discussions with Miranda, Shelton created a
document on April 6, 2017, containing a list of instances wherein
Lapham failed to complete assigned tasks or otherwise meet expec-
tations on April 5 and 6. Shelton claims that this was not a com-
prehensive list of instances of Lapham’s poor performance and that
Lapham generally “exaggerate[ed] the truth” about some things
and failed to perform certain tasks.
The next day, on April 7, 2017, Lapham complained to Shel-
ton about Shelton’s delay in signing her updated FMLA leave re-
quest form, which she had submitted for Shelton’s signature a
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10 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

week prior. Shelton then signed it and forwarded the request to
HR that same day.
While the request was pending, Lapham called HR on April
10, 2017, to report that Shelton was retaliating against her. Mean-
while, on April 12, 2017, Ashley Williams, another shift lead at
Store No. 4423, authored a written statement in which she alleged
that, during a shift on the weekend of April 8 and 9, Lapham in-
structed other employees not to perform duties that Shelton and
the assistant store manager had assigned to them. Lapham, how-
ever, swears that Williams’s account is incorrect and denies ever
telling other employees not to do their assigned tasks.
Finally, on April 13, 2017, Lapham arrived at work and was
called into the office, where Shelton informed her that she had
been terminated. Walgreens subsequently denied Lapham’s
FMLA leave request on the basis of her termination. The company
maintains that Lapham was properly terminated for insubordina-
tion and dishonesty and that her request for FMLA leave was there-
fore properly denied.
B. Procedural History
On February 5, 2019, Lapham initiated a lawsuit against
Walgreens in the Seventh Judicial Circuit in and for Volusia
County, Florida, bringing claims under the FWA, the FMLA, and
the Florida Civil Rights Act (“FCRA”), Fla. Stat. § 760.01 et seq.
Walgreens removed the action to federal court pursuant to 28
U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1441(a) the following month.
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Lapham filed the operative amended complaint on April 16,
2019. That complaint brought four claims against Walgreens: re-
taliation in violation of the FWA (Count I); retaliation in violation
of the FMLA (Count II); interference in violation of the FMLA
(Count III); and retaliation in violation of the FCRA (Count IV).
Walgreens moved to dismiss Counts I and IV, arguing that Lapham
had failed to state a claim under either the FWA or the FCRA. On
July 15, 2019, after full briefing, the district court granted in part
and denied in part the motion, dismissing only Count IV. Follow-
ing the resolution of the motion to dismiss, Walgreens filed its an-
swer. In that filing, Walgreens generally denied or claimed to lack
knowledge about Lapham’s allegations and raised seven affirma-
tive defenses.
On June 8, 2020, Walgreens filed a motion for summary
judgment, challenging all three of Lapham’s remaining claims. As
to the retaliation claims, Walgreens first argued that Lapham could
not establish a prima facie case of retaliation because she had not
engaged in any protected activity. Walgreens next argued that,
even if Lapham had engaged in any protected activity, she could
not satisfy the causation element of retaliation because she admit-
ted at her deposition that she had not raised any complaints about
employment conditions until after Shelton had already consulted
with HR about Lapham’s performance. Walgreens then argued
that Lapham could not show that its reasons for terminating her
were merely pretext for retaliation. As to the interference claim,
Walgreens argued that Lapham’s request for FMLA leave was
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12 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

denied solely because she had already been terminated and thus
was no longer eligible for FMLA leave. 11
Lapham filed her response in opposition to Walgreens’ mo-
tion for summary judgment on July 15, 2020. As to the retaliation
claims, Lapham argued that her various complaints about employ-
ment conditions between February 2017 and April 2017 qualified
as protected activities. Relatedly, Lapham maintained that the tim-
ing of her complaints supports the causation element of retaliation,
since she had engaged in protected activity less than two months
before her termination. Lapham also argued that Walgreens’ rea-
sons for termination were pretextual, as evidenced by the com-
pany’s shifting and inconsistent explanations for the decision. As
to the interference claim, Lapham argued that she would have
qualified for and been granted FMLA leave had she not been
wrongfully terminated. 12 According to Lapham, Walgreens com-
mitted interference by failing to process and grant her requests for

11 In support of its motion for summary judgment, Walgreens submitted,

among other things, Lapham’s objections and verified answers to its first set
of interrogatories; a transcript of the July 12, 2019, Appellate Hearing before
the Florida Department of Economic Opportunity; transcripts of the deposi-
tions of Lapham, Dunlap, Keri Garfield, Miranda, and Shelton; and the decla-
rations of Miranda and Williams. The parties also submitted a joint stipulation
of agreed material facts.
12 In addition to the documents submitted by Walgreens, Lapham relied upon,

among other things, her performance rating history report; her formal request
for leave; the declaration of Michael Rivera, one of Lapham’s former managers
at Walgreens; and various other employment documents.
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 13

leave and by failing to provide her with a notice of her rights and
responsibilities in a timely manner.
In its reply, Walgreens asserted that the applicable causation
standard for retaliation is but-for causation and maintained that
Lapham could not make such a showing. Walgreens similarly ar-
gued that Lapham could not show that she engaged in any pro-
tected activity or that any actionable interference occurred.
In a surreply, Lapham disputed Walgreens’ contention that
but-for causation applies to FMLA retaliation claims, noting that
the Eleventh Circuit had not opined on the matter and that other
circuit courts have held otherwise. Aside from the causation issue,
Lapham generally maintained that triable issues of fact existed as
to each of her claims.
On October 19, 2020, the district court issued an order grant-
ing in part and denying in part Walgreens’ motion for summary
judgment. The district court began its analysis with the two retal-
iation claims and determined that Lapham had established a prima
facie case of FWA retaliation based only on her objections to an
alleged insect infestation and Shelton’s alleged interference with
her FMLA request, and of FMLA retaliation based on her request
for leave. In doing so, the district court concluded that Lapham
could (and did) satisfy the causation requirement by showing
merely a “close temporal proximity” between a protected activity
and an adverse action. The district court then shifted the burden
to Walgreens to proffer a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the
adverse action and found that the company had adequately done
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14 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

so. However, the court also found that Lapham had presented suf-
ficient evidence for a reasonable jury to conclude that her termina-
tion was motivated by retaliation for requesting FMLA leave rather
than any of her documented misconduct. Thus, the court allowed
the FMLA retaliation claim (Count II) to survive in full and allowed
the FWA retaliation claim (Count I) to survive insofar as it was tied
to the request for FMLA leave. The district court then turned to
Lapham’s FMLA interference claim (Count III) and similarly con-
cluded that, because a reasonable jury could conclude that the prof-
fered reasons for Lapham’s termination were pretextual, it could
also conclude that Walgreens interfered with her FMLA rights by
terminating her and denying her request for leave.
On November 16, 2020, Walgreens filed a motion for recon-
sideration asking the district court to reconsider its causation anal-
ysis of the retaliation claims and to apply a but-for causation stand-
ard. Walgreens also asked the district court to reconsider whether
any “actual violation” of law occurred for purposes of the FWA.
According to Walgreens, these matters, if properly revisited, re-
quired the dismissal of all three claims. In response, Lapham de-
fended the summary judgment ruling and asserted that Walgreens’
rehashed arguments did not warrant reconsideration.
On January 14, 2021, the district court granted the motion
for reconsideration. Critically, the district court agreed with
Walgreens that but-for causation is the proper causation standard
for both FWA and FMLA retaliation claims in light of the Supreme
Court’s reasoning in University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 15

v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338 (2013). See id. at 351–63 (determining that
the proper standard of causation for retaliation claims under Title
VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is but-for causation based on 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a)’s use of the word “because”). Using the but-for
causation standard, the district court concluded that Lapham had
“fail[ed] to produce evidence that [Walgreens’] proffered reason for
her termination . . . was merely a pretext to mask its real reason
(i.e., FMLA retaliation), and that but for the latter, [Walgreens]
would not have fired her.” Relatedly, the district court also con-
cluded that Lapham had failed to establish any triable issues as to
the interference claim. Based on these determinations, the district
court instructed the clerk to enter judgment in favor of Walgreens
on all three of Lapham’s claims.
Lapham timely appealed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“We review [a] district court’s grant of summary judgment
de novo.” Marbury v. Warden, 936 F.3d 1227, 1232 (11th Cir. 2019).
In doing so, we “view all the evidence and draw all reasonable in-
ferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.”
Caldwell v. Warden, FCI Talladega, 748 F.3d 1090, 1098 (11th Cir.
2014). Summary judgment is proper when the evidence, viewed in
this light, “presents no genuine issue of material fact and compels
judgment as a matter of law in favor of the moving party.” Id.
(quoting Owusu-Ansah v. Coca-Cola Co., 715 F.3d 1306, 1307 (11th
Cir. 2013)). We may affirm a grant of summary judgment “if there
exists any adequate ground for doing so, regardless of whether it is
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16 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

. . . one on which the district court relied.” Fitzpatrick v. City of At-
lanta, 2 F.3d 1112, 1117 (11th Cir. 1993).
III. ANALYSIS
On appeal, Lapham argues that the district court erred by
entering judgment in favor of Walgreens on her FMLA and FWA
retaliation claims and her FMLA interference claim. For the rea-
sons that follow, we disagree.
A. The Retaliation Claims
We begin our analysis with Lapham’s two retaliation claims.
Claims of retaliation can be supported with either direct or circum-
stantial evidence. See Pennington v. City of Huntsville, 261 F.3d 1262,
1265 (11th Cir. 2001). But when a plaintiff alleging retaliation pre-
sents only circumstantial evidence and no direct evidence, we ap-
ply the burden-shifting framework set forth by the Supreme Court
in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 801–05 (1973). See
McAlpin v. Sneads, 61 F.4th 916, 927 (11th Cir. 2023). This is true
for both FMLA retaliation and FWA retaliation claims. See id.
Under the McDonnell Douglas framework, the plaintiff bears
the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of retaliation.
Id. To do so, the plaintiff must show that “(1) [s]he engaged in stat-
utorily protected [conduct]; (2) [s]he suffered an adverse employ-
ment action; and (3) there is some causal relation between the two
events.” Id. (quoting Rice-Lamar v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 853 So.
2d 1125, 1132–33 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2003)). If the plaintiff makes
that initial showing, the burden next “shifts to the defendant to
proffer a legitimate reason for the adverse action” taken against the
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 17

plaintiff. Id. (quoting Sierminski v. Transouth Fin. Corp., 216 F.3d
945, 950 (11th Cir. 2000)). This responsive burden is a simple “bur-
den of production that ‘can involve no credibility assessment.’”
Flowers v. Troup Cnty., Ga., Sch. Dist., 803 F.3d 1327, 1336 (11th Cir.
2015) (quoting St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 509
(1993)). And if the defendant clears that “low” hurdle, see id., “[t]he
burden then shifts back to the plaintiff to prove by a preponderance
of the evidence that the ‘legitimate’ reason is merely pretext for
prohibited, retaliatory conduct,” McAlpin, 61 F.4th at 927 (altera-
tion in original) (quoting Sierminski, 216 F.3d at 950). The plaintiff,
therefore, bears the ultimate burden of persuasion. See Flowers, 803
F.3d at 1336.
At the outset, Lapham contends that the McDonnell Douglas
framework is inapplicable because the record contains direct evi-
dence of retaliation in the form of the call records and testimony
regarding the April 4 and 5, 2017, conversations between Shelton
and HR. That evidence, in Lapham’s view, clearly establishes that
Shelton “complained” about her FMLA requests and thus consti-
tutes direct evidence that Shelton possessed a “retaliatory attitude.”
This view is mistaken. The evidence relating to the April 4 and 5
conversations certainly establishes that Shelton mentioned Lap-
ham’s FMLA leave requests while discussing Lapham’s workplace
conduct (which included then-unapproved absences) with HR. At
best, this supports an inference that Lapham’s termination was con-
nected to the requests for FMLA leave, but it does not directly
show that Shelton harbored any ill will on account of the requests.
And, as Lapham implicitly concedes, the rest of the evidence in the
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18 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

record is circumstantial as well. Accordingly, McDonnell Douglas
squarely applies.
Within the framework of McDonnell Douglas, Lapham con-
tends that she met her initial burden to establish a prima facie case
of retaliation and also met her subsequent burden to rebut
Walgreens’ supposed nondiscriminatory justifications for her ter-
mination. In making this argument, Lapham maintains, as she did
below, that a prima facie case of retaliation under both the FMLA
and the FWA requires merely a motivating-factor showing of cau-
sation and not a but-for showing.13 As noted, the district court ini-
tially agreed with Lapham but, on reconsideration, determined
that her retaliation claims must satisfy a but-for causation standard.
And given that we have not yet clearly articulated the causation
standard for FMLA and FWA retaliation claims, 14 this is

13 Walgreens does not now dispute that Lapham engaged in statutorily pro-

tected conduct and suffered an adverse employment action—two of the three
components of the prima facie case of retaliation. Additionally, Lapham does
not dispute that Walgreens has proffered what it claims are legitimate reasons
for her termination. Thus, the dispute before us centers around the causation
component of the prima facie case and the question of pretext.
14 On one hand, we have said that, to prove FMLA retaliation, an employee

must show that her “employer’s actions ‘were motivated by an impermissible
retaliatory or discriminatory animus.’” Jones v. Gulf Coast Health Care of Del.,
LLC, 854 F.3d 1261, 1270 (11th Cir. 2017) (emphasis added) (quoting Strickland
v. Water Works & Sewer Bd. of City of Birmingham, 239 F.3d 1199, 1207 (11th Cir.
2001)); Martin v. Brevard Cnty. Pub. Sch., 543 F.3d 1261, 1267–68 (11th Cir. 2008)
(same). On the other hand, we have also said that FMLA retaliation claims
arise when “an employee asserts that his employer discriminated against him
because he engaged in activity protected by the [FMLA].” Jones, 854 F.3d at
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 19

unsurprisingly one of the main points of contention between the
parties on appeal.
In resolving this issue, we begin where we must: with the
text of the relevant statutes. The retaliation provision of the FMLA
provides that “[i]t shall be unlawful for any employer to discharge
or in any other manner discriminate against any individual for op-
posing any practice made unlawful by this subchapter.” 15 29 U.S.C.

1267 (emphasis added) (quoting Strickland, 239 F.3d at 1206); Pereda v.
Brookdale Senior Living Cmtys., Inc., 666 F.3d 1269, 1272 (11th Cir. 2012) (using
the same “because” language); see also Batson v. Salvation Army, 897 F.3d 1320,
1331 (11th Cir. 2018) (“At summary judgment, . . . we ask whether the evi-
dence, viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, establishes
as a matter of law that the employer would have terminated the employee
regardless of her request for or use of FMLA leave.”).
15 Some of our sister circuits have suggested that 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(2) is not

the exclusive retaliation provision of the FMLA and that 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(1)
might be a better fit, depending on the circumstances of the case. See
§ 2615(a)(1) (“It shall be unlawful for any employer to interfere with, restrain,
or deny the exercise of or the attempt to exercise, any right provided under
this subchapter.”); see, e.g., Woods v. START Treatment & Recovery Ctrs., Inc.,
864 F.3d 158, 166–67 (2d Cir. 2017) (“We now hold that FMLA retaliation
claims like [the plaintiff’s], i.e., terminations for exercising FMLA rights by, for
example, taking legitimate FMLA leave, are actionable under § 2615(a)(1).”);
Hodgens v. Gen. Dynamics Corp., 144 F.3d 151, 160 n.4 (1st Cir. 1998) (“The
[FMLA] itself does not explicitly make it unlawful to discharge or discriminate
against an employee for exercising her rights under the Act . . . . Nevertheless,
the Act was clearly intended to provide such protection. . . . Such protection
can be read into § 2615(a)(1) . . . .”). But see Bryant v. Dollar Gen. Corp., 538 F.3d
394, 400–02 (6th Cir. 2008) (determining that § 2615(a)(2) is a source of retali-
ation claims).
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20 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

§ 2615(a)(2) (emphasis added). Meanwhile, the retaliation provi-
sion of the FWA provides that “[a]n employer may not take any
retaliatory personnel action against an employee because the em-
ployee has” engaged in a specified protected activity. Fla. Stat.
§ 448.102 (emphasis added). Thus, both provisions contain either
“because [of]” language or equivalent language. 16 See For, Black’s
Law Dictionary (6th ed. 1990) (“Used in sense of ‘because of,’ ‘on
account of,’ or ‘in consequence of.’”); For, Merriam-Webster Diction-
ary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/for (last

On some occasions, this Court has clearly divided § 2615(a)(1) and
§ 2615(a)(2), framing the former as the source of interference claims and the
latter as the source of retaliation claims. See O’Connor v. PCA Family Health
Plan, Inc., 200 F.3d 1349, 1352 (11th Cir. 2000); Strickland, 239 F.3d at 1206. On
other occasions, however, this Court has acknowledged some connection be-
tween § 2615(a)(1) and retaliation claims. See Munoz v. Selig Enters., Inc., 981
F.3d 1265, 1275, 1280 (11th Cir. 2020) (citing both § 2615(a)(1) and (2) for the
proposition that the FMLA prohibits retaliation, but later referring to
§ 2615(a)(2) as “[t]his anti-retaliation provision”); Surtain v. Hamlin Terrace
Found., 789 F.3d 1239, 1247 (11th Cir. 2015) (interpreting § 2615(a)(1) to “pro-
vide protection against retaliation for exercising or attempting to exercise
rights under the [FMLA]”). Either way, our precedent establishes that
§ 2615(a)(2) is relevant to FMLA retaliation claims; we therefore consider
§ 2615(a)(2) and its use of the word “for” when determining the proper causa-
tion standard for FMLA retaliation claims. This is consistent with the parties’
arguments.
16 Insofar as it is relevant, § 2615(b)—which governs interference with pro-

ceedings or inquiries—uses “because [of]” causation language. See id. (“It shall
be unlawful for any person to discharge or in any manner discriminate against
any individual because such individual [engaged in a specified protected activ-
ity].” (emphasis added)). There is no motivating-factor causation language
within § 2615.
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 21

visited September 27, 2023) (describing “for” as being synonymous
with “because of”). Although this kind of language does not, upon
first glance, explicitly endorse one causation standard or the other,
the Supreme Court’s decision in University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338 (2013), indicates that this kind
of language carries with it a but-for standard.
In Nassar, the Supreme Court was faced with the task of
“defin[ing] the proper standard of causation for Title VII retaliation
claims.” Id. at 346. As relevant, Title VII’s retaliation provision
provides that “[i]t shall be an unlawful employment practice for an
employer to discriminate against any of his employees . . . because
he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment prac-
tice by this subchapter, or because he [engaged in a specified pro-
tected activity].” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a) (emphasis added). In con-
sidering the full meaning and implications of that language with
respect to causation, the Supreme Court first noted that the default
causation standard in tort law, historically speaking, had been the
but-for standard. See Nassar, 570 U.S. at 346–47; see also Comcast
Corp. v. Nat’l Ass’n of Afr. Am.-Owned Media, 140 S. Ct. 1009, 1014
(2020). Thus, the Supreme Court reasoned, “absent an indication
to the contrary in the statute itself,” a statute that sounds in tort is
“presumed to have incorporated” the default but-for standard. See
Nassar, 570 U.S. at 347. The Supreme Court then contrasted Title
VII’s retaliation provision, § 2000e-3(a), with its discrimination pro-
vision, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m), which expressly establishes a
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22 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

motivating-factor causation standard.17 See id. at 347–57; see also
§ 2000e-2(m) (“[A]n unlawful employment practice is established
when the complaining party demonstrates that race, color, reli-
gion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for any employ-
ment practice, even though other factors also motivated the prac-
tice.” (emphasis added)). The absence of similar motivating-factor
language in the retaliation provision, according to the Supreme
Court, supported a but-for reading of that provision. See Nassar,
570 U.S. at 354 (explaining that, “[i]f Congress had desired to make
the motivating-factor standard applicable to all Title VII claims,”
Congress “could have inserted the motivating-factor provision as
part of a section that applies to all such claims, such as § 2000e-5,
which establishes the rules and remedies for all Title VII enforce-
ment actions”). Based on this reasoning, the Supreme Court con-
cluded that the proper causation standard for Title VII retaliation
claims is but-for causation. See id. at 362–63. And notably, in doing
so, the Supreme Court declined to defer to the interpretation of
Title VII’s retaliation provision articulated in an Equal Employ-
ment Opportunity Commission guidance manual. See id. at 360–
62.
Now, to be sure, Nassar concerned Title VII—a different
statute from the ones at issue here. Thus, when looking to Nassar

17 The Supreme Court also compared Title VII’s retaliation provision to the

language of the provisions enacted by the Age Discrimination in Employment
Act of 1967 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. See Nassar, 570
U.S. at 349–51, 354–57.
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 23

for guidance on how to interpret the FMLA and the FWA, “we
‘must be careful not to apply rules applicable under one statute to
a different statute without careful and critical examination.’” Gross
v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 174 (2009) (quoting Fed. Express
Corp. v. Holowecki, 552 U.S. 389, 393 (2008)). With that in mind, the
retaliation provisions of both the FMLA and the FWA are suffi-
ciently similar to the retaliation provision of Title VII for Nassar to
be especially instructive. Critically, all three provisions use “be-
cause [of]” language or an equivalent. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a);
29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(2); Fla. Stat. § 448.102; see also Burrage v. United
States, 571 U.S. 204, 212–13 (2014) (“Where there is no textual or
contextual indication to the contrary, courts regularly read phrases
like ‘results from’ to require but-for causality. . . . Our insistence on
but-for causality has not been restricted to statutes using the term
‘because of.’”). And all three provisions were enacted against the
historic, default but-for causation standard. 18 See Nassar, 570 U.S.
at 346–47; Comcast, 140 S. Ct. at 1014. Moreover, at least with

18 Many district courts within this Circuit have determined, based on Nassar,

that the applicable causation standard for FMLA retaliation claims is the “but-
for” standard. See, e.g., Jimenez-Ruiz v. Sch. Bd., No. 8:18-CV-01768, 2020 WL
434927, at *8 n.4 (M.D. Fla. Jan 28, 2020); Garrard v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No.
8:15-cv- 2476, 2016 WL 11491316, at *4 (M.D. Fla. Nov. 7, 2016); Jones v. Allstate
Ins. Co., 281 F. Supp. 3d 1211, 1219 (N.D. Ala. 2016), aff’d, 707 F. App’x 641
(11th Cir. 2017); Sparks v. Sunshine Mills, Inc., No. 3:12-cv-02544, 2013 WL
4760964, at *17 n.4 (N.D. Ala. Sept. 4, 2013), aff’d, 580 F. App’x 759 (11th Cir.
2014). Those rulings are consistent with our precedent, which has endorsed
construing the FMLA’s retaliation provision in the same manner as Title VII’s.
See Munoz, 981 F.3d at 1280.
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24 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

respect to the FWA, we are bound to follow Nassar because that is
what the only Florida appellate court to address this issue did. See
Chaudhry v. Adventist Health Sys. Sunbelt, Inc., 305 So. 3d 809, 817
(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2020) (“Nassar requires the use of a ‘but for’ ra-
ther than a ‘motivating factor’ causation standard when analyzing
claims under [the FWA].”); see also Nunez v. Geico Gen. Ins. Co., 685
F.3d 1205, 1210 (11th Cir. 2012) (“Absent a clear decision from the
Florida Supreme Court on [an] issue, ‘we are bound to follow de-
cisions of the state’s intermediate appellate courts unless there is
some persuasive indication that the highest court of the state
would decide the issue differently.’” (quoting McMahan v. Toto, 311
F.3d 1077, 1080 (11th Cir. 2002))).
Despite the parallels to Title VII’s retaliation provision, Lap-
ham insists that at least the FMLA’s retaliation provision is mean-
ingfully distinguishable because the FMLA elsewhere delegates au-
thority to the Department of Labor (“DOL”), which has endorsed
a “negative factor” causation standard for retaliation claims. This
is in reference to 29 U.S.C. § 2654, a provision of the FMLA that
states that “[t]he Secretary of Labor shall prescribe such regulations
as are necessary to carry out” other portions of the FMLA, and 29
C.F.R § 825.220(c), a DOL regulation that interprets the FMLA to
mean that “employers cannot use the taking of FMLA leave as a
negative factor in employment actions.” (Emphasis added). In light
of these authorities, Lapham contends that we ought to defer to
the DOL and read the FMLA’s retaliation provision as departing
from the default but-for causation standard.
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 25

When deciding whether to defer to an agency’s interpreta-
tion of its own enabling statute, we are required to apply the two-
step framework set forth by the Supreme Court in Chevron v. Natu-
ral Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837 (1984). 19 Under that
framework, we first ask “whether Congress has directly spoken to
the precise question at issue.” Id. at 842. If Congress has, “that is
the end of the matter,” for we “must give effect to the unambigu-
ously expressed intent of Congress.” Id. at 842–43. If Congress has
not, we then proceed to ask “whether the agency’s answer is based
on a permissible construction of the statute,” id. at 843, or in other
words, “whether the agency’s construction is ‘rational and con-
sistent with the statute,’” Sullivan v. Everhart, 494 U.S. 83, 89 (1990)
(quoting NLRB v. Food & Com. Workers, 484 U.S. 112, 123 (1987)).
Thus, we defer to an agency’s interpretation of a statute only when
Congress has not directly spoken on the precise question at issue
and the agency’s interpretation is rational and consistent with the
statute.
In this case, Lapham’s deference argument fails at the first
step of the Chevron framework. Applying the reasoning of Nassar,
by writing the FMLA’s retaliation provision to include the equiva-
lent of “because [of]” language (and no other causation language),
Congress clearly chose to embrace the default but-for causation

19 This is true at least for the time being.
See Loper Bright Enters. v. Raimondo,
143 S. Ct. 2429 (2023) (granting certiorari to consider “[w]hether the Court
should overrule Chevron or at least clarify that statutory silence concerning
controversial powers expressly but narrowly granted elsewhere in the statute
does not constitute an ambiguity requiring deference to the agency”).
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26 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

standard. And because Congress did so, we cannot defer to the
DOL’s contrary interpretation. See Hylton v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 992
F.3d 1154, 1158 (11th Cir. 2021) (“[I]f Congress has written clearly,
then our inquiry ends and ‘we must give effect to the unambigu-
ously expressed intent of Congress.’” (quoting Barton v. U.S. Att’y
Gen., 904 F.3d 1294, 1298 (11th Cir. 2018))).
For these reasons, we hold that the proper causation stand-
ard for FMLA and FWA retaliation claims is but-for causation. Our
next task, then, is to determine whether Lapham has raised any tri-
able issue of fact as to her retaliation claims in light of the McDonnell
Douglas framework and its incorporation of the but-for causation
standard. See Flowers, 803 F.3d at 1336.
As relevant, but-for causation “is established whenever a
particular outcome would not have happened ‘but for’ the pur-
ported cause.” Bostock v. Clayton County, 140 S. Ct. 1731, 1739
(2020). Thus, the but-for test “directs us to change one thing at a
time and see if the outcome changes.” Id. If it does, the isolated
factor is a but-for cause. And if it does not, the isolated factor is not
a but-for cause, and all of the other factors, taken together, are suf-
ficient. See id.; see also Burrage, 571 U.S. at 211 (describing a but-for
cause as a “straw that broke the camel’s back”). To be clear, single
events often “have multiple but-for causes,” so the but-for standard
can be quite “sweeping,” depending on the circumstances. Bostock,
140 S. Ct. at 1739. For purposes of McDonnell Douglas, this but-for
standard demarcates the causation component of the employee’s
initial, prima facie showing requirement and also shapes the
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 27

subsequent burdens of both the employer (i.e., to proffer a legiti-
mate reason sufficient to justify the termination) and the employee
(i.e., to show that the reason proffered by the employer is pre-
textual).
With this understanding, we agree with the district court
that Lapham has failed to produce sufficient evidence showing that
Walgreens’ proffered reasons for her termination were merely pre-
text for retaliation and that, but for the retaliation, Walgreens
would not have fired her. Walgreens maintains that Lapham was
terminated for insubordination and dishonesty, and that justifica-
tion is consistent with Shelton’s testimony during this litigation as
well as what she reported to HR on April 4 and 5, 2017. It also is
consistent with Lapham’s performance reviews from previous
years, in which other managers (i.e., not Shelton) reported that
Lapham had performance and communication issues and failed to
complete her assigned tasks on multiple occasions. And Lapham
has failed to “meet [Walgreens’ justifications] head on” and mean-
ingfully rebut them. 20 Alvarez v. Royal Atl. Devs., Inc., 610 F.3d 1253,

20 To be sure, Lapham has broadly denied “engag[ing] in any ‘insubordina-

tion,’” failing to complete assigned tasks, and “ma[king] up excuses not to do
tasks.” But Lapham has also acknowledged that, on some occasions, her as-
signed tasks were not completed. She blames those instances on Shelton’s
directions to “do something else.” In addition to being somewhat equivocal,
this testimony does not directly address what matters: whether Shelton and
Walgreens had a good-faith belief that Lapham sometimes improperly failed
to complete assigned tasks. See Gogel v. Kia Motors Mfg. of Ga., Inc., 967 F.3d
1121, 1149 (11th Cir. 2020) (en banc) (“What matters in this inquiry is what the
employer in good faith believes the employee to have done, not whether the
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28 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

1266 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting Chapman v. Al Transport, 229 F.3d
1012, 1030 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc)).
Instead, Lapham simply chalks her termination up to retali-
ation while pointing to several pieces of evidence that, taken to-
gether, fail to create a genuine issue of fact on the issue. For in-
stance, Lapham points to the evidence that Shelton brought up
Lapham’s FMLA leave requests during the April 4 and 5, 2017, dis-
cussions with HR about her alleged performance issues. But the
fact that Shelton mentioned Lapham’s then-pending FMLA leave
requests to HR does not raise any red flags given that, according to
Miranda, it is standard practice at Walgreens for HR to ask manag-
ers about FMLA leave requests during these sorts of conversations.
Lapham also points to evidence that, on multiple instances before
April 4, 2017, Shelton denied Lapham’s informal requests to change
the schedule so that she could take specific days off. However, this
evidence carries minimal weight considering that Lapham’s official
requests for FMLA leave had not yet been approved by HR at the
time of these informal requests to Shelton.21

employee actually engaged in the particular conduct.”). For these reasons,
Lapham’s testimony is not sufficient by itself to create a genuine issue of ma-
terial fact on this issue. Nor is it accompanied by any other evidence that cre-
ates a genuine issue.
21 According to Lapham, when Shelton denied the requests for specific days

off, she said “[n]o, the schedule is already up,” “make other accommodations,”
and “[y]ou need to be able to do your job and you are not doing your job.”
Lapham characterizes these statements as “hostile and discriminatory com-
ments,” but, in truth, they do not rise to the level required to support a claim
of retaliation. Cf. Jones, 854 F.3d at 1270–71, 1275–76 (finding a genuine issue
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 29

Lapham’s only other notable evidence of retaliation pertains
to the timing of her FMLA leave requests. Lapham contends that
the fact that Shelton took eleven days to sign and submit her origi-
nal 2017 leave request form and then seven days to sign and submit
her updated 2017 leave request form is evidence of a retaliatory
motive on the part of Shelton. Lapham also contends that the prox-
imity in time between the final submission of her updated 2017
leave request (April 7, 2017) and her termination (April 13, 2017) is
further evidence of a retaliatory connection. The issue with Lap-
ham’s first argument is that Shelton’s delays were not so unreason-
able as to indicate a retaliatory motive. And the issue with Lap-
ham’s second argument is that, generally speaking, a close tem-
poral proximity between requesting leave and being terminated is
not sufficient to establish pretext in the absence of other, meaning-
ful evidence. See Hurlbert v. St. Mary’s Health Care Sys., Inc., 439 F.3d
1286, 1298 (11th Cir. 2006) (noting that a close temporal proximity
of “no more than two weeks, under the broadest reading of the
facts,” would “probably” be “insufficient to establish pretext by it-
self”). Ultimately, considering the circumstances, these timing ar-
guments do not expose any genuine issues of material fact.
In sum, Lapham has failed to adequately show that
Walgreens’ proffered reasons for her termination (i.e.,

of material fact as to retaliation where the supervisor made comments that
“corporate would not like the timing of [the employee’s] FMLA leave” and
that the employee was being suspended because corporate believed that he
had abused and misused his FMLA leave).
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30 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

insubordination and dishonesty) were merely pretext for retalia-
tion and that, but for her attempts to exercise her FMLA rights, she
would not have been fired. 22 Accordingly, the district court did not
err in granting summary judgment to Walgreens on Lapham’s
FMLA and FWA retaliation claims.
B. The Interference Claim
We turn next to Lapham’s FMLA interference claim. To
succeed on such a claim, a plaintiff must prove that she was “denied
a benefit to which [she] was entitled under the FMLA,” 23 McAlpin,
61 F.4th at 927 (quoting Schaaf v. Smithkline Beecham Corp., 602 F.3d
1236, 1241 (11th Cir. 2010)), and that, as a result, she was prejudiced
in some way that is “remediable by either ‘damages’ or ‘equitable
relief,’” Ramji v. Hosp. Housekeeping Sys., LLC, 992 F.3d 1233, 1241
(11th Cir. 2021) (quoting Evans v. Books-A-Million, 762 F.3d 1288,
1296 (11th Cir. 2014)).

22 Lapham separately contends that the district court failed to afford proper

weight to evidence postdating the April 5, 2017, phone call, which (according
to Lapham, at least) also goes to causation. To be clear, we have considered
this argument and the evidence Lapham cites in support, and none of it moves
the needle.
23 An employee does not have to expressly assert his right to take FMLA leave

in order to be entitled to it but must at least provide notice that is “sufficient
to make the employer aware that the employee needs FMLA-qualifying leave,
and [of] the anticipated timing and duration of the leave.” Cruz v. Publix Super
Mkts., Inc., 428 F.3d 1379, 1383 (11th Cir. 2005) (quoting 29 C.F.R.
§ 825.302(c)).
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 31

Unlike retaliation claims, a plaintiff bringing an interference
claim is not required to make any showing regarding the em-
ployer’s motives. See McAlpin, 61 F.4th at 927 (“The ordinary rule
is that the employer’s ‘motives are irrelevant to an interference
claim’ . . . .” (quoting Batson v. Salvation Army, 897 F.3d 1320, 1331
(11th Cir. 2018))). In cases where the alleged interference was the
decision to terminate an employee, however, the employer “may
defend against a[n] FMLA interference claim by establishing that
the employee would have been terminated anyway.” 24 Id.; see also
Spakes v. Broward Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 631 F.3d 1307, 1310 (11th Cir.
2011) (“If an employer demonstrates that it would have discharged
an employee ‘for a reason wholly unrelated to the FMLA leave, the
employer is not liable’ under the FMLA for damages for failure to
reinstate.” (quoting Strickland, 239 F.3d at 1208)).
Here, Lapham alleges that, had Walgreens promptly ap-
proved the original leave request that she submitted in February
2017 rather than seek clarification and cause further delay, it “may
have avoided both Shelton’s refusal to provide [Lapham] days off
to care for [her son] and . . . her later firing in April of 2017 due to
Shelton’s continued and growing FMLA animus.” Lapham thus

24 Critically, the burden of establishing this affirmative defense is greater than

the burden at the second step of the McDonnel Douglas framework for retalia-
tion claims, where the employer must merely articulate a legitimate, nondis-
criminatory reason. See 411 U.S. at 802. Here, to defeat an interference claim
based on a termination, the employer must point to evidence persuading the
court of the independent reason for the termination. See Spakes, 631 F.3d at
1310; McAlpin, 61 F.4th at 933–34.
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32 Opinion of the Court 21-10491

alleges that she experienced two harms as a result of Walgreens’
interference: (1) the denial of certain days off and (2) termination
of her employment.
Insofar as Lapham’s interference claim is based on the denial
of certain days off, Lapham has failed to produce evidence showing
that she suffered any remediable prejudice. Lapham has not, for
example, shown that she incurred expenses when obtaining trans-
portation for her son to and from medical appointments on the
days for which she had requested but was denied time off. Nor has
she shown that she incurred expenses by rescheduling those ap-
pointments. Because Lapham has not offered any explanation of
how the denial of certain days off produced a harm that is remedi-
able by either damages or equitable relief, her interference claim
fails to the extent that it is based on those denials.
Meanwhile, insofar as Lapham’s interference claim is based
on her termination, Walgreens has successfully met its burden of
showing that Lapham truly was terminated for the stated reason of
insubordination. Walgreens has done so by producing, among
other things: Shelton’s testimony about Lapham’s work conduct;
Shelton’s log of specific instances wherein Lapham exhibited insub-
ordination or otherwise failed to meet expectations; the call logs
for Shelton’s discussions with HR on April 4 and 5, 2017; Miranda’s
testimony about those discussions; and multiple performance re-
views prepared by different managers establishing that, on multiple
occasions, Lapham failed to complete her assigned tasks. And ra-
ther than meaningfully rebut this evidence, Lapham has conceded
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21-10491 Opinion of the Court 33

that she sometimes did not complete her assigned tasks but simply
blamed those failures on her supervisors’ instructions. On this
record, Walgreens has met its burden in establishing its defense
that Lapham was terminated for a reason wholly unrelated to the
FMLA.
We therefore conclude that the district court did not err in
granting summary judgment to Walgreens on Lapham’s FMLA in-
terference claim.
IV.
For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of sum-
mary judgment in favor of Walgreens.
AFFIRMED.
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1 WILSON, J., Dissenting 21-10491

WILSON, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
I agree with the majority that the proper causation standard
for both Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and Florida Whistle-
blower Act (FWA) retaliation claims is but-for causation. But I
would hold that there are genuine issues of material fact that pre-
clude summary judgment on all of Doris Lapham’s claims—both
her FMLA and FWA retaliation claims and her FMLA interference
claim. Thus, I would reverse the district court. I respectfully dis-
sent.