UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
ANTONIO MARINHO, a/k/a Antones
Marinho; ROSA MARINHO,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v. No. 95-2278
ORIX CREDIT ALLIANCE,
INCORPORATED,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.
William M. Nickerson, District Judge.
(CA-94-458-WMN)
Argued: October 30, 1996
Decided: March 7, 1997
Before RUSSELL and WIDENER, Circuit Judges, and BULLOCK,
Chief United States District Judge for the Middle District of North
Carolina, sitting by designation.
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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Julian Karpoff, KARPOFF, TITLE & MITNICK, Arling-
ton, Virginia, for Appellants. Richard Marc Goldberg, SHAPIRO &
OLANDER, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Joel I.
Sher, SHAPIRO & OLANDER, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.
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Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
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OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Antonio and Rosa Marinho owned fifty percent of Pito's Construc-
tion Company and acted as the executive officers. In 1987, Pito's pur-
chased a piece of construction equipment, known as a Gradall, for
$150,000. The bill of sale was in Pito's name and the purchase was
financed through CIT Corporation. Antonio Marinho signed the loan
agreement in his capacity as President of Pito's. As collateral, Pito's
granted CIT a security interest in the Gradall. The company also pur-
chased and maintained insurance on the Gradall naming CIT as the
loss payee. The words "Pito's Construction Company" were painted
on the Gradall. Despite the fact that Pito's held title to the Gradall,
the Marinhos made all of the monthly payments on the CIT loan from
their personal checking account and depreciated the Gradall on their
personal tax returns. There was no written lease agreement between
the Marinhos and Pito's for the Gradall.
Pito's subsequently entered into two separate financing agreements
with Orix Credit Alliance for the purchase of additional construction
equipment. The financing agreements granted Orix a security interest
in all of Pito's assets. By failing to make its scheduled payments to
Orix, Pito's defaulted on its obligations and Orix repossessed the Gra-
dall along with other property belonging to the company.
The Marinhos originally filed a replevin suit in the District Court
for Anne Arundel County, Maryland in order to recover the Gradall.
Their request for preliminary relief was denied after an evidentiary
hearing, and the Marinhos voluntarily dismissed the action. They then
filed a "Complaint of Conversion" in the Circuit Court for Anne
Arundel County. Orix removed the case to federal district court on the
basis of diversity and then moved for summary judgment. In opposing
the motion, the Marinhos abandoned their conversion claim and relied
solely on the equitable doctrine of constructive trusts. The district
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court found that the Marinhos were not entitled to the imposition of
a constructive trust and granted Orix summary judgment. The Marin-
hos appeal the district court's decision.
A constructive trust, according to Maryland law, may be imposed
in order to convert the legal holder of property into a trustee for
another person who should reap the benefits of possession.1 The rem-
edy is applied when "property has been acquired by fraud, misrepre-
sentation, or other improper method, or where the circumstances
render it inequitable for the party holding title to retain it."2 A court
will only take this action, however, upon a showing of clear and con-
vincing evidence that an inequity exists.3 Absent this requirement,
courts could "effectively transfer property as a means of attempting to
right every wrong. The courts' equitable powers are not so broad."4
Whether to impose a constructive trust is generally determined by
examining the "circumstances surrounding the inception of the trans-
action, and not from the effect of subsequent events."5
The Marinhos rely almost exclusively on our opinion in Maryland
National Bank v. Tower.6 In that case, we found that under Maryland
law "a constructive trust will be imposed to avoid unjust enrichment
arising out of mistake in the absence of fraud, the violation of any
fiduciary duty or any other wrongdoing."7 An inadvertent overlapping
of insurance policies allowed a widow to receive double benefits from
her husband's pension plan following his death. The mistake,
although unilaterally made by the pension plan, affected two distinct
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1 Wimmer v. Wimmer, 414 A.2d 1254, 1258 (Md. 1980).
2 Id. (citation omitted).
3 Peninsula Methodist Homes and Hosps., Inc. v. Cropper, 261 A.2d
787, 793 (Md. 1970).
4 Wimmer, 414 A.2d at 1259 (emphasis in original).
5 Mayor of Annapolis v. West Annapolis Fire & Improvement Co., 288
A.2d 151, 155 (Md. 1972) (citation omitted).
6 374 F.2d 381 (4th Cir. 1967).
7 Id. at 383-84 (applying statement of law in Carter v. Abramo, 93 A.2d
546, 548 (Md. 1953)).
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parties. This court imposed a constructive trust against the widow for
the cash surrender value of one of the policies. 8
The Marinhos argue that a constructive trust should be imposed
against Orix because Orix was unjustly enriched as the result of the
initial error between Pito's and the Marinhos concerning the owner-
ship of the Gradall. Under the Marinhos' novel theory, the fact that
Orix was unaware of the Gradall when it entered into the financing
agreement makes it an inequitable holder of the property. Even if Orix
did not know that Pito's owned a Gradall, however, the security inter-
est was in all of the company's named or unnamed assets. Orix's
security interest validly attached to the Gradall as a result of the title
held by Pito's. The Marinhos simply fail to establish how Orix was
unjustly enriched under these circumstances.
An alternative theory, posed and rejected by the district court, is
that a constructive trust was created between Pito's and the Marinhos
because the Marinhos mistakenly neglected to transfer title in the Gra-
dall from the name of the company to their own individual names. In
contrast to Maryland National Bank, however, the Marinhos seek to
impose a constructive trust against their own closely-held corporation.
The Marinhos are in the untenable position of claiming that Antonio
Marinho, as president of Pito's, acted inequitably against his wife and
himself. The officers of a closely-held corporation have an obligation
to maintain a clear distinction between their personal finances and the
finances of the corporation.9 The Marinhos failed to do so and now
hope to escape the consequences of their "mistake" by abrogating
Orix's valid security interest. Even if our equitable powers did extend
to the righting of every wrong, the Marinhos have not established that
a wrong took place.
For the foregoing reasons we decline to impose a constructive trust
concerning the property in question. The ruling of the district court
is affirmed.
AFFIRMED
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8 Id. at 386.
9 See, e.g., DeWitt Truck Brokers, Inc. v. W. Ray Flemming Fruit Co.,
540 F.2d 681, 687-89 (4th Cir. 1976) (piercing the corporate veil).
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