In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-23-00115-CR
KEVIN J. OWENS, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from County Court at Law Number 11
Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 603172, Honorable Erica Pena, Presiding
January 5, 2024
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before QUINN, C.J., and DOSS and YARBROUGH, JJ.
Following a plea of not guilty, Appellant, Kevin J. Owens, was convicted by a jury
of harassment, sentenced to six months in jail, and assessed a $500 fine.1 He challenges
his conviction by seven issues as follows:2
1 TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 42.07(a)(7).
2 Originally appealed to the Fourth Court of Appeals, this appeal was transferred to this Court by
the Texas Supreme Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001.
Should a conflict exist between precedent of the Fourth Court of Appeals and this Court on any relevant
issue, this appeal will be decided in accordance with the precedent of the transferor court . TEX. R. APP. P.
41.3.
1. The trial court erred in holding section 42.07(a)(7) of the Penal Code is
constitutional on its face.
2. The evidence is insufficient to show a harassing manner of communication.
3. The trial court erred in holding section 42.07(a)(7) was constitutionally
applied to him.
4. The trial court erred by admitting evidence of the content of his
communications.
5. The trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that it is a defense to
harassment if the person’s speech is constitutionally protected.
6. The evidence was insufficient to show that his communications were
unprotected speech.
7. The jury charge, which allowed a non-unanimous verdict on two elements
of the offense, constituted structural error.
We affirm.
BACKGROUND
In 2016, Dr. Lindsay Bira began her private practice as a psychologist. Appellant
reached out to her by email seeking therapy following a divorce. After eleven weekly in-
person sessions, Appellant terminated the professional relationship. A year and a half
later, in May 2018, Appellant began expressing his dissatisfaction with Dr. Bira’s
treatment of him by sending her emails, text messages, and a Facebook message
demanding a refund of $1,785.3
Dr. Bira was the sole witness at trial. She testified that during Appellant’s third
session, he indicated he was not benefitting from therapy but continued with more
3 He accused Dr. Bira of exploiting him, abusing him, abandoning him, raping him, tricking him, and
cheating him. He referred to her as a “shitty therapist.” He also referred to her as “eye candy” and
insinuated she was a prostitute.
2
sessions. Dr. Bira testified she became uncomfortable in future sessions by things
revealed by Appellant. She described his behavior as hostile, and she consulted
colleagues on how to best terminate the relationship and refer him to another
psychologist. Appellant refused a referral. He subsequently canceled all future sessions
and emailed her to never contact him again.
The trial court admitted, over various objections by the defense, sixteen exhibits
offered by the State. Those exhibits consisted of twenty-five emails, three text messages,
and one Facebook message spanning from May 13, 2018, through July 16, 2018.
Although Appellant sought a refund of fees for his treatment, the messages contained
hostile accusations and profane language. Dr. Bira reported the messages to the San
Antonio Police Department and Appellant was eventually charged by information with two
counts of harassment for sending repeated electronic communications in a manner
reasonably likely to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, embarrass, or offend Dr. Bira.
Following his conviction on both counts, he pursued this appeal.
ISSUES ONE AND THREE—CONSTITUTIONALITY OF SECTION 42.07(a)(7)
Appellant contends section 42.07(a)(7) is facially unconstitutional (issue one) and
also unconstitutional as applied to him (issue three). We disagree.
The constitutionality of a criminal statute is a question of law we review de novo.
Ex parte Lo, 424 S.W.3d 10, 14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). Our review of a statute’s
constitutionality presumes the statute is valid and that the Legislature was neither
unreasonable nor arbitrary in enacting it. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.021; Tenet Hosps.
Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698, 701 (Tex. 2014).
3
Facial Challenge
Section 42.07(a)(7) criminalizes the sending of repeated electronic
communications in a manner reasonably likely to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment,
embarrass, or offend another. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 42.07(a)(7). The Court of Criminal
appeals reaffirmed that a prior version of the electronic harassment statute was not
facially unconstitutional and did not violate First Amendment protections because it
prohibits non-speech conduct. See Ex parte Sanders, 663 S.W.3d 197, 215–16 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2022). See also Ex parte Barton, 662 S.W.3d 876, 884–85 (Tex. Crim. App.
2022). The Court, however, deferred a decision on an “as applied” challenge until a
proper case presented itself. Ex parte Barton, 662 S.W.3d at 885.
While Appellant acknowledges those decisions, he advances his arguments based
on the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Counterman v. Colorado, 600 U.S. __,
143 S. Ct. 2106, 216 L. Ed. 2d 775 (2023). He contends Counterman casts doubt on Ex
parte Sanders. He also claims appeals are pending in the Court of Criminal Appeals
which may involve revisiting the decision in Ex parte Sanders. Finally, he posits the
reasoning in Ex parte Sanders is incorrect.
In Counterman, which involved thousands of Facebook posts, the United States
Supreme Court vacated a stalking conviction and held that in “true threat” cases which
are outside the bounds of First Amendment protection, the State must prove the
defendant had some subjective understanding of the threatening nature of his statements,
but the First Amendment requires no more demanding a showing than recklessness. 143
S. Ct. at 2112. The Colorado statute at issue criminalized “any form of communication”
whereas section 42.07(a)(7) of the Penal Code does not. The United States Supreme
4
Court did not address whether the proscribed conduct was “speech” for purposes of the
First Amendment.
The Fourteenth Court of Appeals recently addressed Counterman in an electronic
harassment case and found the United States Supreme Court did not specifically examine
whether the elements of the harassment statute were noncommunicative as the Court of
Criminal Appeals has held in both Ex parte Sanders and Ex parte Barton. See Ex parte
Ordonez, No. 14-19-01005-CR, 2023 Tex. App. LEXIS 5389, at *10–11 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] July 25, 2023, no pet. h.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
The Fourteenth Court of Appeals found Counterman did not alter its analysis of the Texas
harassment statute. Id.
While Ex parte Sanders is still good law, this Court is bound to follow it. See
Gardner v. State, 478 S.W.3d 142, 147 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d).
See also Mitschke v. Borromeo, 645 S.W.3d 251, 256 (Tex. 2022) (recognizing the
principles of stare decisis). The transferor court has also held that section 42.07(a)(7) is
constitutional. See Lebo v. State, 474 S.W.3d 402, 408 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2015,
pet. ref’d).4 Lebo was charged with harassment through repeated electronic
communications, specifically sending repetitive “threatening and combative” emails to a
4 Other courts of appeal have affirmed the constitutionality of section 42.07(a)(7). State v. Grohn,
612 S.W.3d 78, 81–82 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2020, pet. ref’d); Ex parte McDonald, 606 S.W.3d 856, 859–
62 (Tex. App.—Austin 2020, no pet.); Tarkington v. State, No. 12-19-00078-CR, 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS
2254, at *8–9 (Tex. App.—Tyler Mar. 18, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Ex parte
Hinojos, No. 08-17-00077-CR, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 10530, at *14 (Tex. App.—El Paso Dec. 19, 2018,
pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Ex parte Reece, No. 11-16-00196-CR, 2016 Tex. App.
LEXIS 12649, at *7 (Tex. App.—Eastland Nov. 30, 2016, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication); Blanchard v. State, No. 03-16-00014-CR, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 5793, at *7–8 (Tex. App.—
Austin June 2, 2016, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Duran v. State, Nos. 13-11-
00205-CR, 13-11-00218-CR, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 7110, at *7–8 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Aug. 23,
2012, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
5
police detective. Id. at 404. The Fourth Court of Appeals relied on Scott v. State, 322
S.W.3d 662 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010), disavowed on other grounds, Wilson v. State, 448
S.W.3d 418, 423 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). Scott held the telephone harassment portion
of section 42.07 did not implicate the First Amendment’s guarantee of free speech. Lebo,
474 S.W.3d at 407. Lebo applied the analysis in Scott to section 42.07(a)(7) and noted
that any difference in text is “inconsequential to the First Amendment analysis.” Id. at
407. Scott acknowledged the First Amendment’s free speech protections but concluded
the State “may lawfully proscribe communicative conduct . . . that invades the substantial
privacy interests of another in an essentially intolerable manner.” Scott, 322 S.W.3d at
668–69. The Lebo Court noted that as with Scott and the telephone harassment statute,
repeated emails made with the specific intent to inflict one of the designated types of
emotional distress listed in the statute “for its own sake” invade the substantial privacy
interests of the victim in “an essentially intolerable manner.” 474 S.W.3d at 408 (quoting
Scott, 322 S.W.3d at 670). The Lebo Court held section 42.07(a)(7) does not implicate
protected speech under the First Amendment. 474 S.W.3d at 408.
Additionally, the gravamen of section 42.07(a)(7) is the sending of repeated
electronic communications intended to elicit the sentiments described in the statute. Ex
parte Sanders, 663 S.W.3d at 215. The prohibited conduct is noncommunicative and
such non-speech conduct does not suddenly implicate First Amendment scrutiny. Id.
See Ex parte Ordonez, 2023 Tex. App. LEXIS 5389, at *7–8 (concluding the 2017 version
of the electronic harassment statute did not alter the gravamen of the offense and as with
earlier versions of the statute analyzed in Ex parte Sanders and Ex parte Barton, the First
Amendment is not implicated). Thus, section 42.07(a)(7) passes muster when faced with
6
a challenge that the statute is unconstitutional on its face. See generally Ex parte Moy,
523 S.W.3d 830, 836 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d) (holding statute
criminalizing online solicitation of a minor regulates conduct and unprotected speech and
is therefore constitutional).
In the underlying case, Appellant’s conduct of sending repeated emails and texts
invaded Dr. Bira’s privacy interests. Dr. Bira testified some of the emails were lengthy
and included details of her personal life. He made accusations in some of the emails
which are intolerable in any situation including a health provider/patient relationship. In
seeking a refund of the fees he paid, he accused Dr. Bira of being a prostitute and alleged
she exploited, abused, and raped him. Appellant’s communications were intended to
inflict the types of emotional distress addressed in the statute. Appellant’s facial
constitutional challenge fails. Issue one is overruled.
“As Applied” Challenge
An “as applied” challenge asserts a statute, while generally constitutional, operates
unconstitutionally as to the claimant who raises the issue because of his particular
circumstances. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d at 702. A litigant who raises an “as applied”
challenge concedes a statute’s general constitutionality. City of Corpus Christi v. PUC of
Tex., 51 S.W.3d 231, 241 (Tex. 2001).
Here, Appellant does not concede section 42.07(a)(7) is constitutional as
demonstrated by his first issue. Nevertheless, he complains he is being punished by the
content of his messages because they caused Dr. Bira to feel harassed. We disagree.
As noted by Ex parte Sanders, words can be used to commit the offense, but the conduct
7
prohibited by the statute is distinct from recognized categories of expressive conduct. Ex
parte Sanders, 663 S.W.3d at 213. This Court has acknowledged that any speech
affected by a statute that is integral to criminal conduct is not protected by the First
Amendment. Ex parte Claycomb, 657 S.W.3d 850, 855 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2022, pet.
ref’d) (applying Ex parte Sanders and Ex parte Barton to analyze statute criminalizing
online impersonation). Because the words used to harass Dr. Bira are outside the
protections of the First Amendment, Appellant has not shown that section 42.07(a)(7)
operates unconstitutionally as applied to his circumstances. Nor has he overcome the
presumption of the statute’s constitutionality. Rodriguez v. State, 93 S.W.3d 60, 69 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002). Thus his “as applied” challenge also fails. Issue three is overruled.
ISSUE TWO—SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to show he sent the messages in a
harassing, annoying, alarming, abusive, tormenting, embarrassing, or offensive manner.
We disagree.
The only standard a reviewing court should apply in determining whether the
evidence is sufficient to support each element of a criminal offense the State is required
to prove beyond a reasonable doubt is the standard set forth in Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). See Adames v. State, 353 S.W.3d
854, 859 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App.
2010). We consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and
determine whether, based on that evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, any
rational juror could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt. Queeman v. State, 520 S.W.3d 616, 622 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017).
8
The State was required to show Appellant sent repeated electronic
communications in a manner reasonably likely to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment,
embarrass, or offend Dr. Bira. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 42.07(a)(7). “Electronic
communication” includes emails, cellular phone calls, and text messages. § 42.07(b)(1).
“Repeated” has been interpreted as “at a minimum, ‘recurrent’ action or action occurring
‘again.’” Ex parte Barton, 662 S.W.3d at 882 (citing Wilson, 448 S.W.3d at 423).
Appellant does not dispute he repeatedly sent messages, which is the gravamen
of the statute. Ex parte Sanders, 663 S.W.3d at 215. Rather, he argues the evidence
does not show he did so in any of the manners described by section 42.07(a)(7). Within
a short time period between May 13, 2018, and July 16, 2018, he sent more than two
dozen communications to Dr. Bira. On some days, he would send multiple
communications. His communications also included texts and he created a fake
Facebook account to message her. She blocked all “Kevin Owens” on social media.
Dr. Bira testified Appellant’s communications sickened her, scared her, and
terrified her. As the communications escalated, she felt harassed, tortured, threatened,
and also worried about her safety. She also described being embarrassed by the
communications. During cross-examination, when asked if anyone can file a complaint
against a psychologist, she answered without objection “I had enough evidence that he
was harassing me.” Dr. Bira’s testimony provided sufficient evidence of Appellant’s intent
to inflict several types of emotional distress listed in the statute by his repeated
communications. Issue two is overruled.
9
ISSUE FOUR—ERROR IN ADMISSION OF CONTENT OF MESSAGES
Appellant maintains the trial court erred in admitting the content of his messages
because the harassment statute does not depend on what the communications are and
doing so allowed the jury to improperly convict him based on that content. Relying on
Rule 401 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, here, he maintains the content was
not relevant. The State asserts his relevance argument was not preserved for appellate
review. We agree with the State.
Appellant made numerous objections at trial and was granted a running objection
to admission of the content of his messages as protected speech under the First
Amendment.5 However, Appellant made no relevant objections regarding the content of
the messages. Thus, Appellant’s argument on appeal raising relevance does not comport
with the objections raised during trial. See Hallmark v. State, 541 S.W.3d 167, 171 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2017); Moreno v. State, No. 04-19-00280-CR, 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 4645, at
*16 (Tex. App.—San Antonio June 24, 2020, pet. ref’d). As such, his complaint of error
by the trial court in admitting the content of his messages was not preserved for review.
Issue four is overruled.
ISSUE FIVE—FAILING TO INSTRUCT THE JURY ON REQUESTED DEFENSIVE ISSUE
Appellant contends the trial court should have instructed the jury that it is a defense
to harassment if the actor’s speech is constitutionally protected. We disagree.
5 The only relevance objections raised during trial were in response to the complainant’s testimony
on the meaning of the term “incel” and how one of Appellant’s messages made her feel, to which she
answered, “it’s irrelevant.”
10
During the charge conference, defense counsel requested the following defensive
instruction:
It is a defense to the crime of harassment if a person’s speech falls into one
of the recognized categories of historically protected speech. As a general
matter, the First Amendment means the government has no power to
restrict expression, because of the message, its ideas, the subject matter,
or its content and as a result, the United States Constitution demands that
content-based restrictions on speech be presumed invalid and that the
government bear the burden of showing their constitutionality. Therefore, if
you find that the speech of [Appellant] falls into a recognized category of
historically protected speech, you must find [Appellant] not guilty.
The trial court denied the requested instruction.
On appeal, Appellant concedes the requested instruction was not “perfect” and
also concedes it is not a defense to harassment that speech is protected. Here, he
attempts to rewrite the requested instruction to recite that it should have been “unless you
find that the speech of [Appellant] falls into a recognized category of historically
unprotected speech, you must find [Appellant] not guilty.” He contends the instruction
requested during the charge conference “was close enough to notify the trial court of the
problem” and the denial of the instruction caused him egregious harm.
To avoid procedural default, all a party is required to do is “let the trial judge know
what he wants, why he thinks he is entitled to it, and to do so clearly enough for the judge
to understand him at a time when the trial court is in a proper position to do something
about it.” Resendez v. State, 306 S.W.3d 308, 312–13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Assuming
for the sake of argument that Appellant did preserve his complaint, we nevertheless find
the trial court’s denial of the requested instruction was not erroneous.
11
Relying on four cases from other jurisdictions outside Texas, Appellant contends
he was egregiously harmed because the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury as he
requested allowed him to be punished for the content of his communications rather than
for his conduct. As succinctly pointed out by the State, Appellant’s argument fails
because the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held in Ex parte Sanders and Ex parte
Barton that section 42.07(a)(7) does not implicate the First Amendment. Those cases
are the precedent this Court must follow. Also, Appellant was not entitled to the requested
instruction because the Texas Penal Code does not provide a statutory First Amendment
defense to harassment. See Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 211 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007) (holding there is no right to a defendant’s requested jury instruction not found in the
Penal Code).6 Issue five is overruled.
ISSUE SIX—INSUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE TO SHOW COMMUNICATIONS WERE
UNPROTECTED SPEECH
Appellant contends the State did not present any evidence of the categories of
unprotected speech i.e., obscenity, child pornography, fraud, defamation, etc., and thus,
the State failed “to prove the ‘unprotected speech’ element of a hypothetically correct jury
charge.” We disagree.
As clarified in our analysis of issue five, the State was not required to prove
Appellant’s speech fell into a historically recognized category of unprotected speech.
Thus, a hypothetically correct jury charge would not have included such an instruction.
6 Appellant’s argument would have increased the State’s burden of proof by adding the additional
element of requiring a jury to find Appellant’s speech fell into a historically recognized category of
unprotected speech. The harassment statute does not require such proof.
12
We need not address the sufficiency of the evidence of an element that is not required by
the harassment statute. Issue six is overruled.
ISSUE SEVEN—JURY CHARGE ERROR ALLOWED A NON-UNANIMOUS VERDICT
Appellant contends the charge did not require the jury to agree on the specific
intents listed in section 42.07(a)(7). He contends the erroneous charge constitutes
structural error which defies a harm analysis. We disagree.
Appellate review of claimed jury-charge error involves a two-step process. See
Cortez v. State, 469 S.W.3d 593, 598 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). See also Almanza v. State,
686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). A reviewing court must initially determine
whether charge error occurred. Price v. State, 457 S.W.3d 437, 440 (Tex. Crim. App.
2015). If an appellate court finds charge error, the next step requires the reviewing court
to analyze that error for harm. Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. Crim. App.
2012). If no error is found, a reviewing court need not engage in the second step. Allen
v. State, No. 07-22-00146-CR, 2023 Tex. App. LEXIS 5190, at *8 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
June 30, 2023, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
The gravamen of section 42.07(a)(7) is the sending of repeated electronic
communications in a manner reasonably likely to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment,
embarrass, or offend. Ex parte Sanders, 663 S.W.3d at 215. As such, the statute
describes a nature-of-conduct offense. Price v. State, 457 S.W.3d 437, 441 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2015). Ex parte Sanders held the conduct of sending repeated electronic
13
communications proscribes non-speech conduct and does not implicate the protections
of the First Amendment.7 663 S.W.3d at 216.
Texas requires that a jury reach a unanimous verdict about the specific crime the
defendant committed. O’Brien v. State, 544 S.W.3d 376, 382 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018).
But the jury does not have to find the defendant committed that crime in one specific way.
Id. The requirement of jury unanimity is not violated by a charge which presents the jury
with the option of choosing among various methods of committing the statutorily-defined
offense. Jourdan v. State, 428 S.W.3d 86, 94 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014); Francis v. State,
36 S.W.3d 121, 124 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). When the jury is presented alternate means
of committing an offense in the disjunctive, it is appropriate for the jury to return a general
verdict for that offense if the evidence supports a conviction under any one of them.
Kitchens v. State, 823 S.W.3d 256, 258 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).
In support of his argument of structural jury charge error, Appellant relies on
Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 102–18, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 186 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013).
Alleyne held that facts which increase a federal mandatory minimum sentence are
elements which must be submitted to a jury. 570 U.S. at 103–04. The State asserts
Appellant’s reliance on Alleyne is misplaced and we agree. The Texas harassment
statute provides for proof of intent by different methods which do not constitute elements
of the offense because they do not increase a mandatory minimum sentence or decrease
7 Appellant asserts Ex parte Sanders was wrongly decided. For purposes of this opinion, Ex parte
Sanders is precedent from a higher court we are obligated to follow under the doctrine of stare decisis. See
Gutierrez v. State, 663 S.W.3d 128, 132 (Tex. Crim. App. 2022).
14
a mandatory maximum sentence. They are merely alternate means of committing
harassment for which jury unanimity is not required. Francis, 36 S.W.3d at 124.
Here, the charge submitted to the jury did not violate the requirement of jury
unanimity because there was no risk Appellant was convicted of different offenses. Thus,
the charge submitted to the jury was not erroneous. Having found no error, we need not
address the second step of the Almanza analysis. Issue seven is overruled.
CONCLUSION
The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
Alex Yarbrough
Justice
Do not publish.
15
Kevin J. Owens v. the State of Texas
Combined Opinion