NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule
23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28,
as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties
and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's
decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire
court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case.
A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25,
2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted
above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260
n.4 (2008).
COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS
APPEALS COURT
23-P-173
COMMONWEALTH
vs.
JAMAINE WARNER.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0
The defendant tendered a guilty plea on November 16, 2022, 1
while preserving his right to appellate review of the denial of
his motion to suppress evidence obtained from the execution of a
search warrant. See Mass. R. Crim. P. 12 (b) (6), as appearing
in 482 Mass. 1501 (2019). On appeal, he argues that the motion
to suppress was erroneously denied for two reasons. First, he
contends that the affidavit submitted in support of the
application for the search warrant did not establish probable
1 The defendant pleaded guilty to possession of a firearm without
a firearms identification (FID) card, G. L. c. 269, § 10 (h),
possession of ammunition without an FID card, G. L. c. 269, § 10
(h) (1), two charges of possession with intent to distribute a
class B substance, as a subsequent offense, G. L. c. 94C, § 32A
(b), distribution of cocaine as a subsequent offense, G. L.
c. 94C, § 32A (d), possession with intent to distribute a class
A substance, G. L. c. 94C, § 32 (a), and possession with intent
to distribute a class E substance, G. L. c. 94C, § 32D (a).
cause to search apartment 2L of 42 Lyon Street, Boston. Second,
he argues that the affidavit recklessly or knowingly omitted
that an earlier warrant had been issued for a different
apartment (1L) in the same building and that, had the omitted
information been included, there would not have been probable
cause to search apartment 2L. The defendant also argues that he
was entitled to a Franks hearing. We affirm the denial of the
motion to suppress.
"When considering the sufficiency of a search warrant
application, our review 'begins and ends with the four corners
of the affidavit.'" Commonwealth v. Dorelas, 473 Mass. 496, 500-
501 (2016), quoting Commonwealth v. Cavitt, 460 Mass. 617, 626
(2011). The averments contained in the police officer's
affidavit were as follows.
Within the month preceding the affidavit, the Boston Police
Citywide Drug Control Unit received information from a
"reliable" and "carded" confidential informant (CI) that a Black
man known as "Maino" was selling "quantities of crack cocaine in
the Dorchester section of Boston," specifically in or around 42
Lyon Street, a six-family residence. The CI stated that it had
contacted "Maino" at a particular cell phone number (which was
identified in the affidavit) to arrange drug transactions, and
that he had spoken to "Maino" and also met with him in person.
2
The CI described "Maino" as being approximately six feet tall,
of medium build and with black hair.
In the preceding year, the CI had given information to the
police that had led to the recovery of crack cocaine.
Information from, and "investigative actions" by, the CI had led
to the arrest of individuals for distribution of crack cocaine,
the recovery of contraband, and the arrest of one or perhaps
more individuals on arrest warrant(s). The CI's whereabouts
were known to the affiant, and information from the CI had been
corroborated by the affiant and other members of the Boston
police department.
Based on the CI's description of and information about
"Maino," as well as their own investigation, police believed
"Maino" to be the defendant. The CI was shown a booking
photograph of the defendant without identifying information, and
the CI immediately identified it as an image of the person known
to him as "Maino" from whom the CI had purchased crack cocaine.
The police had observed the defendant enter and exit 42 Lyon
Street on numerous occasions.
Police arranged for the CI to conduct controlled purchases
of cocaine from the defendant. The first purchase occurred
within one month of the affidavit; the second occurred within
seventy-two hours. On each occasion, the CI called the cell
phone number the CI had previously used and was instructed by
3
"Maino" to go to 42 Lyon Street to make the purchase. On each
occasion, the CI was searched and found to be free of money or
contraband, was given an amount of money to make a drug
purchase, was kept under constant police surveillance, went into
42 Lyon Street, emerged within a short time, and turned over a
substance believed to be crack cocaine which the CI stated it
had purchased from "Maino" while inside apartment 2L of 42 Lyon
Street.
The affidavit stated that the defendant had been the
subject of a previous drug investigation at 42 Lyon Street,
which had led to a search warrant in 2018, and that he had a
prior conviction for possession with intent to distribute a
class B substance as a second offense. The affidavit did not
disclose that the earlier 2018 search warrant had been for
apartment 1L, or that apartment 1L was alleged to be the
defendant's residence at that time.
Probable cause. The defendant argues that the affidavit in
support of the application for a search warrant did not
establish probable cause to search apartment 2L for two reasons.
First, he contends that the affidavit did not supply sufficient
information concerning the CI to satisfy the Aguilar-Spinelli
standard. Second, he argues that the affidavit did not
establish a sufficient nexus to apartment 2L because the
4
officers did not observe where within 42 Lyon Street the drug
transactions took place. We disagree with both contentions.
"Under the Aguilar-Spinelli standard, if an affidavit is
based on information from an unknown informant, the magistrate
must 'be informed of (1) some of the underlying circumstances
from which the informant concluded that the contraband was where
he claimed it was (the basis of knowledge test), and (2) some of
the underlying circumstances from which the affiant concluded
that the informant was "credible" or his information "reliable"
(the veracity test).'" Commonwealth v. Upton, 394 Mass. 363,
374-375 (1985), quoting Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 114
(1964).
The basis of knowledge test was satisfied by the CI's
personal participation in purchasing drugs from "Maino" on
earlier occasions. See Commonwealth v. Allen, 406 Mass. 575,
578 (1990) ("First-hand receipt of information through personal
observation satisfies the basis of knowledge prong of Aguilar-
Spinelli"). The veracity test was satisfied by the CI's history
of providing information and taking "investigative actions" that
had previously led to arrests and the seizure of contraband. In
addition, the two controlled buys supported the CI's veracity,
see Commonwealth v. Perez, 87 Mass. App. Ct. 278, 281 (2015)
("controlled purchases conducted by the informant further
support[] his veracity"), especially since the controlled buys
5
were arranged through the same telephone number the CI used for
the earlier purchases and took place at the same location.
Moreover, "[i]n cases involving a controlled buy of drugs from a
seller who is located inside a multiunit building, we do not
require that the police observe the informant enter the
particular apartment where the transaction is reported to have
occurred in order to demonstrate the reliability of the
informant." 2 Commonwealth v. Monteiro, 93 Mass. App. Ct. 478,
483 (2018).
Contrary to the defendant's argument, the police need not
have observed the CI enter apartment 2L to establish probable
cause. "It is not fatal to the warrant application that police
did not observe [the specific] apartment[] the informant
entered. Based on the information provided by the informant and
their own observations, the police could infer [which apartment]
the defendant was dealing drugs from." Commonwealth v. Warren,
418 Mass. 86, 90 (1994).
2 In any event, the defendant does not grapple with the fact
that, even if the information from the CI about earlier
purchases from "Maino" were excised from the affidavit because
it did not meet the Aguilar-Spinelli test, see Commonwealth v.
Webster, 75 Mass. App. Ct. 247, 256 n.9 (2009), probable cause
to search apartment 2L remained given the two controlled buys
made in that apartment by the CI. See Commonwealth v. Escelara,
79 Mass. App. Ct. 262, 265-266 (2011), S.C. 462 Mass. 636
(2012).
6
Omission of information from affidavit. The defendant
raises two arguments based on the fact that the affidavit refers
to a 2018 warrant that had issued to search 42 Lyon Street, but
omitted the fact that the warrant was for apartment 1L, which
was described as the defendant's residence. The defendant
argues that the information was recklessly or knowingly omitted
and that had the information been included, the affidavit would
not have established probable cause to search apartment 2L. The
defendant also argues that he was entitled to a Franks hearing.
We review a judge's determination as to the necessity of a
Franks hearing for an abuse of discretion. See Commonwealth v.
Perez, 87 Mass. App. Ct. 278, 285 (2015).
The judge did not abuse his discretion here. A defendant
is entitled to a Franks hearing only when he or she demonstrates
that: (1) "the affiant included a 'false statement knowingly
and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth' or
intentionally or recklessly omitted material information in the
search warrant affidavit," and (2) 'the allegedly false
statement is necessary to the finding of probable cause'"
(citation omitted). Commonwealth v. Andre, 484 Mass. 403, 407-
408 (2020). "[I]f these requirements are met, and if, when
material that is the subject of the alleged falsity or reckless
disregard is set to one side, there remains sufficient content
in the warrant affidavit to support a finding of probable cause,
7
no hearing is required." Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 171-
172 (1978). Such is the situation here. Even if the
information pertaining to the 2018 search warrant were excised
from the affidavit, probable cause to search apartment 2L
existed based on the two controlled buys. See note 3, supra.
The order denying the motion to suppress is affirmed.
So ordered.
By the Court (Wolohojian,
Milkey & D'Angelo, JJ. 3),
Clerk
Entered: January 24, 2024.
3 The panelists are listed in order of seniority.
8
Commonwealth v. Jamaine Warner.
Combined Opinion