People v. Lard

2024 IL App (1st) 220089-U
No. 1-22-0089
Order filed January 24, 2024
Third Division

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 13 CR 13972
)
COREY LARD, ) Honorable
) Kenneth J. Wadas,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.

JUSTICE LAMPKIN delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices D.B. Walker and R. Van Tine concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: The circuit court’s summary dismissal of defendant’s petition filed under the Post-
Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2020)) is affirmed where
defendant failed to present an arguable claim of actual innocence.

¶2 Defendant Corey Lard appeals from the summary dismissal of his postconviction petition

filed under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2020)). On

appeal, he argues that the circuit court erred in dismissing his petition because he presented an
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arguable claim of actual innocence based on the affidavits of two witnesses who did not testify at

trial. We affirm. 1

¶3 At a 2017 bench trial, defendant did not dispute that he shot and killed Henry Atkins but

raised the affirmative defense of self-defense. Defendant was found guilty on 14 counts of first-

degree murder while armed with a firearm for the shooting death of Atkins, as well as one count

of aggravated battery of Luis Galvan, whom defendant had shot in the thumb. Defendant was

found not guilty of attempted first-degree murder of Galvan. 2 The trial court imposed concurrent

45-year terms of imprisonment for three of the first-degree murder counts and merged the others,

and imposed a consecutive 6-year term for the aggravated battery count.

¶4 On direct appeal, defendant argued, inter alia, that the convictions for first-degree murder

should be reduced to second-degree murder based on his claim that he acted with an unreasonable

belief in the need for self-defense. This court affirmed but ordered the mittimus corrected to reflect

a single sentence of 45 years for first-degree murder and a 6-year consecutive sentence for

aggravated battery. People v. Lard, 2020 IL App (1st) 172017-U, ¶¶ 1-2. Having set forth the facts

in detail in our previous order (id. ¶¶ 1-32), we recount them here only to the extent necessary to

resolve the issues raised in this appeal.

¶5 At the trial, Ericka Lacey testified that in April 2013 she was engaged to Atkins and living

with him in an apartment at the 1400 block of East 52nd Street in Chicago. Lacey identified

defendant in court and testified that Atkins knew him from around the neighborhood and that she

1
In adherence with the requirements of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 352(a) (eff. July 1, 2018), this
appeal has been resolved without oral argument upon the entry of a separate written order.
2
Defendant, who was charged with 99 counts, went to trial on 60 counts of first-degree murder,
one count of aggravated battery, three counts of attempted murder, six counts of home invasion, and four
counts of residential burglary. People v. Lard, 2020 IL App (1st) 172017-U, ¶ 3.

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never saw them engage in any dispute. Shortly after midnight on April 30, 2013, Atkins, who was

unarmed and wearing jeans and a T-shirt, left to visit his friend, Luis Galvan, who lived in an

apartment across the street. When shown the T-shirt that Atkins was wearing, the State’s attorney

noted that it had “some rips and some damage,” and Lacey testified that it was not in that condition

when Atkins left their apartment. Soon after he left, Lacey learned from police that he had been

killed.

¶6 On cross-examination, Lacey denied that Atkins had been a cocaine dealer.

¶7 Galvan testified that, at the time of the shooting, he and his girlfriend, Catherine Figueroa,

lived in an apartment at 52nd Street and Harper Avenue, and that he and Atkins had met and

become friends earlier that year. At about midnight on April 30, 2013, Galvan invited Atkins to

his apartment to smoke marijuana. Galvan was wearing white basketball shorts and no shirt. He

did not have a firearm on his person or anything in his pockets, and there were no weapons in the

apartment. After buzzing Atkins in, Galvan saw him in front of the apartment door. Atkins did not

have anything in his hands or a firearm on his person.

¶8 Galvan then saw defendant, whom he did not know, round the corner from the direction of

the apartment building’s front stairway. Defendant grabbed the back of the collar of Atkins’s shirt

and tried to pull him out of the doorway of Galvan’s apartment. Atkins grabbed the door frame,

and Galvan grabbed Atkins under his armpits with both hands in an attempt to pull him into the

apartment. While facing Atkins, Galvan saw defendant “reach over” with his right hand and fire a

handgun once while pointing the firearm at both Atkins and Galvan. Before defendant fired, Atkins

had not made any movements toward defendant, and neither he nor Galvan had yelled at or

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threatened defendant. Galvan was shot in his left thumb, and he and Atkins fell to the floor of the

living room. Galvan identified defendant in court.

¶9 The State introduced an audio recording of a 911 call by Galvan that was admitted into

evidence and published. Galvan testified he told the operator the shooter was “from next door”

because Galvan had seen him “hanging around with the other guys once or twice” at the building

where Atkins lived.

¶ 10 On cross-examination, Galvan denied that he was a drug dealer or that he ever sold

marijuana to defendant.

¶ 11 Figueroa testified that she and Galvan lived in a third-floor studio apartment. On the night

of the shooting, Figueroa had been sleeping before Galvan told her Atkins was coming over. Three

minutes later, Figueroa, from a distance of seven or eight steps and with an unobstructed view,

saw Atkins standing in the doorway and speaking with Galvan. A “surprised reaction” came over

Atkins’s face as he put his hands on the door frame and tried to push himself into the apartment.

Figueroa could not see anyone behind Atkins. She saw Atkins push himself forward and be pulled

back three times. She did not see Atkins move toward anyone in the hallway and did not see

anything in his hands, which were on the door frame. She did not hear Atkins or Galvan threaten

or yell at anyone.

¶ 12 Galvan was shirtless and wearing basketball shorts; his pockets were “short” and empty,

and could have “barely fit a cell phone.” Galvan did not have a firearm in his hand and was not

near a gun, and there was no firearm in the apartment. Galvan wrapped his hands around Atkins’s

waist and pulled him into the apartment, and then the two men stumbled toward a wall behind

Galvan. She saw a hand holding a firearm reach through the left side of the front door and then

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heard a shot from the front door and saw a light come out of the firearm. Galvan and Atkins took

a few steps and fell to the living room floor. Galvan then rose, closed and locked the front door,

and called 911.

¶ 13 Figueroa identified photographs of the apartment that were entered into evidence. Figueroa

identified from a photograph the wall that Galvan and Atkins had “held up against,” which was

located near the front door. She identified Atkins as the person lying on the living room floor in

another photograph and testified that it showed him in the location where he had fallen. Figueroa

further testified that an indentation visible on the wall in another photograph had not been present

before the incident.

¶ 14 On cross-examination, Figueroa testified that Galvan had not been a drug dealer at the time

of the shooting.

¶ 15 Officer Anthony Jones testified he and his partner arrived at the apartment fewer than five

minutes after receiving the call of a person shot. Jones identified the exterior and interior of Galvan

and Figueroa’s apartment building in photographs, which were admitted into evidence. These

photographs depict a blue cap covering a shell casing just inside the living room, next to the front

entrance hallway.

¶ 16 Detective Anthony Burns testified he was assigned to investigate Atkins’s death. No

firearms were recovered from the apartment. From photographs admitted into evidence, Burns

identified a bullet fragment on the floor behind the bed and a wall marking from a bullet.

¶ 17 Officer Thomas Gorman identified defendant in court and testified that he was arrested on

June 4, 2013.

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¶ 18 Doctor Grace Dukes of the Cook County Medical Examiner’s Office was qualified by the

court as an expert in forensic pathology. Prior to her testimony, she had reviewed the reports of

Dr. Steven Cina, who had performed Atkins’s autopsy. When the Medical Examiner’s office

received Atkins’s body, there were “defects” in his shirt. “[T]raumatic defects” were observed in

his lungs, heart, and chest wall. An entrance gunshot wound was identified on the right side of his

chest and an exit wound on the left side. The State introduced a stipulation that evidence technician

Elizabeth Dawson took custody of a black T-shirt from the Medical Examiner’s office.

¶ 19 Defendant testified that a week before the shooting, on April 23, 2013, he smoked

marijuana in the lobby of a building on the 1400 block of East 52nd Street. Atkins entered the

lobby, told defendant he “was making it hot where [Atkins] sold drugs” and that defendant needed

to leave before Atkins returned, and walked away.

¶ 20 Defendant further testified that on April 30, 2013, he went to Galvan’s apartment and

knocked on the door. Galvan was “a known drug dealer in that area” from whom defendant had

previously purchased marijuana. Galvan answered the apartment door, collected $40 from

defendant, told him to wait in the hallway while he “put that purchase together,” and closed the

door. Minutes later, Atkins walked up behind defendant, grabbed his jacket, and asked why he was

in that building. Defendant grabbed for Atkins’s arm, pulled away, and told him to let go. Atkins

“started throwing blows,” hitting defendant in the face. Defendant tried to “block [him]self.”

¶ 21 Galvan opened the apartment door, stepped into the hallway, and asked what was going

on. Atkins told Galvan to grab defendant, and Galvan “grabbed for [defendant] and started to pull

[him] in the hall.” Atkins and Galvan then “started pulling [defendant] in.” Defendant “started

using the wall as leverage, trying to back pedal, grabbing for [Atkins]’s arm trying to pull away,

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trying to separate [him]self from the both of them.” Galvan released defendant, stepped back, and

raised his shirt, revealing a firearm. Defendant “tried to back pedal and dug down and went for the

firearm” in his pocket. When defendant drew his firearm, Atkins released him and tried to move

out of the way, but Galvan pulled Atkins in front of himself, “basically as a shield.” Defendant

fired toward Galvan “because [he] thought [Galvan] was going for a weapon,” and then turned and

ran.

¶ 22 On cross-examination, defendant testified Atkins struck him three or four times in the

hallway before Galvan opened the door. Defendant’s “lip was busted” and bleeding. Galvan was

wearing a white T-shirt, which he lifted with his right hand “like he was going for a firearm.”

Defendant did not recall what bottom garment Galvan was wearing, but it may have been light

gray. Galvan had a firearm in his right waistband. Galvan “didn’t get a chance to grab for his gun,”

but defendant thought he was going to grab it. Seeing Galvan’s hand “by his gun,” defendant drew

his own firearm from his left pocket. Galvan put his arm around Atkins’s neck, pulled Atkins in

front of him, and used him as a shield. Defendant “shot before [Galvan] had a chance to pull out

his gun and shoot.” Defendant fired “in the direction of” Galvan and “didn’t mean to hit” Atkins.

Defendant is left-handed and fired using his left hand. Defendant did not rip Atkins’s shirt or grab

his clothing. Presented with the victim’s T-shirt, defendant acknowledged a “big rip on the neck”

and testified that Galvan “probably ripped [Atkins’s] shirt when he was grabbing him as a shield,”

but denied seeing how the rip occurred.

¶ 23 In announcing its finding of guilty, the court stated that the physical evidence did not

corroborate defendant’s testimony, but did corroborate Galvan’s testimony that Atkins was facing

him and that defendant was behind Atkins. The court noted that Atkins’s T-shirt was “ripped from

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the back and around the neck,” and that had the confrontation been face-to-face “[one] would

expect that there might be a rip” in the front, not the back. The court concluded that the shooting

happened as Galvan and Figueroa testified and found both eyewitnesses to be credible. The court

further found that defendant’s claim that Galvan had a firearm in his waistband was a “total lie”

because “[one] could not hold a weapon in a pair of pants like that.” As such, the court concluded

that the physical evidence did “not corroborate *** that this is a self-defense shootout between

[Galvan] and *** defendant.”

¶ 24 Defendant filed a motion for a new trial, which the trial court denied, rejecting his self-

defense theory and the lesser included offense of second-degree murder. The court sentenced him

to 51 years’ imprisonment and denied his subsequent motion to reconsider sentence.

¶ 25 On direct appeal, defendant argued that the evidence showed he had acted with an

unreasonable belief in the need for self-defense and that his convictions should be reduced to

second-degree murder. This court affirmed, noting that Atkins was unarmed and did not present a

threat to defendant, and that defendant did not testify that he had felt threatened by Atkins. Lard,

2020 IL App (1st) 172017-U, ¶¶ 42-43. “More importantly,” we deferred to the trial court’s

determinations that Figueroa and Galvan were credible and that defendant’s account that Galvan

reached for a gun in his waistband was a “ ‘total lie,’ ” and also concluded that a rational trier of

fact could have found that Dukes’s testimony on the autopsy findings, combined with the physical
I
evidence, did not support the conclusion that defendant had acted in self-defense. Id. ¶ 46.

¶ 26 On August 20, 2021, defendant, represented by counsel, filed his petition under the Act,

asserting a claim of actual innocence and attaching the notarized affidavits of Devonta Carr and

Orlando Loften.

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¶ 27 Carr, in his affidavit, avers that on April 30, 2013, he went to Galvan’s apartment to

purchase Ecstasy pills. As he turned the corner from the stairwell looking towards Galvan’s

apartment, he noticed “this guy in black grab” defendant and say, “ ‘N*** didn’t I tell you don’t

come over here anymore.’ ” Carr turned around and went home because he “didn’t want the guy

in black to do anything to [him].” Upon learning “soon after” that defendant “killed that guy,” Carr

“instantly said” defendant had acted in self-defense. Carr told defendant’s cousin, who told Carr

to “help” defendant, but Carr told the cousin he did not want to get involved, and never reached

out to defendant. “Feeling bad now,” Carr is willing to testify, even though he did not want to do

so at the time of trial.

¶ 28 Loften avers in his affidavit that on April 30, 2013, he went to Galvan’s apartment “to buy

weed” from Galvan. Through Galvan’s wide open apartment door, Loften saw Galvan kneeling

on the floor over someone who was lying on the floor. Galvan was yelling, “ ‘I just know he shot

him.’ ” Upon seeing Loften, Galvan said, “ ‘Police coming.’ ” Galvan “picked up a silver revolver

that was right beside him” and “went under a futon and grabbed some weed that some female was

laying [sic] on.” Galvan gave both items to Loften and told him to “ ‘get rid of it.’ ” Loften

immediately left the building before police arrived. A few days later, Galvan told Loften “ ‘ they

was trying to rob [defendant] but [defendant] had a gun also’ ” and warned Loften that he “ ‘better

not say nothing or [he would] be charged with a gun case.’ ” Loften further avers that he “recently

saw” defendant and that defendant told him to contact his lawyer. Loften is willing to testify if

called as a witness.

¶ 29 On September 17, 2021, the circuit court entered a written order summarily dismissing the

petition. The court found the evidence in the affidavits was not sufficiently “conclusive” to raise a

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colorable claim of actual innocence, as neither affiant averred he had witnessed the shooting,

explained why Atkins’s shirt was ripped in the back, or supplied the critical facts necessary to

establish defendant’s claim of self-defense or unreasonable self-defense.

¶ 30 On appeal, defendant argues that the court erred in summarily dismissing his petition

because the proposed testimony of Loften and Carr adequately support a claim of actual innocence.

Therefore, he requests that we remand the case for second-stage proceedings.

¶ 31 The Act provides a method for a defendant to collaterally attack a conviction by asserting

that it resulted from a substantial denial of his constitutional rights. 725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West

2020); People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 9 (2009). Generally, at the first stage, a trial court may

summarily dismiss a postconviction petition within 90 days upon determining that it “is frivolous

or is patently without merit.” 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2020). A petition is frivolous or

patently without merit only when it “has no arguable basis in either fact or law.” Hodges, 234 Ill.

2d at 11-12.

¶ 32 A petition has no arguable basis in fact or law where it is “based on an indisputably

meritless legal theory or a fanciful factual allegation” (id. at 16) or where the asserted claim has

been forfeited or is barred by res judicata (People v. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d 427, 445 (2005)). Summary

dismissal is also appropriate if the petition neither includes the necessary affidavits, records, or

other evidence supporting the allegations therein nor explains why the same are not attached (725

ILCS 5/122-2 (West 2020); People v. Collins, 202 Ill. 2d 59, 66 (2002)), or alleges only nonfactual

and nonspecific assertions amounting to mere conclusions (People v. Morris, 236 Ill. 2d 345, 354

(2010)). The summary dismissal of a petition under the Act is reviewed de novo. People v. Allen,

2015 IL 113135, ¶ 19.

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¶ 33 A freestanding claim of actual innocence based on newly discovered evidence is

cognizable under the Act as a matter of due process. People v. Washington, 171 Ill. 2d 475,

489 (1996); Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 2. “Substantively, in order to succeed on a claim of actual

innocence, the defendant must present new, material, noncumulative evidence that is so conclusive

it would probably change the result on retrial.” People v. Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 96 (citing

Washington, 171 Ill. 2d at 489). To survive summary dismissal at the first stage of postconviction

proceedings under the Act, a petition claiming actual innocence based on newly discovered

evidence must present evidence that is “arguably” new, material, noncumulative, and so conclusive

that it would probably alter the result on retrial. People v. White, 2014 IL App (1st) 130007, ¶ 18

(citing Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 96; People v. Thomas, 2014 IL App (2d) 121001, ¶ 47).

¶ 34 “[T]he conclusiveness of new evidence is the most important element of an actual

innocence claim.” People v. Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 47 (citing Washington, 171 Ill. 2d at 489).

Where a defendant fails to demonstrate that the evidence is arguably conclusive, the reviewing

court need not address whether the other criteria of an actual innocence claim are met in order to

affirm a summary dismissal of a petition based on a claim of actual innocence. See People v.

Mabrey, 2016 IL App (1st) 141359, ¶ 25 (affirming summary dismissal; “Assuming without

deciding that [the proposed] affidavit may be considered arguably new and noncumulative, we

conclude that it is not arguable that the evidence contained in the affidavit is of such a conclusive

character that it would probably change the result on retrial.”).

¶ 35 To be deemed conclusive, the new evidence “need not be entirely dispositive,” as

“[p]robability, rather than certainty, is the key in considering whether the fact finder would reach

a different result after considering the prior evidence along with the new evidence.” People v.

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Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 48. Stated differently, new evidence is sufficiently conclusive if it

“places the trial evidence in a different light and undermines the court’s confidence in the judgment

of guilt.” Id. ¶ 56 (reversing denial of the defendant’s motion for leave to file a successive petition

under the Act where the evidence was sufficiently “conclusive” and the trial evidence included

neither an eyewitness identification nor physical evidence implicating the defendant). Where the

new evidence presented in support of a petition at the first stage of proceedings under the Act

consists of affidavits, we must accept their assertions as true unless they are affirmatively rebutted

by the record. Mabrey, 2016 IL App (1st) 141359, ¶ 19.

¶ 36 Having carefully reviewed the record, we find that summary dismissal of defendant’s

petition was proper because the proposed evidence of actual innocence of the two witnesses is not

arguably so conclusive that it would probably alter the result on retrial.

¶ 37 In this court, defendant argues that the two affidavits “support [his] claim of self-defense

and unreasonable belief in self-defense,” and, therefore, of actual innocence. As noted, Carr’s

affidavit states that he observed in the hallway of Galvan’s apartment building a “guy in black

grab [defendant]” and say “ ‘N*** didn’t I tell you don’t come over here anymore.’ ” Loften’s

affidavit states that he saw a “body” on the floor of Galvan’s apartment, that Galvan gave Loften

“some weed” and “a silver revolver that was right beside him,” and that Galvan told Loften to

“ ‘get rid of it.’ ”

¶ 38 To raise a claim of self-defense, a defendant must present evidence that (1) force was

threatened against him; (2) he was not the aggressor; (3) the danger of harm was imminent; (4) the

threatened force was unlawful; (5) he “actually believed that a danger existed, that the use of force

was necessary to avert the danger, and that the kind and amount of force actually used was

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necessary”; and (6) his beliefs were reasonable. People v. Morgan, 187 Ill. 2d 500, 533 (1999). In

contrast, a conviction of second-degree murder may be appropriate if the first five elements are

met, but, as to the sixth element, the defendant’s belief in the need for self-defense was

“unreasonable.” People v. Hooker, 249 Ill. App. 3d 394, 403 (1993); see also 720 ILCS 5/9-2(a)(2)

(West 2012) (second-degree murder where, “at the time of the killing [the defendant] believes the

circumstances to be such that, if they existed, would justify or exonerate the killing ***, but his or

her belief is unreasonable”). Thus, self-defense and unreasonable self-defense differ “only in terms

of the nature of defendant’s belief at the time of the killing.” Hooker, 249 Ill. App. 3d at 403.

¶ 39 We briefly note that although self-defense is a justifying or exonerating circumstance and

a valid basis for a claim of actual innocence of first-degree murder (People v. Horton, 2021 IL

App (1st) 180551, ¶ 46 (citing People v. Woods, 2020 IL App (1st) 163031, ¶ 41)), defendant cites

no authority to support his assumption that the same can be said of unreasonable self-defense, i.e.,

second-degree murder. However, regardless of whether a finding of second-degree murder or

unreasonable self-defense can support a claim of actual innocence of first-degree murder, we do

not find the proposed evidence sufficiently conclusive for the petition to survive summary

dismissal. Stated differently, we cannot say it is even arguable that the proposed testimony set

forth in the affidavits of Carr and Loften, taken as true, is so conclusive it would probably change

the result on retrial or undermines confidence in the judgment as to defendant’s guilt.

¶ 40 Carr avers he rounded a corner in Galvan’s apartment building and observed, from a

distance, a man in the hallway dressed “in black”—presumably Atkins, whose T-shirt was black—

“grab” defendant and say, “ ‘N*** didn’t I tell you don’t come over here anymore.’ ” Carr does

not claim to have seen Galvan, a handgun, or the apartment’s interior, nor to have witnessed any

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other portion of any altercation. Although defendant argues that Carr’s affidavit supports the

conclusion that defendant was not the aggressor—an essential element of self-defense (Morgan,

187 Ill. 2d at 533)—we disagree. Carr cannot testify as to what transpired before he rounded the

corner and saw Atkins “grab” defendant. It is undisputed that Atkins was unarmed. “While the law

does not require the aggressor to be armed for self-defense to be justified, it must appear that the

aggressor is capable of inflicting serious bodily harm without the use of a deadly weapon, and is

intending to do so.” People v. Hawkins, 296 Ill. App. 3d 830, 837 (1998) (citations omitted). Carr’s

proposed testimony does not even arguably suggest that Atkins demonstrated such capacity or

intent.

¶ 41 Nor can Carr’s averments, taken as true, establish any other elements of reasonable or

unreasonable self-defense. Indeed, his description of Atkins’s conduct in the hallway appears to

be of very limited relevance given the evidence, including defendant’s testimony, that the shooting

occurred inside the apartment after Atkins had entered it, that defendant intended to shoot Galvan

upon seeing Galvan reach for a handgun in his waistband, and that defendant shot Atkins

inadvertently while Galvan used him as a “shield.”

¶ 42 Defendant does not retract his trial testimony; on the contrary, his petition alleges that the

new evidence “illustrates that [his] version of events was accurate.” Thus, whether he acted in self-

defense or unreasonable self-defense depends on Galvan’s actions in the apartment, which Carr,

who immediately fled, did not witness. Nor would a finding that Atkins was the initial aggressor

in the described altercation in the hallway indicate that defendant was not the initial aggressor in

the subsequent shooting inside the apartment. See People v. De Oca, 238 Ill. App. 3d 362, 368

(1992) (right of self-defense did not justify the defendant’s shooting of the initial aggressor in a

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fistfight where evidence showed that after the fistfight had ended “the situation transformed into a

different encounter when defendant displayed a loaded shotgun and shouted at the crowd which

had gathered at the corner”).

¶ 43 Loften’s affidavit likewise fails to support defendant’s claim. Loften’s affidavit is relevant

only in suggesting that, after defendant fled Galvan’s apartment but before the police arrived, a

handgun was on the floor, along with drugs, near Galvan, and that Loften removed the handgun

from the apartment. Such testimony, taken as true, supports an inference that the handgun was in

the apartment at the time of the shooting, and explains why the police did not recover a handgun

from the apartment. However, Loften’s proposed testimony would not place a handgun in Galvan’s

waistband, on Galvan’s person, or even within his immediate reach when defendant shot Atkins,

and thus does not corroborate defendant’s claim of actual innocence. See People v. Jackson, 2021

IL App (1st) 190406-U, ¶¶ 46-47, 50 (affirming summary dismissal of initial postconviction

petition; witness’s mere averment that the victim “ ‘had a gun’ ” failed to show the defendant was

threatened with force or that he reasonably believed a danger existed, and thus was not arguably

of such conclusive character that it would likely change the result on retrial) (citing People v.

Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 32).3

¶ 44 In sum, we find the proposed testimony of Carr and Loften, neither of whom witnessed the

shooting, irrelevant to the elements of self-defense or unreasonable self-defense. Accordingly, we

cannot say that their affidavits, collectively or individually, are even arguably so conclusive as to

render it likely that their testimony would change the result on retrial.

3
Citing as persuasive authority pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(e)(1) (eff. Feb. 1, 2023)
(“a nonprecedential order entered under subpart (b) of this rule on or after January 1, 2021, may be cited
for persuasive purposes”).

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¶ 45 In finding the affidavits inadequate to support a claim of actual innocence at the first stage

of postconviction proceedings, we find persuasive People v. Garcia, 2022 IL App (1st) 210040.

In support of his actual innocence claim, the defendant, who was convicted of first-degree murder

and robbery in the beating death of the victim, provided the affidavit of a witness who averred that

on the date of the crime she saw the defendant “ ‘trying to stop a fight between two men who were

punching, kicking, stomping, and throwing bottles at a man who fell to the ground’ ” and standing

in front of them to “ ‘prevent further blows against the man who was still on the ground.’ ” Id.

¶¶ 1, 14. The witness further averred that a State’s witness who had, at trial, identified the

defendant as one of two men who had beaten the victim had only implicated the defendant out of

spite. Id. ¶ 14.

¶ 46 We affirmed the summary dismissal order of the circuit court because the affidavit made

clear that the witness did not see “the beginning of the altercation” and because the affidavit failed

to “describe what she saw at the end of the altercation.” Id. ¶ 36. Nor did the affidavit contradict

the trial testimony of the State’s witnesses that they saw defendant attack the victim, jump on his

chest, and take his wallet. Id. The new evidence also did not contradict either the physical evidence

of the victim’s injuries, which corroborated the State’s witnesses’ testimony, or the forensic

findings of the victim’s blood on the defendant’s shoe and defendant’s shoe impressions on the

victim’s shirt. Id.

¶ 47 Similarly, here, we find that testimony as to the limited facts presented in the affidavits

would not contradict the evidence presented at trial. Neither could the proposed testimony establish

any of the essential elements of self-defense or unreasonable self-defense, i.e., that defendant was

threatened with force, that he was not the aggressor in the shooting, that the danger of harm was

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imminent, that the threatened force was unlawful, and that he reasonably believed a danger existed

and that the shooting was necessary in order to avert that danger. See Morgan, 187 Ill. 2d at 533.

Therefore, the evidence does not support a finding that, arguably, the proposed testimony of Carr

and Loften, taken as true, likely would change the result on retrial. See Coleman, 2013 IL 113307,

¶ 96. Because the evidence supporting the actual innocence claim is not arguably conclusive, we

conclude that the circuit court did not err in summarily dismissing defendant’s petition.

¶ 48 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the order of the Circuit Court of Cook County.

¶ 49 Affirmed.

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