Austin v. Superior Court CA4/2

Filed 1/25/24 Austin v. Superior Court CA4/2

See concurring opinion.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for
publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

RUSSELL LYNWOOD AUSTIN,

Petitioner, E080939

v. (Super.Ct.No. RIF1800692)

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF OPINION
RIVERSIDE COUNTY,

Respondent;

THE PEOPLE,

Real Party in Interest.

ORIGINAL PROCEEDINGS; petition for writ of mandate. Bernard J. Schwartz,

Judge. Petition granted.

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 Steven L. Harmon, Public Defender, Brian G. Cosgrove, Allison Lowe, Deputy

Public Defenders; American Civil Liberties Union Capital Punishment Project, Claudia

Van Wyk, Robert Ponce; American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Southern

California and Summer Lacey, for Petitioner.

Complex Appellate Litigation Group, Kirstin M. Ault, Anna-Rose Mathieson;

Boston University Center for Antiracist Research, Caitlin Glass, Asees Bhasin; Fred T.

Korematsu Center for Law and Equality and Robert S. Chang, as Amici Curiae for

Petitioner.

Cooley, Randall R. Lee; Reed Smith, Katelyn Kang; Robby L.R. Saldana and

Elizabeth Reinhardt, for Amici Curiae Dean Chemerinsky and Law Professors and

Legal Scholars, as Amici Curiae for Petitioner.

No appearance for Respondent.

Michael A. Hestrin, W. Matthew Murray and Kristen Allison, for Real Party in

Interest.

Petitioner Russell Lynwood Austin (Petitioner) was charged by the Riverside

County District Attorney’s Office (the District Attorney) with two counts of murder for

killing his girlfriend who was 12 weeks pregnant. It was further alleged that he used a

deadly and dangerous weapon, a knife, and was charged with the special circumstance

that he committed multiple murders. The District Attorney was seeking the death

penalty.

Petitioner filed a motion claiming the District Attorney’s decision to seek the

death penalty violated the California Racial Justice Act of 2020 (CRJA) (Assem. Bill

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No. 2542 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) Stats. 2020, ch. 317, § 1) (Assem. Bill 2542), which

added section 745 to the Penal Code (first Motion).1 Section 745 was enacted to

prohibit the state from seeking or obtaining a criminal conviction on the basis of race.

This included that a defendant could not be charged with a more serious offense than

defendants of other races who have engaged in similar conduct and were similarly

situated. (§ 745, subd. (a)(3).)

The trial court denied the first motion without prejudice. Petitioner filed a

second motion providing additional evidence and argument. While a decision was

pending, the CRJA was amended by the Racial Justice for All Act of 2022 (Assem. Bill

No. 256 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.) Stats. 2022, ch. 739, § 2) (Amended CRJA) (Assem.

Bill 256). The trial court ruled that Petitioner had failed to make a prima facie showing

of a violation as required under section 745, subdivision (c), and denied an evidentiary

hearing.

The trial court denied Petitioner’s motions finding that in order to make a prima

facie case of racial discrimination under the CRJA and Amended CRJA, Petitioner must

satisfy the following two-prong test: (1) Petitioner personally was being charged more

harshly than similarly situated defendants of other races or ethnicities; and (2) statistical

evidence shows a historic pattern of racial inequality in Riverside County’s capital

charging practice. The trial court found that Petitioner had satisfied the second prong,

but statistics alone were not enough to establish the first prong, and therefore, he failed

1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
indicated.

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to establish a prima facie case entitling Petitioner to an evidentiary hearing under the

CRJA and Amended CRJA.

Petitioner petitions this court for a writ of mandate directing the superior court to

(1) vacate its order denying Petitioner’s request for a hearing on his CRJA claim, and

(2) enter a new order granting an evidentiary hearing. Amici curiae briefs were

submitted in support of Petitioner by (1) the Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and

Equity and several other centers for race, inequality and the law; and (2) Dean Erwin

Chemerinsky and 10 law professors and legal scholars. They contend that this court

should determine that in order to establish a prima facie case entitling Petitioner to an

evidentiary hearing in the trial court, a defendant need only show statistical and

aggregate evidence under the CRJA and Amended CRJA.

We agree in part with the trial court that based on the plain language of section

745, Petitioner was required to present not only statistical evidence of racial disparity in

the charging of the death penalty by the District Attorney but also evidence of

nonminority defendants who were engaged in similar conduct and were similarly

situated but charged with lesser offenses, to establish a prima facie case. The plain

language of section 745, subdivision (a)(3), requires evidence of similar conduct and

similarly situated defendants, and the legislative history sheds no light on what is

required to establish a prima facie case. There is nothing in the statute or the legislative

history that provides guidance as to what evidence must be presented to determine

similar conduct in order to establish a prima facie case. Let peremptory

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 However, as we explain post, based on the evidence presented in this case, which

included factual evidence of nonminority defendants who committed murder but were

not charged with the death penalty in cases involving similar conduct and who were

similarly situated, e.g. had stabbed their victims or committed multiple murders, and

statistical evidence that there was a history of racial disparity in charging the death

penalty by the District Attorney, Petitioner met his burden of establishing a prima facie

case under section 745, subdivision (a)(3). We need not determine based on the

evidence presented whether only statistical evidence of similar conduct and similarly

situated defendants would be sufficient to support a prima facie case. As such, the trial

court should have ordered an evidentiary hearing at which the People could produce

evidence of the relevant factors that were used to determine the charges against the

nonminority defendants who were involved in similar conduct and who were similarly

situated to petitioner, and provide any race-neutral reasons that it considered in deciding

to charge petitioner with the death penalty in this case. We grant the writ petition

ordering the trial court to conduct an evidentiary hearing.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A. FACTS AND CHARGES

The parties presented the following facts in the Petition and return: On August

29, 2008, Petitioner killed his ex-girlfriend in her apartment. At the time of her death,

the victim was 11 to 12 weeks pregnant with Petitioner’s baby. When law enforcement

arrived at the apartment, they found the victim with her throat cut. The victim’s two-

year-old son, K.C., was at the apartment during the murder but was unharmed.

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 Petitioner additionally provides in the Petition that during a counseling session

years after the victim’s murder, K.C. advised the therapist that his father, R.C., was

present in the apartment the night the victim was murdered. Petitioner was arrested on

February 6, 2018, based on DNA analysis completed on an unknown substance found

on the victim’s thigh. Petitioner had no prior criminal history and was 24 years old at

the time of the offense.

Real party in interest provides that K.C. was found naked next to the victim’s

body, covered in blood. It was clear he had been with her dead body for some time.

The victim’s throat had been cut nearly to the point of decapitation.

Petitioner was charged by the District Attorney in an information with one count

of murder (§ 187) of the victim, and with the special allegation that he personally used a

deadly and dangerous weapon, a knife (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)). In addition, he was

charged with one count of murder (§ 187) of a fetus. He was charged with the special

circumstances that he committed first degree murder and one or more additional

murders in the first or second degree (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(3)). On May 15, 2019, the

District Attorney provided notice to Petitioner that it intended “after review of all facts

and circumstances underlying the charges” and his background, to seek the death

penalty in the case.

B. FIRST MOTION FOR RELIEF UNDER CRJA

Petitioner filed his Motion on July 26, 2022, seeking an evidentiary hearing

pursuant to the CJRA. Petitioner contended that denial of the Motion would violate

Petitioner’s rights guaranteed by section 745, his right to equal protection of the law,

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and be a miscarriage of justice. Petitioner provided an extensive history of racism in

California. Petitioner provided statistics regarding the charging of African-American

defendants in Riverside County from January 2016 through December 2021,2 which

were analyzed by Marisa Omori, Ph.D., a statistics professor. Petitioner argued this

evidence, along with Omori’s analysis, showed that African-American defendants

received the harshest punishment of any racial or ethnic group in Riverside County.

African-American defendants are charged with special circumstances in their murder

cases at a rate of 64.86 per 100,000 of the adult population; Caucasians are charged at a

rate of 5.00 per 100,000 of the adult population; and Hispanics are charged at a rate of

16.84 per 100,000 of the adult population. In addition, Riverside County filed a notice

of intent to seek the death penalty against 22 defendants between 2016 through 2021.

Per 100,000 of the adult population, 6.05 involved African-American offenders, 1.45 for

Hispanic offenders, and .29 for Caucasian offenders. Petitioner argued that this

statistical evidence was more than sufficient to make out a prima facie case under the

CRJA. Petitioner contended that African-Americans are charged with more murders,

special circumstances, and notices of intent to seek the death penalty than Caucasian

offenders, which showed a violation of section 745, subdivision (a)(3).

The District Attorney filed a response to the Motion. They contended that

Petitioner failed to show he was charged more seriously than defendants of other races,

ethnicities, or national origins who are similarly situated. Petitioner had not shown the

2 The data was collected by the Riverside County Public Defender’s Office.

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various variables that were considered in charging a defendant. The District Attorney

argued that Petitioner had to compare the facts of cases involving nonminority

defendants to the instant case. It was impossible for the trial court to consider whether

petitioner was similarly situated based just on the statistics. Petitioner was charged with

a multiple-murder special circumstance and one of the victims was an unborn child,

which was a particularly heinous offense. The cases relied on by Petitioner did not

involve this combination of charging. Further, the Omori study was flawed as she

conceded no statistically significant difference in Caucasian and African-American

groups based on the small sample size, and involved juvenile cases, which are not

eligible for the death penalty.

Petitioner filed a reply to the People’s opposition to the Motion. Petitioner stated

that the history of racism provided in the Motion was relevant to whether he had met his

burden of making a prima facie case. Further, the studies provided by Petitioner were

sufficient to support he made out a prima facie case; they had met their similarly

situated requirement.

Petitioner filed supplemental evidence in support of the Motion on September 28,

2022. He submitted two further statistical studies performed by Dr. Nick Peterson of

the University of Miami and Dr. Frank Baumgartner of the University of North

Carolina, Chapel Hill. Both addressed the racial disparities in charging, sentencing, and

imposing the death penalty in Riverside County. Peterson’s study relied on information

on charging of cases in Riverside County between January 2007 and July 2019. The

information included every case in which murder was charged, every case that a special

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circumstance was filed, every case in which the District Attorney sought the death

penalty, and every case in which the judge or jury imposed the death penalty. The list

included 800 cases.

Petersen concluded that although only 20 percent of all murder defendants were

African-American, they comprised 26 percent of those charged with special

circumstances, 39 percent of those who received death notices, and 36 percent of those

who received death sentences. In contrast, 25 percent of all murder defendants were

Caucasian, but only 18 percent received special circumstance charges, 9 percent

received death penalty notices, and 4 percent received death sentences. Petersen also

took into account whether legitimate case characteristics or other nonracial factors, such

as prior convictions, could account for the disparity.

Petersen controlled for defendant race/ethnicity and prior criminal history, victim

race/ethnicity, age, and gender, and other characteristics, such as multiple victims, use

of a firearm, and crime location. Even taking into account these variables, African-

American defendants were 1.71 times more likely to be charged with a special

circumstance, 9.06 times more likely to receive a death penalty notice, and 14.09 times

more likely to receive a death sentence than Caucasian defendants. This proved that

African-American defendants received special circumstances and death penalty notices

between 2007 and 2019 at significantly higher rates relative to their proportion of the

population. The death penalty was more frequently sought in cases involving multiple

victims and prior felony convictions in all cases. Cases involving non-Caucasian

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victims were less likely to receive the death penalty than those cases involving a

Caucasian victim.

A further study was submitted that was prepared by Baumgartner. He found that

since 1972, minority defendants comprised 66 percent of older defendants sentenced to

death in Riverside County while Caucasian defendants comprised only 25 percent.

Petitioner argued that he had a low burden to make a prima facie showing under

section 745. All of the studies submitted supported that African-American defendants

in Riverside County were more likely to be charged with murder and the death penalty

to be sought than nonminority defendants. Riverside County’s capital system operated

in a racially disparate manner. The trial court should order an evidentiary hearing as

Petitioner had satisfied his burden under section 745, subdivision (c).

Petitioner included as exhibits the studies completed by Petersen and

Baumgartner. In addition, a Riverside County racial history timeline was included as an

exhibit.

Petitioner also filed a supplemental reply in support of motion for a hearing and

relief pursuant to the racial justice act. Petitioner was relying on the studies from

Omori, Baumgartner, and Petersen. Petitioner also noted that Governor Newsom had

signed the Amended CRJA. The changes made clarified that Petitioner was entitled to

an evidentiary hearing. The supplemental evidence presented by Petitioner on

September 28, 2022, established the existence of racial disparities even taking into

account “similarly situated” cases. Petitioner also argued that section 745, subdivision

(a)(4)(A), which involved longer and more severe sentences, was ripe for consideration.

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 Petitioner argued he had a low burden to make a prima facie case of a violation

of section 745, subdivision (a). Omori’s study alone met the prima facie showing. She

had looked at 689 cases in Riverside County from January 1, 2016, through January 1,

2022, for racial disparities. In 246 of those cases, at least one special circumstance was

charged, and in 22 the death penalty was sought. Overall, African-American defendants

were charged with murder and special circumstances more than Caucasian defendants,

relative to their population in Riverside County. As for the death penalty, of the 22

cases, African-American defendants consisted of seven of the defendants and Caucasian

defendants numbered two. This was statistically important based on their relative

population.

Moreover, the Amended CRJA had defined “similarly situated” to mean that

factors that are relevant in charging and sentencing are similar and do not require that

all individuals in the comparison group are identical. Petersen’s analysis included

controls for variables on capital charging and sentencing decisions, such as multiple

victims and prior felony convictions.

The District Attorney filed a response to the supplemental reply filed by

Petitioner after the Amended CRJA had been passed. Based on the changes to the

CRJA, the District Attorney argued it was clear that Petitioner must show in making out

a prima facie case more than just statistics. The trial court must look to all of the

relevant factors in charging and sentencing.

The matter was heard on October 28, 2022. Petitioner’s counsel argued that in

order to show a violation of section 745, a showing of intentional discrimination was

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unnecessary. Moreover, Petitioner was not required to find identical cases to meet the

similarly situated burden. The evidence presented in the Motion was more than enough

to make out a prima facie case. According to Omori’s study, African-American

defendants were overrepresented in charging and seriousness of the charges in relation

to their representation in a population. Based on Omori’s study, there was such a great

disparity that “there’s more than a mere possibility that similarly situated defendants are

being treated differently.” Moreover, Petersen’s study had isolated criminal history,

racial variables, and severity of the case in his analysis.

The trial court inquired, “So you have to look at, certainly, the charges that . . .

Mr. Austin [is] facing, the facts and circumstances that are alleged in the crime, any

prior records that they may have, and all the other factors that I just discussed [such as

victim characteristics, completion of parole and probation, and facts of the case]. And

then somehow compare that to a nonminority defendant similarly situated with a similar

record and similar facts. . . . [¶] It’s not just a simple matter of looking at statistics.

We’re looking at the individual, the facts in that case.”

Petitioner argued that the above evidence was more properly considered at the

evidentiary hearing. The study by Petersen was sufficient for a prima facie showing.

Petitioner also argued the trial court was required to give the law a liberal interpretation

because it was an ameliorative law. The District Attorney argued that more than

statistics were required to make out a prima facie case. The trial court must look at the

specifics of the cases. The statistics could not capture the decisions made in charging

the death penalty.

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 The trial court first ruled that in order to obtain a hearing, a defendant was

required to show the similarly situated prong; Petitioner must show that he was being

discriminated against as shown by nonminority defendants who are similarly situated

but charged with lesser crimes. The trial court reviewed the wording of section 745.

The trial court found that a prima facie case had not been established. There was

no doubt that the second prong—a historical pattern of racism—had been shown.

However, Petitioner had failed to “offer any evidence to show that any systematic bias

has manifested in they themselves being more harshly charged than similarly situated

defendants of other races.” Petitioner “offered no evidence that a defendant of a

different race alleged to have committed domestic violence-related multiple murders of

a pregnant woman and her fetus would be treated less harshly.” Petitioner had failed to

make a prima facie case for a violation of section 745. The Motion was denied without

prejudice to allow Petitioner an opportunity to present additional evidence.

C. SECOND MOTION FOR RELIEF UNDER CRJA

On December 6, 2022, Petitioner filed his Motion for a Hearing and Relief

Pursuant to the Racial Justice Act (Second Motion). Petitioner sought an evidentiary

hearing and an ultimate ruling barring the death penalty in his case. The Second Motion

incorporated the evidence and arguments previously presented and provided further

evidence. Petitioner argued that he need only show statistical proof in making a prima

facie case and was not required to identify factually similar cases. The trial court’s

creation of a two-prong test contravened both the plain language of section 745 but also

the Legislature’s intent. Petitioner argued that the only showing that was required to be

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made was through statistical and aggregate evidence that African-American defendants

who are accused of special-circumstance murder are similarly situated to Caucasian

people accused of murder but not charged with a special circumstance or the death

penalty.

Petitioner further argued it would be nearly impossible to find comparable cases

in order to show a prima facie case. Petitioner again relied on the studies from Omori,

Petersen, and Baumgartner. These studies showed a prima facie case. Petitioner also

argued that he had made a prima facie showing under both section 745, subdivision

(a)(3) and (a)(4)(A). Petitioner concluded that the studies were sufficient. Those

studies showed, “As a group, [Caucasian] people charged with murder, charged with

special circumstances, and subject to death notices are similarly situated to [African-

American] people who face each of these same charges. [Petitioner’s] evidence shows

that at each stage, [African-American] people are more likely to progress to the next

stage than similarly situated [Caucasian] people.”

Petitioner then provided evidence (although he disagreed it was necessary) of

similar cases charged by the District Attorney involving nonminority defendants

between 2016 and 2022. Petitioner recounted the facts of his own case.

Petitioner provided the background of several cases involving Caucasian persons

charged with special circumstance multiple murder but in which the District Attorney

did not seek the death penalty: Robert Lars Pape killed and burned three people. The

District Attorney did not seek the death penalty against Pape and he was serving a life

without possibility of parole (LWOP) sentence. Jared Bischoff killed a man who was

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flirting with his girlfriend and then killed his girlfriend. Bischoff stabbed his girlfriend

six times until she bled to death. Bischoff was scheduled for trial, but the District

Attorney chose not to seek the death penalty. Andrew Burke stabbed to death his

adopted parents/grandparents and the District Attorney chose not to seek the death

penalty.

Petitioner also provided cases involving young Caucasian adult defendants:

James Coon, who was 26 years old at the time of his offense, robbed a clerk at a store at

gunpoint and then shot the clerk because he tried to take his photograph. The District

Attorney did not seek the death penalty against Coon. Melissa Unger, who was 23

years old at the time, was involved in a gang murder that involved the kidnapping and

torture of a victim. She pled guilty to voluntary manslaughter. Owen Skyler Shover,

who was accused of killing his 16-year-old girlfriend when he was 18 years old, and

was facing charges but the District Attorney did not seek the death penalty. He also

noted that Pape, Burke, and Bischoff were all young adults when they committed the

above murders. Petitioner was 24 years old when the alleged offense took place but he

was facing the death penalty.

Petitioner presented the “highly aggravated” murders by Caucasian defendants

for whom the District Attorney did not seek the death penalty. Maxamillion Eagle

raped and strangled a woman, throwing her body in a trash can. Eagle had a prior

conviction of assault with a deadly weapon. He was sentenced to LWOP. Noy Boukes

had a prior conviction of murder in 2016. Boukes drove his car to a location in Hemet

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and shot and killed a fellow member of a White supremacist group. Boukes was given

an LWOP sentence in 2019. He had several other prior convictions.

Petitioner also referenced Caucasian defendants who stabbed their victims but

were not charged with the death penalty. In 2017, Mark Brierley allegedly killed a

woman by stabbing her multiple times in the chest, neck, and face. He was sentenced to

LWOP. Burke and Bischoff both stabbed their victims.

Finally, Petitioner provided cases involving Caucasian defendants who

committed murders and had prior convictions. Ronald Ricks was a Caucasian man with

a previous conviction of murder in Riverside County in 2017. He drove up to a house

and fired multiple shots at persons standing in front of the house, killing one man. Trial

was set for 2023 and the District Attorney did not seek the death penalty. Ricks had

several other prior convictions. Boukes and Eagle both had prior convictions.

Petitioner had no prior criminal history but these Caucasian men received lesser

charges.

Based on the foregoing, Petitioner argued that the factual comparisons illustrated

that the District Attorney’s decision to seek the death penalty against him meant that he

faced significantly harsher punishment than other similarly situated Caucasian

defendants. Petitioner presented numerous exhibits, which included the studies by

Omori, Baumgartner, and Petersen, and an exhibit outlining facts and charges in other

cases filed in Riverside County, including the cases outlined in the Second Motion. The

list was prepared by the Riverside County Public Defenders Office.

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 A hearing was held on January 20, 2023. The trial court noted that the CRJA

originally provided that racial bias could be shown by statistical evidence and that a

defendant need not show that he or she was prejudiced. The trial court acknowledged

this language, but noted that after this, section 745 was amended to include the similarly

situated language. It was again amended to require similar offenses and similarly

situated defendants in order to show a violation of section 745, subdivision (a)(3). In

the final, approved version, the language included that a defendant must be both

similarly situated and engage in similar conduct as nonminority defendants. The trial

court inquired of Petitioner’s counsel, “How else can I read that but the plain language

that it would require a comparison from individuals who commit similar conduct and

have similar offenses that they’re looking at?”

The trial court stated there were several reasons why the District Attorney would

charge the death penalty, including the severity of the case, the criminal history, and

whether the victim’s family wanted the death penalty. Something more than statistical

evidence was required in order to show similar conduct. Petitioner argued that the case-

specific evidence provided was sufficient to support a prima facie showing. The trial

court questioned whether the list took into account the wishes of the victim’s family in

seeking the death penalty. The trial court again reiterated the statistical evidence

showed the racial disparity necessary for the first prong. The matter was continued in

order for the District Attorney to file a response to the Second Motion.

The District Attorney filed their opposition to the Second Motion. They argued

the trial court should not rely on statistics alone as it would incentivize charging

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Caucasian defendants with the death penalty. The People argued that 10 defendants

mentioned in the Second Motion were not similarly situated to Petitioner. The District

Attorney then provided reasons why the cases were different from Petitioner’s case:

(1) Brierly, who stabbed his wife 25 times when he intended to kill her new boyfriend

but “lost” it when he saw her, was given a lesser sentence based on the plea bargaining

by his counsel, the Riverside County Public Defender’s Office; (2) Burke had a well-

documented history of mental illness and Petitioner did not; (3) Unger’s case should be

reviewed in chambers with just the parties; (4) Pape had to be refiled because of the

strength of the evidence and it was not clear what acts were committed by Pape and

those by his codefendant who was under 18 years of age and could not be charged with

the death penalty; (5) Bischoff’s case involved a romantic relationship and several other

participants and Petitioner’s case differed in that it was a more vicious attack and a

toddler was present; (6) Coon had no criminal history, he suffered from mental health

issues and he only robbed the store for gas money; (6) Shover killed a man with whom

he was involved in committing crimes, his motive was unclear and the body was never

found so it could not be determined how the victim died; (7) Eagle was involved in a

killing with several other transients and there were evidentiary issues; (8) Boukes killed

a fellow gang member over a drug debt and only killed one person while Petitioner

killed the pregnant victim and her son was found in her pool of blood; and (9) Ricks

killed the victim in a drive-by shooting based on revenge but had no criminal history of

committing violent crimes or murder. The People concluded that Petitioner had failed

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to provide evidence that he was similarly situated to a defendant of another race who

was charged with less serious crimes than in this case.

Petitioner filed a reply. Petitioner once again argued that he only needed to

present statistical evidence to show that he was being charged with more serious crimes

than other similarly situated nonminority defendants. Petersen’s study was sufficient

for a prima facie case. Petitioner also encouraged the trial court to look to other

antidiscrimination statutes in California for guidance. This included discrimination in

employment and housing cases. These cases did not require a showing of intent to

discriminate or individual prejudice. Further, Petitioner had provided more than

adequate examples of similarly situated nonminority defendants for whom the District

Attorney chose not to seek the death penalty. He was entitled to a hearing on the merits

of his case.

The Second Motion was heard again on February 24, 2023. Petitioner argued

that aggregate evidence was sufficient if it took into account the similarly situated

requirement. The evidence presented took into account this requirement. The wishes of

the victim’s family and strength of the evidence were irrelevant to explain racial

differences in charging.

The trial court stated again that it was clear that pursuant to section 745, there

was a twofold analysis that needed to take place. First was a statistical showing. “The

other is viewing persons who are in a similar situation, having committed similar

conduct, as to whether or not there’s a disparity in their treatment.” Clearly, the first

element had been met by Petitioner. The trial court believed that factors such as

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strength of the case, the victim’s family’s wishes, and the criminal history of the

defendant were all relevant factors in finding similarly situated defendants.

The trial court found, “It appears sufficiently clear to me that the final language

of the bill was intended to prevent the approach that was suggested by the defense,

which is to simply permit relief based merely on population-wide charging disparities.

Therefore, a statistical analysis by itself is not sufficient.” It further stated that

Petitioner had provided specific evidence to establish that he was being treated more

harshly compared to defendants of other races. “And this is precisely the type of

evidence that I believe is necessary and that the original motions lacked.” However,

Petitioner had still not met his burden.

The trial court noted the different factors that distinguished the proffered cases

from Petitioner. Petitioner did not have a prior record but his crime was vicious, nearly

decapitating his victim. Her young child was found near her body and her fetus did not

survive. The trial court found, “So in a comparison analysis, which the Court needs to

do to some degree to look at defendants that are similarly situated, it appears to the

Court that there were explanations given separate and apart from the pure issue of race

which distinguished those cases from the case[] of [Petitioner].” The Second Motion

was denied and Petitioner filed this petition for writ of mandate seeking an order from

this court that he had established a prima facie case of a violation of section 745 and

order an evidentiary hearing.

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 DISCUSSION

Petitioner and amici curiae contend the trial court erred by employing a two-

prong test for making a prima facie case of racial discrimination pursuant to section

745, subdivision (a)(3) and (a)(4). Petitioner insists the trial court misinterpreted the

plain language, the legislative intent, and policy aims of section 745, subdivision (a)(3)

and (a)(4). The plain language supports only aggregate and statistical evidence is

required to make a prima facie case.

Real party in interest urges this court to uphold the superior court’s interpretation

of section 745, subdivision (a)(3). Real party in interest argues that holding as

requested by Petitioner, every defendant in Riverside County could file the same

motion, citing the same statistics, and be entitled to an evidentiary hearing. Real party

in interest insists that based on the plain language of the statute, a court in evaluating a

CRJA claim must consider factors relevant in charging and sentencing, including race-

neutral reasons proffered by the prosecution. Further, in looking at the legislative

history, the Legislature included a similarly situated requirement after the first draft. In

the Amended CRJA, the Legislature added a similarly situated definition, emphasizing

the importance of the factor. At a minimum, a defendant must prove under section 745,

subdivision (a)(3), that another defendant who is similarly situated received more

lenient treatment because of their race. Relying on statistics alone, the District Attorney

would have an incentive to seek more death penalty sentences on Caucasian defendants,

an inappropriate racial determination.

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 The parties agree that review in this case is de novo. “We review statutory

interpretation questions de novo.” (Ventura County Deputy Sheriffs’ Association v.

County of Ventura (2021) 61 Cal.App.5th 585, 590.)

A. SECTION 745

The CRJA, effective January 1, 2021, added section 745 to the Penal Code. The

Legislature enacted the CRJA with the express intent “to eliminate racial bias from

California’s criminal justice system” and “to ensure that race plays no role at all in

seeking or obtaining convictions or in sentencing.” (Assem. Bill 2542; Stats. 2020,

ch. 317, § 2, subd. (i); see Young v. Superior Court (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 138, 149-

150.) Its goal is “to provide remedies that will eliminate racially discriminatory

practices in the criminal justice system, in addition to intentional discrimination.”

(Stats. 2020, § 2 subd. (j).) In 2023 the Governor signed into law the Amended CRJA,

which made several changes to section 745, effective January 1, 2023. Among the

changes to the statute the Amended CRJA included several definitions of terms used

and extended relief to any person whose case was final.

Section 745 was enacted, in part, to address McCleskey v. Kemp (1987) 481 U.S.

279, 295-299, 312, which found that there was “a discrepancy that appears to correlate

with race” in death penalty cases in Georgia, but the court would not intervene without

proof of a discriminatory purpose, concluding that we must simply accept these

disparities as “an inevitable part of our criminal justice system.”

A detailed outline of the language of section 745 and the legislative history is

necessary. Section 745, subdivision (a), provides that “[t]he state shall not seek or

22
obtain a criminal conviction or seek, obtain, or impose a sentence on the basis of race,

ethnicity, or national origin.” A defendant may establish a violation of the CRJA in

various ways. This case concerns the charging stage of the prosecutorial process.3

Subdivision (a)(3) of section 745, provides in full, “The defendant was charged or

convicted of a more serious offense than defendants of other races, ethnicities, or

national origins who have engaged in similar conduct and are similarly situated, and the

evidence establishes that the prosecution more frequently sought or obtained

convictions for more serious offenses against people who share the defendant’s race,

ethnicity, or national origin in the county where the convictions were sought or

obtained.” (Italics added.)4

The Legislature defined “similarly situated” in section 745, subdivision (h)(6), as

follows: “ ‘Similarly situated’ means that factors that are relevant in charging and

sentencing are similar and do not require that all individuals in the comparison group

3 Petitioner and amici curiae also refer to subdivision (a)(4)(A) of section 745.
It provides, “A longer or more severe sentence was imposed on the defendant than was
imposed on other similarly situated individuals convicted of the same offense, and
longer or more severe sentences were more frequently imposed for that offense on
people that share the defendant’s race, ethnicity, or national origin than on defendants of
other races, ethnicities, or national origins in the county where the sentence was
imposed.” This provision only applies to persons who have been sentenced. This is
further evidenced by the remedy for a violation of section 745, subdivision (a).
Subdivision (e) of section 745 distinguishes between the remedies prior to judgment and
those after the judgment. Petitioner has only been charged in this case. Accordingly, the
proper provision entitling Petitioner to relief is section 745, subdivision (a)(3). We
further decline to interpret section 745, subdivision (a)(4)(A), for future courts as
requested by Petitioner as the issue is not properly before this court.

4 We highlight those terms that are defined in section 745.

23
are identical. A defendant’s conviction history may be a relevant factor to the severity

of the charges, convictions, or sentences. If it is a relevant factor and the defense

produces evidence that the conviction history may have been impacted by racial

profiling or historical patterns of racially biased policing, the court shall consider the

evidence.”

Section 745, subdivision (h)(1), provides a definition of “More frequently sought

or obtained” as that term appears in section 745, subdivision (a)(3). It provides, “ ‘More

frequently sought or obtained’ or ‘more frequently imposed’ means that the totality of

the evidence demonstrates a significant difference in seeking or obtaining convictions or

in imposing sentences comparing individuals who have engaged in similar conduct and

are similarly situated, and the prosecution cannot establish race-neutral reasons for the

disparity. The evidence may include statistical evidence, aggregate data, or

nonstatistical evidence. Statistical significance is a factor the court may consider, but is

not necessary to establish a significant difference. In evaluating the totality of the

evidence, the court shall consider whether systemic and institutional racial bias, racial

profiling, and historical patterns of racially biased policing and prosecution may have

contributed to, or caused differences observed in, the data or impacted the availability of

data overall. Race-neutral reasons shall be relevant factors to charges, convictions, and

sentences that are not influenced by implicit, systemic, or institutional bias based on

race, ethnicity, or national origin.”

“If a motion is filed in the trial court and the defendant makes a prima facie

showing of a violation . . . the trial court shall hold a hearing.” (§ 745, subd. (c).) A

24
prima facie showing means “that the defendant produces facts that, if true, establish that

there is a substantial likelihood that a violation of subdivision (a) occurred. For

purposes of this section, a ‘substantial likelihood’ requires more than a mere possibility,

but less than a standard of more likely than not.” (§ 745, subd. (h)(2).) If an evidentiary

hearing is ordered, “evidence may be presented by either party, including, but not

limited to, statistical evidence, aggregate data, expert testimony, and the sworn

testimony of witnesses.” (§ 745, subd. (c)(1).) “The defendant shall have the burden of

proving a violation of subdivision (a) by a preponderance of the evidence. The

defendant does not need to prove intentional discrimination.” (§ 745, subd. (c)(2).)

B. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

As amended in the Senate on July 1, 2020, the draft of section 745 provided in

subdivision (b)(4), that a violation of section 745 occurred if, “The prosecution sought

or obtained a conviction for an offense for which convictions are more frequently

sought or obtained against people who share the defendant’s race, ethnicity, or national

origin than for defendants of other races, ethnicities, or national origins in the county

where the convictions were sought or obtained.” (Sen. Amend. to Assem. Bill 2542

(2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) Aug. 1, 2020.) There was no requirement that a prima facie

showing must be made prior to the holding of a hearing. There were not similarly

situated or similar conduct requirements as appears in the current section 745,

subdivision (a)(3).

On August 1, 2020, Assembly Bill 2542 was further amended to add a prima

facie requirement. The proposed section 745, subdivision (a)(4), provision was

25
amended to read, “The defendant was charged or convicted of a more serious offense

than defendants of other races, ethnicities, or national origins who commit similar

offenses and the evidence establishes that the prosecution more frequently sought or

obtained convictions for more serious offenses against people who share the defendant’s

race, ethnicity, or national origin in the county where the convictions were sought or

obtained.” A definition of “prima facie” was included. (Sen. Amend. to Assem. Bill

2542 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) Aug. 1, 2020, italics added.)

A Senate Committee on Public Safety history of the August 1, 2020 version,

referred to McCleskey. In addition, it provided, “This bill allows racial bias to be shown

by, among other things, statistical evidence that convictions for an offense were more

frequently sought or obtained against people who share the defendant’s race, ethnicity

or national origin in the county where the convictions were sought or obtained; . . . This

bill does not require the discrimination to have been purposeful or to have had

prejudicial impact on the defendant’s case.” (Sen. Com. on Public Safety, Analysis of

Assem. Bill 2542 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) Aug. 7, 2020.)

Further amendments were proposed on August 20, 2020. Proposed section 745,

subdivision (d)(4) now provided, “The defendant was charged or convicted of a more

serious offense than defendants of other races, ethnicities, or national origins who

commit similar offenses and are similarly situated, and the evidence establishes that the

prosecution more frequently sought or obtained convictions for more serious offenses

against people who share the defendant’s race, ethnicity, or national origin in the county

where the convictions were sought or obtained.” The definition of “prima facie

26
showing” was amended. (Sen. Amend. to Assem. Bill 2542 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.)

Aug. 20, 2020, italics added.) Nothing in the legislative history provides the reason for

the addition of the “similarly situated” language or its impact on the prima facie

showing.

Assembly Bill No. 256 was introduced to amend section 745 on January 14,

2021. It initially just sought to expand relief to those whose cases were final prior to

2021. (Assem. Bill 256, Introduction of Bill.) The Senate amendment to Assembly Bill

256 provided the following language: “Under existing law, a conviction or sentence is

unlawfully imposed on the basis of race, ethnicity, or national origin if the defendant

proves, among other things, that the defendant was charged or convicted of a more

serious offense than defendants of other races, ethnicities, or national origins, or

received a longer or more severe sentence, and the evidence establishes that the

prosecution more frequently sought or obtained convictions for more serious offenses

against people who share the defendant’s race, ethnicity, or national origin, as specified,

or if a longer or more severe sentence was more frequently imposed on defendants of a

particular race, ethnicity, or national origin, as specified. Existing law requires this

determination to be made pursuant to statistical evidence or aggregate data, as specified.

[¶] This bill would allow that evidence to include nonstatistical evidence and would

require the court to consider the totality of the evidence in determining whether a

significant difference in seeking or obtaining convictions or in imposing sentences has

been established.” The current provision of section 745, subdivision (a)(3), was

proposed and the further definitions of relevant factors and changes to the definition of

27
“more frequently” obtained were proposed. (Sen. Amend. to Assem. Bill 256 (2021-

2022 Reg. Sess.) Aug. 11, 2022.)

Further amendments were proposed on August 24, 2022, which included the

current version of section 745, subdivision (a)(3), and all of the definitions outlined

ante. The “Assembly Floor Analysis” showed that the amendments were intended to

clarify that “more serious charges or longer or more severe sentences were ‘more

frequently sought or obtained’ or ‘more frequently imposed’ is based on the totality of

the evidence, which may include statistical evidence, aggregate data, or nonstatistical

evidence.” (Assembly Floor Analysis – Concurrence in Sen. Amend to Assem. Bill 256

(2021-2022 Reg. Sess.) August 30, 2022.) There was no further explanation of the

reason for the changes, and how this language impacted the prima facie showing or the

evidentiary hearing phase.

C. ANALYSIS

When interpreting a statute, we look to its words to “ascertain the intent of the

Legislature.” (People v. Overstreet (1986) 42 Cal.3d 891, 895-896.) “When statutory

language is clear and unambiguous, there is no need for construction and courts should

not indulge in it. (Ibid.) “Because statutory language generally provides the most

reliable indicator of that intent [citation], we turn to the words themselves, giving them

their ‘usual and ordinary meanings’ and construing them in context. [Citation.] ‘ “If

there is no ambiguity in the language of the statute, ‘. . . the Legislature is presumed to

have meant what it said, and the plain meaning of the statute governs.’ ” ’ ” (People v.

Lawrence (2000) 24 Cal.4th 219, 230-231.) “If the language of a statutory provision

28
remains unclear after we consider its terms, structure, and related statutory provisions,

we may take account of extrinsic sources—such as legislative history—to assist us in

discerning the relevant legislative purpose.” (Gund v. County of Trinity (2020) 10

Cal.5th 503, 511.)

1. PRIMA FACIE CASE REQUIREMENTS

Section 745, subdivision (c)(1), makes it clear that at an evidentiary hearing,

evidence may include “statistical evidence, aggregate data, expert testimony, and the

sworn testimony of witnesses.” However, it is not clear what type of evidence is

necessary to prove a prima facie case of a violation of section 745, subdivision (a)(3).

The plain language of section 745, subdivision (a)(3), clearly provides that in order to

show a violation, a defendant must show that he was charged with a more serious

offense than defendants of other races “who have engaged in similar conduct and are

similarly situated,” and “that the prosecution more frequently sought or obtained

convictions for more serious offenses against people who share the defendant’s race,

ethnicity, or national origin in the county where the convictions were sought or

obtained.” As stated, “ ‘More frequently sought or obtained,’ ” “means that the totality

of the evidence demonstrates a significant difference in seeking . . . convictions . . .

comparing individuals who have engaged in similar conduct and are similarly situated,

and the prosecution cannot establish race-neutral reasons for the disparity.” (§ 745,

subd. (h)(1).) Despite these definitions, there is nothing in the plain meaning of the

statute that provides what evidence is necessary to establish a prima facie case of a

violation of section 745, subdivision (a)(3).

29
 The legislative history does not give any insight into the required proof to make a

prima facie showing. In its original proposed form, there was no similarly situated nor

similar conduct requirement as appears in section 745, subdivision (a)(3), nor a

requirement that a prima facie showing was required prior to a hearing. However, the

statute evolved to include these requirements and we must give meaning both to these

changes made by the Legislature and the plain meaning of the statute.

Petitioner and amici curiae focus on the “similarly situated” language in section

745, subdivision (a)(3). Petitioner claims that the plain language of section 745,

subdivision (a)(3), permits a defendant to establish a CRJA violation by making one

evidentiary showing based on statistical proof. Petitioner insists that in order to prevail

in showing a prima facie case under the CRJA, a defendant “would have to show—and

could make the showing with statistical or aggregate evidence—that [African-

American] people accused of special-circumstance murder are similarly situated to

[Caucasian] people accused of murder but not charged with a special circumstance.”

Aggregate evidence can be used to show both the greater frequency of punitive

treatment and similar situations of comparators. However, Petitioner does not explain

in either the Petition or traverse the importance of the language that Petitioner must

show that he was “engaged in similar conduct” as other nonminority defendants in

addition to showing he was similarly situated.

In the amici brief filed by Dean Erwin Chemerinsky and other law professors,

they also focus on the similarly situated language. They contend Petitioner was not

required to provide exact comparators to establish a prima facie case. They do not

30
address the “similar conduct” language. The Korematsu Center for Law and Equality

contends that the statistical studies presented by Petitioner were sufficient to establish a

prima facie case. Korematsu argues that the trial court “ignored this legislative

directive” and imposed a nearly insurmountable barrier to making a prima facie

showing of a CRJA violation. They insist that statistical analysis of racial disparities

alone can show more than a “mere possibility” of disparate treatment based on race, and

that statistical analysis is enough without knowing the individual circumstances. The

studies by Omori, Petersen, and Baumgartner were sufficient to show more than a

“mere possibility” of a violation of subdivision (a) of section 745. However, the brief

also does not address the “similar conduct” language.

At oral argument, Petitioner’s counsel did acknowledge that there is a

requirement that the evidence must establish similar conduct. Petitioner’s counsel also

stated that similar conduct could be shown by statistics alone, factual evidence or a

combination of both types of evidence.

The plain language of the statute supports that as part of the prima facie showing,

a defendant must show that nonminority defendants are engaged in similar conduct.

“Conduct” is defined as “a mode or standard of personal behavior especially as based on

moral principles.” (Merriam–Webster’s Online Dict. (2023) < http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary> [as of Jan. 8, 2024] definition noun.) In criminal cases,

Evidence Code sections 1108 and 1109 allow for admission of uncharged “conduct”

that is similar to the current charged offense to prove that the person did in fact commit

the current charged acts. This involves the admission of the facts of the uncharged

31
similar conduct. (See Evid. Code, §§ 1108, 1109; People v. Nguyen (2010) 184

Cal.App.4th 1096, 1115-1118.) The Legislature, prior to using the term “similar

conduct,” used the term “similar offenses,” in addition to the similarly situated

language. Similar “offense” language has been used in the discussion of admission of

other crimes to help show motive, intent, premeditation, or presence of a common

design or plan. (See People v. Balcom (1994) 7 Cal.4th 414, [“evidence that defendant

committed uncharged similar offenses would have some relevance regarding

defendant’s intent in the present case.”].) “With particular regard to the determination

of relevance, ‘. . . the trial court must look behind the label describing the kind of

similarity or relation between the other offense and the charged offense; it must

examine the precise elements of similarity between the offenses with respect to the issue

for which the evidence is proffered and satisfy itself that each link of the chain of

inference between the former and the latter is reasonably strong.’ “ (People v. Enos

(1973) 34 Cal.App.3d 25, 35.) While it is unclear as to why the Legislature changed the

term “similar offense” to “similar conduct,” both traditionally have referred to the

underlying facts of the crimes and not simply the charged crimes. Since the Legislature

did not provide a definition of “similar conduct” we rely on the plain meaning, which

refers to “behavior” of a person on a particular occasion that logically refers to the

underlying facts of the crimes rather than just a recitation of the charged crime, and as

the term has traditionally been used in other criminal cases.

While we may agree with Petitioner that only relying on the word “similarly

situated” and the definition in the Amended CRJA, it may be sufficient to look only at

32
similar crimes, such as murder, to show how an African-American person may be

charged more harshly than a nonminority defendant on these cases and that this could be

shown by only statistical evidence. It seems clear to this court that “similar conduct”

requires some sort of review of the underlying facts of the other cases. While there may

be a situation in which statistics could somehow show similar conduct and similarly

situated amongst defendants, in this case, Petitioner presented the underlying facts of

several cases in which the District Attorney did not seek the death penalty for non-

minority defendants. As such, we need not determine if statistics alone could meet the

prima facie burden as factual evidence here was presented to establish similar conduct.

As stated, the language of section 745 does not clarify what must be shown at the

prima facie stage and what should be decided at the evidentiary hearing. However, it is

clear from the language that to prove a prima facie case of a violation under section 745,

subdivision (a)(3), the evidence must establish that Petitioner was similarly situated and

engaged in similar conduct with other nonminority defendants who were charged with

lesser crimes, and that there was racial disparity in the District Attorney’s capital

charging system. Petitioner’s counsel conceded at oral argument that factual evidence

of similar conduct could support a prima facie case. The evidence presented by

Petitioner in the Second Motion of other current cases involving nonminority

defendants was proper evidence of similar conduct. Based on this factual evidence, we

need not determine if mere statistical evidence that compares groups who are engaged

in similar conduct and similar situations may be enough to make a prima facie showing

under section 745.

33
 2. BURDEN OF SHOWING A PRIMA FACIE CASE

The question then remains whether the trial court erred by finding that this

evidence was insufficient to establish a prima facie case by requiring that Petitioner

provide an explanation of other relevant factors in sentencing at the prima facie stage,

such as whether the victim’s family supported seeking the death penalty, to explain the

racial disparity in seeking the death penalty. It is not clear from either the plain

language of the statute or the legislative history at what stage the trial court considers

this evidence and what type of evidence is relevant to showing a prima facie case or

proving a violation at an evidentiary hearing.

Amici curiae argue that placing the burden on the section 745 movant to address

the nondiscriminatory reasons for charging as part of a prima facie case is inconsistent

with existing antidiscrimination law and the process in section 745. Further, the plain

language of the statute places the burden of producing race-neutral reasons on the

prosecution. They further argue that many of the variables cannot be attained by a

defendant at the prima facie stage of litigation. But the briefs provide little assistance in

helping this court determine what must be shown in order to establish a prima facie

case. While the briefs argue statistics showing that Petitioner was similarly situated to

nonminority defendants who were charged with less serious crimes is sufficient, as set

forth ante this ignores the plain language of the statute that requires not only a showing

of similarly situated defendants but also those engaged in similar conduct. Further, it

ignores that the definition of similarly situated provides that “factors that are relevant in

charging and sentencing are similar.” (§ 745, subd. (h)(6).)

34
 A recent Court of Appeal case from San Francisco looked to habeas corpus law

to determine the standard for making a prima facie case. In Finley v. Superior Court

(2023) 95 Cal.App.5th 12 (Finley), an African-American defendant brought a motion in

the trial court alleging a violation of the CRJA based on his vehicle being searched

while he was parked in a known high-crime area. He provided evidence that the officer

had no logical nonracial reason for stopping and searching him and provided statistical

evidence that African-American persons in San Francisco are far more likely to be

stopped by police than other groups. (Id. at pp. 17-18.)5 The trial court denied the

motion finding that a prima facie case had not been met. On appeal, the defendant

argued that the trial court improperly weighed the evidence in concluding that he did not

make a prima facie case. (Id. at p. 20.)

On appeal, the court looked to the prima facie standard applicable to a petition

for a writ of habeas corpus, noting that there were no cases interpreting section 745. It

noted in the habeas context, “[t]o establish a prima facie showing for habeas corpus

relief, a petitioner ‘should both (i) state fully and with particularity the facts on which

relief is sought [citations], as well as (ii) include copies of reasonably available

documentary evidence supporting the claim, including pertinent portions of trial

transcripts and affidavits or declarations.’ ” (Finley, supra, 95 Cal.App.5th at p. 21.) It

5 The defendant in Finley brought his claim pursuant to section 745,
subdivision (a)(1), which provides, “[t]he judge, an attorney in the case, a law
enforcement officer involved in the case, an expert witness, or juror exhibited bias or
animus towards the defendant because of the defendant’s race, ethnicity, or national
origin.”

35
concluded that in order to show a prima case under the CRJA, a defendant “must state

fully and with particularity the facts on which relief is sought, and include copies of

reasonably available documentary evidence supporting the claim. The court should

accept the truth of the defendant’s allegations, including expert evidence and statistics,

unless the allegations are conclusory, unsupported by the evidence presented in support

of the claim, or demonstrably contradicted by the court’s own records. [Citation.] And

again, the court should not make credibility determinations at the prima facie stage.”

(Id. at p. 23, fn. omitted.)

As we have stated, the Legislature did not provide a standard for making a prima

facie case. However, while it is not possible for this court to know the intended

standard under section 745, Finley’s analysis provides a reasonable standard based on

long-standing habeas corpus law.

Here, it is clear to this court that the statistical evidence of racial disparity

presented by way of the studies by Omori, Petersen, and Baumgartner was sufficient to

show a prima facie case of racial disparity in the charging of the death penalty in

Riverside County. Moreover, Petitioner provided evidence to show nonminority

defendants in Riverside County were charged with lesser crimes despite being engaged

in similar conduct as Petitioner, e.g. stabbings or multiple murders. The trial court

found that Petitioner had failed to provide cases that were similarly situated based on

other factors in the cases involving nonminority defendants. It concluded there could be

other reasons that the death penalty may not have been sought in those cases. This

included whether the victim’s family wanted the District Attorney to pursue the death

36
penalty. Hence, it placed the burden on Petitioner at the prima facie stage to prove that

the factors relevant in charging the nonminority defendants were similar to his case, and

arguably, prove there were no race-neutral reasons for the differences in the charges.

The language of the statute and the legislative history give this court no guidance

as to how or when a defendant must prove that “factors that are relevant in charging . . .

are similar. . . .” (§ 745, subd. (h)(6).) However, section 745, subdivision (h)(1),

provides that the District Attorney is responsible for providing race-neutral reasons for

the disparity in charging Petitioner with the death penalty. As stated, the definition in

section 745, subdivision (h)(1), provides that, “ ‘More frequently sought or obtained’ ”

means “the totality of the evidence demonstrates a significant difference in seeking or

obtaining convictions . . . comparing individuals who have engaged in similar conduct

and are similarly situated, and the prosecution cannot establish race-neutral reasons for

the disparity.”

The statute provides that evidence of race-neutral reasons for racial disparity is to

be presented by the District Attorney, not Petitioner. As such, it follows that the

presentation of evidence of race-neutral reasons is a defense after the prima facie case

has been shown. It is not entirely clear if the burden also falls on the District Attorney

to show the relevant factors that were used in deciding to charge both the nonminority

defendants and Petitioner. As defined, race-neutral reasons “shall be relevant factors to

charges . . . that are not influenced by implicit, systemic, or institutional bias based on

race, ethnicity, or national origin.” (§ 745, subd. (h)(1).)

37
 Based on the foregoing, if the defendant provides statistical evidence showing a

racial disparity in the charging of nonminority defendants and African-American

defendants, and provides evidence of nonminority defendants who engage in similar

conduct and are similarly situated but were charged with lesser crimes than the charged

African-American defendant, that this is sufficient to show there was more than a mere

possibility that a violation of section 745, subdivision (a), has occurred. As such, a

defendant has met his burden of establishing a prima facie case. An evidentiary hearing

should be ordered at that point to consider all of the relevant factors in charging and

allow the District Attorney to present race-neutral reasons for the disparity in seeking

the death penalty.

While we cannot establish a bright-line rule of what constitutes sufficient

evidence of “similar conduct” in all cases, here, Petitioner in the Second Motion

provided the facts of several cases that shared many of the same characteristics as this

case, including other stabbings and multiple murders committed by nonminority

defendants who were not charged with the death penalty. In addition, Petitioner

presented ample evidence that the District Attorney’s capital system more frequently

sought convictions for more serious offenses against African-American defendants.

This was enough to provide more than a “mere possibility” that a violation of section

745, subdivision (a)(3), had occurred. The trial court erred by finding Petitioner did not

establish a prima facie showing of a violation. Once Petitioner presented this evidence,

the trial court should have ordered an evidentiary hearing at which the burden shifted to

the District Attorney to show the race-neutral reasons for the disparity in seeking the

38
death penalty against Petitioner, which include the relevant factors to charges that were

not influenced by implicit or systemic racial bias. The trial court, after receiving such

evidence, could then make a decision based on the totality of the evidence.

DISPOSITION

Let a writ of mandate issue directing the Superior Court of Riverside County to

vacate its order denying Petitioner’s request for a hearing, and to conduct an evidentiary

hearing as set forth in this opinion. The stay ordered on May 4, 2023, is LIFTED.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

MILLER
Acting P. J.

I concur:

CODRINGTON
J.

39
[Austin v. Superior Court, E080939]

MENETREZ, J., Concurring.

Defendant Russell Lynwood Austin was charged in Riverside County Superior

Court with murder with special circumstances, and the prosecution gave notice that it

intended to seek the death penalty. Austin filed a motion for a hearing under the

California Racial Justice Act of 2020 (Stats. 2020, ch. 317, § 1) (RJA). Austin, who is

Black, presented statistical evidence showing significant racial disparities concerning the

death penalty in Riverside County. The evidence showed that Black defendants are

charged with murder, charged with special circumstances, and subject to death notices at

rates far higher than their proportion of the adult population in Riverside County, and that

the corresponding rates for White defendants are far lower than their proportion of the

adult population. Austin’s statistical evidence also included regression analyses showing

that (1) “[e]ven after controlling for important legally relevant factors like the presence of

multiple victims or a felony, logistic regression results indicate that murders with Black

and Hispanic defendants are more likely to involve a special circumstance, a death notice,

and a death verdict,” (2) similar disparities occur with respect to Black victims and White

victims, and (3) the disparities “are especially pronounced in cases involving White

victims and minority defendants.”

The trial court denied Austin’s motion without prejudice, ruling that more than

statistical evidence is required to make a prima facie case under the RJA. Austin then

filed a second motion seeking the same relief, supported both by the statistical evidence

proffered in support of the first motion and by additional, nonstatistical evidence, in an

1
effort to meet the standard set by the court when it denied the first motion. The court

denied the second motion, concluding that Austin’s evidence was still not sufficient to

make a prima facie case.

In his petition for writ review of the trial court’s rulings, Austin argues that

statistical evidence can be sufficient on its own to make a prima facie case of a violation

of the RJA, and he argues that his statistical evidence was in fact sufficient. I agree, and I

would grant the petition on that basis.

A. Statutory Background

The RJA provides that “[t]he state shall not seek or obtain a criminal conviction or

seek, obtain, or impose a sentence on the basis of race, ethnicity, or national origin.”

(Pen. Code, § 745, subd. (a); unlabeled statutory citations are to this code.) The statute

further “sets forth four categories of conduct, any of which, if proved, is enough to

‘establish’ a violation of section 745, subdivision (a).” (Young v. Superior Court (2022)

79 Cal.App.5th 138, 147 (Young).) One of the categories under which Austin seeks relief

is subdivision (a)(3) of section 745: “The defendant was charged or convicted of a more

serious offense than defendants of other races, ethnicities, or national origins who commit

similar offenses and are similarly situated, and the evidence establishes that the

prosecution more frequently sought or obtained convictions for more serious offenses

against people who share the defendant’s race, ethnicity, or national origin in the county

where the convictions were sought or obtained.” The statute also explains that “‘[m]ore

frequently sought or obtained’ or ‘more frequently imposed’ means that the totality of the

evidence demonstrates a significant difference in seeking or obtaining convictions or in

2
imposing sentences comparing individuals who have engaged in similar conduct and are

similarly situated, and the prosecution cannot establish race-neutral reasons for the

disparity.” (§ 745, subd. (h)(1).)

If a defendant files a motion alleging a violation of subdivision (a) of section 745,

and the defendant “makes a prima facie showing” of such a violation, then “the trial court

shall hold a hearing.” (§ 745, subd. (c).) The statute defines “prima facie showing” as

follows: It “means that the defendant produces facts that, if true, establish that there is a

substantial likelihood that a violation of subdivision (a) occurred. For purposes of this

section, a ‘substantial likelihood’ requires more than a mere possibility, but less than a

standard of more likely than not.” (§ 745, subd. (h)(2).)

At the subsequent hearing conducted if the defendant makes a prima facie

showing, “evidence may be presented by either party, including, but not limited to,

statistical evidence, aggregate data, expert testimony, and the sworn testimony of

witnesses. The court may also appoint an independent expert. For the purpose of a

motion and hearing under this section, out-of-court statements that the court finds

trustworthy and reliable, statistical evidence, and aggregated data are admissible for the

limited purpose of determining whether a violation of subdivision (a) has occurred.”

(§ 745, subd. (c)(1).) At the hearing, the defendant bears the burden of proof by a

preponderance of the evidence, but “[t]he defendant does not need to prove intentional

discrimination” in order to prevail. (§ 745, subd. (c)(2).)

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 B. McCleskey, the RJA, and Statistical Evidence

In my view, the relationship between the RJA and McCleskey v. Kemp (1987) 481

U.S. 279 (McCleskey) shows that the trial court’s ruling—that statistical evidence cannot

be sufficient to make a prima facie case—cannot be correct.

In McCleskey, a defendant who had been sentenced to death in Georgia argued

that his conviction and sentence were unconstitutional because statistical evidence

“show[ed] a disparity in the imposition of the death sentence in Georgia based on the race

of the murder victim and, to a lesser extent, the race of the defendant,” a disparity that

persisted “even after taking account of 39 nonracial variables.” (McCleskey, supra, 481

U.S. at pp. 286-287.) The Supreme Court rejected the defendant’s constitutional claim,

concluding that the statistical evidence “[a]t most . . . indicates a discrepancy that appears

to correlate with race.” (Id. at p. 312.) The court reaffirmed “the basic principle that a

defendant who alleges an equal protection violation has the burden of proving ‘the

existence of purposeful discrimination.’” (Id. at p. 292.) And the court concluded that

the statistical evidence before it was “clearly insufficient to support an inference that any

of the decisionmakers in McCleskey’s case acted with discriminatory purpose.” (Id. at

p. 297.) Four justices dissented, with Justice Brennan observing that the majority’s

concern “that recognition of McCleskey’s claim would open the door to widespread

challenges to all aspects of criminal sentencing . . . seems to suggest a fear of too much

justice.” (Id. at p. 339 (dis. opn. of Brennan, J.).)

“There is little doubt which side of the McCleskey debate our Legislature has

aligned California with by statute.” (Young, supra, 79 Cal.App.5th at p. 152.) The RJA’s

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legislative findings cite McCleskey for the proposition that “[e]xisting precedent . . .

accepts racial disparities in our criminal justice system as inevitable” (Assem. Bill No.

2542 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) § 2, subd. (f) (Assembly Bill 2542)), and the findings then

state that “[i]t is the intent of the Legislature to reject the conclusion that racial disparities

within our criminal justice are inevitable, and to actively work to eradicate them” (id.,

subd. (i)). Directly contrary to McCleskey’s requirement that an equal protection

claimant prove “purposeful discrimination” (McCleskey, supra, 481 U.S. at p. 292), the

findings acknowledge the existence of “implicit bias,” which is “often unintentional and

unconscious,” and the findings express the Legislature’s intent “to remedy the harm to

the defendant’s case and to the integrity of the judicial system” caused by such bias

(Assem. Bill 2542, § 2, subd. (i)). Accordingly, the RJA provides that “[t]he defendant

does not need to prove intentional discrimination.” (§ 745, subd. (c)(2).)

Considered in light of that background, the trial court’s conclusion that statistical

evidence cannot be sufficient to make a prima facie case under the RJA must be

mistaken. McCleskey held that statistical evidence cannot be sufficient to prove

purposeful discrimination and hence cannot be sufficient to prevail on an equal protection

claim. In enacting the RJA, the Legislature expressly rejected McCleskey and the

requirement to prove intentional discrimination, expressly seeking to provide remedies

for implicit bias even though it is “often unintentional and unconscious” (Assem. Bill

2542 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) § 2, subd. (i)). Thus, it cannot reasonably be denied that the

Legislature intended that relief be more broadly available under the RJA than under

McCleskey. But if the trial court were right that statistical evidence cannot be sufficient

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even for a prima facie case under the RJA, then the RJA would be narrower than

McCleskey, which held only that statistical evidence cannot be sufficient to prevail.

Other aspects of the statutory language further support that conclusion. First, the

Legislature set a low standard for a prima facie case under the RJA: The defendant need

only show that there is “more than a mere possibility” that subdivision (a) of section 745

has been violated. (§ 745, subd. (h)(2); see also Finley v. Superior Court (2023) 95

Cal.App.5th 12, 21-22 [discussing the standard for a prima facie case under the RJA,

which is lower than the prima facie standard for writs of habeas corpus].) It is hard to see

how the following three propositions can be reconciled: (1) McCleskey held that

statistical evidence by itself is not sufficient to prevail; (2) the Legislature intended to

create a broader remedial scheme than McCleskey; but (3) the Legislature provided that

statistical evidence by itself is not sufficient even to show more than a mere possibility of

prevailing. The reasonable inference is that statistical evidence can be sufficient to make

a prima facie case.

Second, the RJA provides that for purposes of a claim of disparate treatment under

subdivision (a)(3) of section 745, the burden is on the prosecution to “establish race-

neutral reasons for the disparity.” (§ 745, subd. (h)(1); see § 745, subd. (a)(3).) It

follows that in order to prevail on a claim under subdivision (a)(3) of section 745 a

defendant is not required to negate every possible race-neutral reason for the disparate

treatment. Rather, the burden is on the prosecution to prove such reasons. A fortiori, the

defendant need not negate every possible race-neutral reason for the disparate treatment

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in order to make a prima facie case. Showing the disparate treatment itself—which can

be done through statistical evidence—is enough.

Nothing in the statutory language requires a contrary conclusion. The trial court

focused on the requirement in subdivision (a)(3) of section 745 that “[t]he defendant was

charged or convicted of a more serious offense than defendants of other races, ethnicities,

or national origins who have engaged in similar conduct and are similarly situated.”

(Italics added.) The court concluded “that there has to be some showing more than

statistical analysis that individually these defendants . . . are being discriminated against,

vis-a-vis, nonminority defendants that are similarly situated, with similar cases, charges,

and all of the other factors that go into it.” The court thus appears to have inferred from

the statutory language that Austin needed to produce evidence that there was another

defendant who was similar to Austin in all material respects (“all of the other factors that

go into it”) but as to whom the prosecution did not seek the death penalty.

No such inference is warranted. Again, if statistical evidence cannot be sufficient

for a prima facie case under the RJA, then the RJA is narrower than McCleskey despite

the Legislature’s expressed intent to make it broader. The RJA’s inclusion of the words

“similarly situated” does not compel such an incongruous interpretation, because an

alternative interpretation is readily available: Statistical techniques such as regression

analysis can show that racial disparities exist even when one controls for various relevant

characteristics, meaning that racial disparities exist among defendants who are similarly

situated (i.e., defendants who share those relevant characteristics). The statute’s

reference to defendants who are “similarly situated” thus does not mean that a defendant

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must prove, at the prima facie stage, that there is at least one other defendant who is

identical except for race and has an identical case except for race but who was treated

less harshly. Moreover, the effect of the trial court’s interpretation would be to put the

burden on the defendant, at the prima facie stage, to negate every possible race-neutral

reason for the racial disparities shown by the statistical evidence. That conflicts with the

statutory language, which puts the burden on the prosecution to “establish race-neutral

reasons for the disparity.” (§ 745, subd. (h)(1).)

For all of the foregoing reasons, I conclude that the trial court erred by ruling that

more than statistical evidence is required to make a prima facie case under the RJA.

Moreover, the district attorney does not otherwise challenge the sufficiency of Austin’s

statistical evidence, and the evidence is clearly sufficient to make a prima facie case.

Austin’s statistical evidence appears to be at least as strong as the statistical evidence at

issue in McCleskey, and given that statistical evidence can be sufficient to make a prima

facie case, I see no basis to conclude that Austin’s evidence fails to show more than a

mere possibility of proving a violation of section 745, subdivision (a).

Finally, there is an aspect of the People’s argument that I believe should be briefly

addressed. In their return to Austin’s writ petition, the People claim that Austin is

“accus[ing] the District Attorney of racism.” The People made the same claim in the trial

court: “And let’s be very clear. The defense here is calling all of us racist.” The People

do not elaborate or attempt to defend the claim, and I believe that the claim is mistaken.

Austin is bringing a claim under the RJA. Such a claim does not require proof of

“intentional discrimination.” (§ 745, subd. (c)(2).) Moreover, the RJA was expressly

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intended to provide remedies for harms caused by implicit bias, which is “often

unintentional and unconscious” (Assem. Bill 2542 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) § 2, subd. (i)),

and “[t]he Legislature has acknowledged that all persons possess implicit biases” (id.,

subd. (g)). Nothing in the legislative findings or elsewhere in the RJA suggests that the

Legislature was accusing all persons of racism. Austin’s motion for relief under the RJA

is similar. He contends that he has introduced sufficient evidence to make a prima facie

case under that statute. The statute does not require—either for a prima facie case or to

prevail at a subsequent hearing—that Austin allege or prove that the prosecutors are

racist, and nothing in the record suggests that he is attempting to do so.

The trial court erred by concluding that statistical evidence cannot be sufficient to

make a prima facie case under the RJA. Austin’s statistical evidence was sufficient. I

therefore concur in the judgment granting the petition and directing the trial court to

conduct a hearing under subdivision (c) of section 745.

MENETREZ

J.

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