Johnson v. Griffin

22-2007-pr
Johnson v. Griffin

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
26th day of January, two thousand twenty-four.
Present:
AMALYA L. KEARSE,
GERARD E. LYNCH,
WILLIAM J. NARDINI,
Circuit Judges.
_____________________________________
ERIK JOHNSON,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v. 22-2007-pr
PATRICK GRIFFIN,
Respondent-Appellee.
_____________________________________

For Petitioner-Appellant: PAUL SKIP LAISURE, Garden City, NY

For Respondent-Appellee: DANIELLE M. O’BOYLE (John M. Castellano, on the
brief), Assistant District Attorneys, for Melinda
Katz, District Attorney for Queens County, Kew
Gardens, NY

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New

York (Margo K. Brodie, Chief Judge).

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 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

Petitioner-Appellant Erik Johnson (“Johnson”) appeals from a judgment of the United

States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Margo K. Brodie, Chief Judge), entered

on August 16, 2022, denying his pro se petition for a writ of habeas corpus challenging his 2010

second-degree murder conviction in New York state court. Following a jury trial, Johnson was

convicted of the 2006 murder of his then-ex-girlfriend, Asma Johnson (“Asma”), for which he was

sentenced to 25 years to life in prison. On direct appeal, Johnson argued that (1) the trial court’s

refusal to give a missing witness jury instruction based on the prosecution’s decision not to call

Asma’s ex-boyfriend and the father of two of her children, Thomas Livingston, as a witness at trial

violated his Fourteenth Amendment right to a fair trial; (2) the trial court’s admission of hearsay

testimony that Johnson had previously abused and threatened Asma’s life violated his Sixth and

Fourteenth Amendment rights; and (3) his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in violation

of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Appellate Division upheld Johnson’s conviction,

reasoning that any error was harmless due to the overwhelming evidence of his guilt. See People

v. Johnson, 943 N.Y.S.2d 910, 911 (2d Dep’t 2012).

In 2013, Johnson filed this pro se petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254, raising the same claims and additionally arguing that the court’s failure to give a missing

witness instruction denied his Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause rights. The district court

denied the petition and issued a certificate of appealability. Johnson v. Griffin, No.

13CV4337MKBSMG, 2022 WL 3347771, at *18–19 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 12, 2022). Johnson, now

represented by counsel, appeals, pressing only the first two claims, while arguing that his trial

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counsel rendered ineffective assistance only to excuse procedural default rather than as a stand-

alone claim. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the case.

Section 2254(a) provides that a federal court may grant a writ of habeas corpus to a state

criminal defendant “only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or

laws or treaties of the United States.” A habeas petitioner must show that the challenged state

court decision “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established

Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States” or “was based on an

unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court

proceeding.” Id. § 2254(d). A constitutional error is considered harmless in the habeas context

unless it “had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.”

Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 623 (1993). 1 “We review de novo a district court’s decision

to deny a defendant’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.” Murray v.

Noeth, 32 F.4th 154, 157 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 270 (2022).

Here, Johnson not only has to show that the Appellate Division was incorrect in concluding

that any error was harmless, but also that such a determination was unreasonable. Cognizant of

that highly deferential standard of review, for the reasons explained below, we conclude that the

Appellate Division’s harmlessness determination was not unreasonable. We also explain why

Johnson’s claims are meritless in any event.

I. Missing Witness Instruction

At trial, Asma’s and Livingston’s then-10-year-old daughter, Najiyah Livingston

(“Najiyah”), testified as follows. On the day of Asma’s murder, Livingston picked Najiyah and

1
Unless otherwise indicated, in quoting cases, all internal quotation marks, alteration marks, emphases,
footnotes, and citations are omitted.

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her brother up from Asma’s building around 5:45 p.m. and drove them to school to play math

games. As the children were leaving the apartment, Johnson pushed his way inside. While later

driving the children back to the apartment, Livingston received a call from Asma; Livingston told

Najiyah that Asma told him not to bring the children back to the apartment. Livingston asked

Najiyah who was at the apartment with Asma, and Najiyah responded that Johnson was there.

Livingston then took the children to the apartment of Gloria Tippins (“Gloria”), Johnson’s aunt,

where they arrived around 8:10 p.m. Shauna Tippins (“Shauna”), Gloria’s daughter who was

present at the time, testified at trial that Livingston asked her and Gloria to check on Asma and

Johnson because they were fighting; they left to check on Asma at 8:16 p.m. When the Tippinses

arrived at Asma’s apartment building, which was two buildings away from Gloria’s, they saw

Johnson walking down from the second floor, where Asma’s apartment was. Johnson told them

that he did something “wrong” or “stupid” and pointed up to Asma’s apartment unit; he then left

the building. App’x at 270. The Tippinses found the door of Asma’s apartment ajar and

discovered Asma’s body lying in a pool of blood. They ran out of the apartment building to get

help, at which point Shauna approached Johnson and asked, “What did you do?” Id. Johnson did

not respond; he merely “looked back.” Id. Defense counsel objected to Najiyah’s and Shauna’s

testimony about Livingston’s statements on hearsay grounds. Although Livingston was present in

the courtroom throughout the trial, neither party called him, and the trial court denied Johnson’s

request to give a missing witness jury instruction.

Johnson argues that the denial of his request for a missing witness jury instruction, and the

admission of Livingston’s hearsay testimony, violated his Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment

rights. For the reasons set forth below, we find neither argument persuasive.

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 A. Fourteenth Amendment

The failure to give an appropriate jury instruction can rise to the level of a Fourteenth

Amendment violation if it “so infected the entire trial that the resulting conviction violates due

process.” Cupp v. Naughten, 414 U.S. 141, 147 (1973); accord Blazic v. Henderson, 900 F.2d

534, 540 (2d Cir. 1990) (“In order to obtain a writ of habeas corpus in federal court on the ground

of error in a state court’s instructions to the jury on matters of state law, the petitioner must show

not only that the instruction misstated state law but also that the error violated a right guaranteed

to him by federal law.”). In other words, the failure to give an instruction may be constitutional

error if “there is a substantial likelihood that a properly instructed jury would have [acquitted the

defendant].” Davis v. Strack, 270 F.3d 111, 131 (2d Cir. 2001); see also Blazic, 900 F.2d at 542

(finding no constitutional error where giving the omitted instruction “would not have altered the

result of the trial”).

Johnson cites no state or federal law or constitutional principle requiring a missing witness

instruction in these circumstances. Indeed, it is doubtful that such an instruction would have been

appropriate here since the defense could have easily called Livingston, who was present at trial.

See United States v. Caccia, 122 F.3d 136, 139 (2d Cir. 1997) (“[W]here a witness is equally

available to both sides, a missing witness charge is inappropriate.”). But even if failing to give the

instruction was error, it would not have likely altered the outcome of the trial and thus either does

not implicate the Fourteenth Amendment, and is thus not cognizable, if a state law error, or was

harmless if a federal constitutional error. Giving the instruction would have permitted (but not

required) the jury to draw an adverse inference that had Livingston testified, his testimony would

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have contradicted the hearsay testimony of his statements elicited through Najiyah and Shauna. 2

The two hearsay statements at issue were relatively innocuous 3 and likely had little bearing on the

verdict given the other voluminous and strong evidence of Johnson’s guilt: he had physically

abused Asma and had been stalking and harassing her outside of her apartment shortly before her

murder; he aggressively entered Asma’s apartment a couple of hours before her murder when she

was home alone; Asma’s neighbor heard a woman scream, “help me, help me, this man is killing

me” mere minutes before the Tippinses encountered him leaving Asma’s building, App’x at 270;

on his way out of the building, he said he did something “wrong” or “stupid” while pointing up to

Asma’s unit, where her body was lying in a pool of blood, id.; DNA from an anal swab taken from

Asma matched his male line; and he fled the state after the incident, lied about his whereabouts,

and was hiding under a sofa when the police found him. It was thus reasonable for the Appellate

Division to conclude that any error was harmless.

2
To the extent Johnson argues that the failure to give the missing witness instruction prejudiced him because
he was unable to cross-examine Livingston about Livingston’s alleged prior abuse of Asma and her order of protection
against Livingston, which would have allowed the jury to draw an inference that Livingston was the perpetrator, that
theory of harm is unrelated to the complained-of error: the failure to give the requested instruction. The instruction
would not have cured that harm, as it would not have allowed the jury to hear about Livingston’s prior abuse or draw
any adverse inference therefrom. The only remedy that would have cured this purported prejudice would have been
defense counsel calling Livingston as a witness, which it could have but did not do. And if the complained-of error
is instead the admission of the challenged hearsay statements, that claim is distinct from one focused on the failure to
give the requested instruction. To the extent Johnson challenges the admission of the hearsay statements, such a claim
is properly considered under a Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause rubric, which is discussed below.
3
Although Johnson repeatedly states in his brief that Najiyah’s testimony describing the phone call in the car
contained double hearsay because she “testi[fied] that Asma told Mr. Livingston on the phone that Mr. Johnson was
there,” Appellant’s Br. at 31; see also id. at 25, 37—which would be important testimony because it would “plac[e]
Mr. Johnson in Asma’s apartment just before her body was found,” id. at 55—he seriously misdescribes the record.
Najiyah testified that she was not party to the phone call with Asma, and she did not testify that Livingston told her
that Asma said Johnson was at the apartment. Further, Asma’s reported statement—not to bring the children back—
was a command, not a declarative statement that could have been offered for its truth, and therefore cannot be viewed
as embedded hearsay. See United States v. Dawkins, 999 F.3d 767, 789 (2d Cir. 2021) (“[A]n order, i.e., an imperative
rather than a declarative statement, . . . [is] offered not for its truth, but for the fact that it was said. It [i]s therefore
not hearsay.”).

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 B. Sixth Amendment

Johnson also argues that the admission of Livingston’s hearsay statements “brings a Sixth

Amendment dimension to [his] claim of error concerning the refusal to give a missing witness

instruction.” Appellant’s Br. at 36–37. The government argues that Johnson procedurally

defaulted this claim by failing to raise it on direct appeal. But even if we assume there was no

default, we find the argument unpersuasive on the merits.

The Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause provides that “[i]n all criminal

prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against

him.” U.S Const. amend. VI. “The Sixth Amendment . . . prohibits the introduction of testimonial

statements by a nontestifying witness, unless the witness is unavailable to testify, and the defendant

had had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.” Ohio v. Clark, 576 U.S. 237, 243 (2015).

Thus, “the Confrontation Clause’s reach” is limited to “testimonial statements.” Michigan v.

Bryant, 562 U.S. 344, 354 (2011). Statements are testimonial when, “in light of all the

circumstances, viewed objectively, the primary purpose of the conversation was to create an out-

of-court substitute for trial testimony.” Clark, 576 U.S. at 245. “An accuser who makes a formal

statement to government officers bears testimony in a sense that a person who makes a casual

remark to an acquaintance does not. The constitutional text . . . reflects an especially acute concern

with a specific type of out-of-court statement.” Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 51 (2004).

As an initial matter, Johnson frames his claim as being anchored to the failure to give a

missing witness instruction, but that failure has no connection to the Confrontation Clause. Even

construing his claim as instead challenging the admission of the hearsay statements, rather than

the failure to give the instruction, it still fails because Livingston’s statements elicited at trial are

not testimonial. His statement to Najiyah that Asma said that she did not want him to bring Najiyah

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and her brother to the apartment was not testimonial because it was nothing more than a logistical

comment to his then-seven-year-old daughter; when “viewed objectively,” its “primary purpose”

was not “to create an out-of-court substitute for trial testimony.” Clark, 576 U.S. at 245. His

statement to Shauna that Asma and Johnson were arguing was similarly non-testimonial but rather

was intended to explain why he was asking Shauna and Gloria to check on them. Neither statement

was “made under circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that

the statement would be available for use at a later trial,” United States v. Feliz, 467 F.3d 227, 233

(2d Cir. 2006), especially considering that at that point, Asma’s body had not yet been discovered

and thus Livingston was not aware of the crime, let alone the possibility of future legal

proceedings.

Livingston’s statements were accordingly not subject to the Confrontation Clause’s

strictures, and even if they were, the overwhelming evidence against Johnson renders any error

harmless, as the Appellate Division reasonably concluded.

II. Hearsay Testimony Regarding Prior Abuse

At trial, the prosecution called Yahaira Cabrera, Asma’s neighbor, and Angela Willis,

Asma’s close friend, who testified (over defense counsel’s objections) to statements Asma made

indicating that Johnson had abused her and threatened her life. Specifically, Cabrera testified that

the week before Asma’s murder, Asma told her that Johnson had beaten her up, that she did not

want to have him arrested because he was on parole, and she was scared to report him to the police.

Cabrera also testified that the day before Asma’s murder, Asma said that she wanted to leave

Johnson, but he told her that if she stopped seeing him, he would “hurt her son” and “would come

back and kill her,” making her fearful to leave him. Dist. Ct. R. 917–19. Willis testified that Asma

told her that Johnson beat her and was “becoming possessive,” id. at 941, but that she did not want

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to report him to the police because Johnson was on parole. Johnson argues that the admission of

this hearsay testimony violated his Fourteenth Amendment rights.

Even if the admission of these statements was erroneous under New York law, see People

v. Maher, 89 N.Y.2d 456, 460–62 (1997), the statements likely were not dispositive of the

conviction and thus do not carry the requisite constitutional dimension for a federal habeas claim, 4

Blazic, 900 F.2d at 542. As the district court noted,

the jury heard other evidence, besides [Asma’s] statements, that suggested
[Johnson] and [Asma] had an abusive relationship, including Najiyah’s testimony
that [Johnson] had pushed his way into the apartment on numerous occasions,
pushing [Asma] on one occasion and arguing with her on another, and Cabrera’s
testimony that she had seen bruises on [Asma’s] face and seen [Johnson] banging
on [Asma’s] door and yelling “open the f**cking door.”

Johnson, 2022 WL 3347771, at *16. Cabrera and another neighbor also testified that Johnson had

loitered outside Asma’s apartment unit and banged on her door while calling her name several

times in the weeks leading up to her murder. This was all properly admissible evidence of

Johnson’s prior abuse and stalking—and, as detailed above, there was also ample other evidence

of Johnson’s guilt. Johnson has therefore failed to show any prejudice from the alleged error.

* * *

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

FOR THE COURT:

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

4
Although the district court liberally construed Johnson’s pro se petition as also raising a Sixth Amendment
Confrontation Clause claim based on these evidentiary rulings, see Johnson, 2022 WL 3347771, at *6, Johnson did
not raise this claim in his counseled brief before this Court, so we do not address it.

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