[Cite as State v. Stevens, 2024-Ohio-198.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
ALLEN COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO,
CASE NO. 1-22-81
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,
v.
JOSHUA L. STEVENS, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from Allen County Common Pleas Court
Trial Court No. CR2022 0163
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: January 22, 2024
APPEARANCES:
Max Hersch for Appellant
John R. Willamowski, Jr. for Appellee
Case No. 1-22-81
HESS, J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Joshua L. Stevens (“Stevens”), appeals from a
judgment of the Allen County Court of Common Pleas convicting him, following a
jury trial, of felonious assault. Stevens presents six assignments of error asserting
that (1) the trial court erred when it admitted identifying statements in an exhibit as
excited utterances; (2) trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to
object to an officer’s recitation of an identifying hearsay statement; (3) trial counsel
rendered ineffective assistance by failing to object to evidence concerning whether
Stevens fled armed with a weapon; (4) multiple errors cumulatively deprived him
of his constitutional right to a fair trial; (5) the trial court erred when it sentenced
him to an indefinite sentence under the unconstitutional Reagan Tokes Law; and (6)
trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to request a waiver of court
costs at sentencing. For the reasons which follow, we overrule the assignments of
error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} In July 2022, Stevens was indicted on two counts of felonious assault
against Ralph W. Dewitt. Count One alleged a violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) and
(D)(1)(a), and Count Two alleged a violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) and (D)(1)(a).
He pleaded not guilty, and the matter proceeded to a jury trial.
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{¶3} Dewitt testified that on May 2, 2022, he and his brother went to help
Clarence Perkins, who needed “a jump” because his car would not start. Dewitt sat
in his brother’s truck while his brother hooked up jumper cables. A stranger with a
“three point crown” tattoo above his left eyebrow, who Dewitt later learned was
Stevens, reached underneath the hood of the truck and hit the throttle. Dewitt’s
brother and Stevens got into an argument, and Stevens threatened to “whoop”
Dewitt’s brother. Dewitt got between them and told Stevens that “he wasn’t going
to do nothing to him [sic].” Clarence Perkins broke up the argument. Stevens walked
away, Dewitt and his brother continued giving the “jump,” and then Dewitt went
home.
{¶4} That night, Dewitt was walking back and forth on the sidewalk in front
of the home of Elsie Robinson, his next door neighbor and mother of his brother’s
child, while talking on the phone with a potential buyer for a car he was trying to
sell. Cody Joseph, who “used to be” Dewitt’s brother’s best friend, was nearby,
“[u]nderneath the hood of the car” looking for “the easiest way to get to the clutch,”
which needed a new sleeve. Dewitt heard noise on Robinson’s front porch and
turned toward it. He saw someone moving around on the porch, but it was dark up
there, and he could not tell who the person was. Dewitt testified that Robinson kept
tools on her front porch, and he heard “a whole bunch of rattling,” so he “turned
back around, thinking it’s somebody up there getting tools,” and finished his phone
call. Dewitt testified that he turned around again and “got hit with a hammer.” A
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“[s]plit second” later, Dewitt “[s]tarted swinging back on” the attacker. There was
a struggle, the hammer ended up on the ground, and the attacker got away from
Dewitt and started running across the street.
{¶5} Dewitt chased the attacker, who turned around and pulled out
something from his book bag, which Dewitt thought looked like a knife. At that
point, Dewitt could see the person was Stevens because Dewitt “got a good look at
him from the garage light.” “There was a whole bunch of yelling,” and “[o]ther
people started coming and gathering around and looking out their windows.” Dewitt
kept telling Stevens “to drop it.” Stevens “went to take off,” and Dewitt “started
hitting him again.” Stevens dropped the object and then ran up an alley to the back
porch of Robinson’s mother’s house. Stevens ran through the house, but Dewitt
stopped at the back door because people “kept hollering ‘there’s kids in here
[sic].’ ” Dewitt started walking down the alley back towards his home. Someone
told him that Stevens had exited the front door of Robinson’s mother’s house and
“took off up the street.” Dewitt jumped into his brother’s truck and “went down
that way.” He saw “the cops hit their spotlight,” so he parked the truck in the
driveway of Robinson’s mother’s house and walked home. Police were present
when he arrived. Dewitt testified that about five minutes passed between the time
he was hit with the hammer and the police showing up. Dewitt also testified about
his injuries, the medical treatment he received the night of the attack, and ongoing
medical problems he has had since the attack.
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{¶6} Joseph testified that the night of May 2, 2022, he was at Dewitt’s home,
and they were working on a car which had a problem with the clutch. Joseph
testified that Dewitt got a phone call, and while he was talking on the phone, Stevens
came “off the porch and smacked [Dewitt] in the head with a hammer.” Joseph had
seen Stevens “out and about town” before but did not know him. Joseph testified
that once Dewitt got hit, “he wanted to fight,” but Joseph did not see any punches
exchanged. Stevens “took off running down the alley.” Joseph was not sure if
Stevens still had the hammer. Dewitt chased Stevens, Stevens ran “up in a house
down the street,” and Dewitt came home. When asked how much time passed
between Dewitt getting hit and police arriving, Joseph testified that “it wasn’t a
matter of no time [sic]. They must have been in the area ‘cause, I mean, ten/fifteen
minutes, if that.”
{¶7} Patrolman Nevan Stolly of the Lima Police Department testified that on
May 2, 2022, around 9:00 p.m., he and his partner, Patrolman Stevenson,
“responded to a fight in the front yard of” 905 East Second Street, i.e., Dewitt’s
residence. Upon arrival, Patrolman Stolly observed “[a] very chaotic scene. A lot
of yelling and screaming. A lot of people standing around.” Patrolman Stolly
testified that he was “confronted by a female,” Robinson, who had “an object in her
hand” and was “kind of just trying to explain to me what happened.” Robinson
“was very distraught,” “very excited,” and “very upset kind of.” She handed him a
hammer with “a plastic bag at the end of it that she was holding on to.” Patrolman
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Stolly testified that Robinson “stated a gentleman by the name of Josh had struck a
gentleman that was out front of the residence on the street with a hammer and had
taken off on foot.” The prosecutor asked, “Who had taken off on foot?” and
Patrolman Stolly testified, “Josh Stevens is who she stated.” Patrolman Stolly
testified that Robinson told him the hammer “was stolen off the front porch.” The
prosecutor said, “That would be off of her front porch?” and Patrolman Stolly
testified, “Yes.” The prosecutor asked, “How did you know it was taken off of her
front porch?” and Patrolman Stolly testified, “She stated.” Defense counsel then
objected on hearsay grounds. The trial court overruled the objection, finding the
excited utterance hearsay exception applied. Subsequently, Patrolman Stolly
testified that he also determined a knife was taken from Robinson’s porch that night
and believed Stevens had taken it. Patrolman Stolly unsuccessfully tried to locate
the knife.
{¶8} Patrolman Stolly testified that he was wearing a body camera that night.
The state asked to play the footage for the jury, and defense counsel objected and
stated:
[T]his is going to contain statements from witnesses beyond just the
one we had, the excited utterance we had. It will contain statements
that are testimonial in nature, however are not subject to admissibility
right now because it doesn’t meet one of the exceptions under
Crawford, even though it does meet an 803 exception for hearsay of
declarants not here to testify or to be cross examined. It’s based on,
well, has to do with location of various things, location of a weapon,
and location of actually one weapon that we have and another that we
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don’t have. Basically, without any sort of opportunity to cross
examine it's not fair to have that testimony played for the jury.
In response, the prosecutor asserted that “Patrolman Stolly did lay the necessary
foundation for the excited utterance” and that the prosecutor believed defense
counsel “agreed the excited utterance was met.” The prosecutor stated, “I think the
issue here would be confrontation clause and Crawford” and argued that an
“exception to Crawford” for an on-going emergency applied. The trial court
overruled the objection. The court found playing the body camera footage would
not violate the Confrontation Clause and that “all of these statements would be
excited utterances by the people.” The trial court noted: “Quite honestly, I was a
little bit surprised when I first viewed the body cam. I expected to see just craziness,
chaotic craziness. It was chaotic. It’s not as crazy chaotic as I’ve probably seen on
some other videos. But, I would still say that the people who were speaking were
all in a state of stress of the event.”
{¶9} Pertinent to this appeal, the footage begins with Patrolman Stolly
walking toward some people and asking, “What’s going on?” Robinson approaches
him and distinctly says “Josh,” “the guy in the truck,” and “got assaulted.” Although
it is difficult to discern, it sounds as if she says, “The boy Josh. The guy in the truck
is the one that got assaulted.” Robinson holds up a hammer and says, “Here’s the
weapon.” She puts the hammer on the ground at Patrolman Stolly’s direction.
Patrolman Stolly again asks what happened. Robinson tells him that “my
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perspective that’s the weapon,” and “the man stole it off my front porch.” Someone,
possibly Patrolman Stevenson, asks who got assaulted. Patrolman Stolly says, “The
guy in the truck that just took off?” Robinson says, “Yes.” Someone, possibly
Patrolman Stevenson, says, “He doesn’t want our help?” Robinson yells in the
direction of other bystanders, “Ralph doesn’t want no help, right [sic]?” Then she
yells, “Jessica! Ralph don’t want no help [sic]?” Jessica Watkins approaches as
Robinson says that she wants “that man for stealing off my property for one.”
Watkins was evidently Dewitt’s fiancée at the time of the incident and wife at the
time of trial, though she referred to Dewitt as her “husband” on the footage.
{¶10} Patrolman Stolly asks what happened to the guy that got assaulted.
Watkins says, “My old man.” Joseph says, “The boy grabbed a hammer out of his
back and busted him in the head with it.” Watkins says, “Hit him in the head and
he took off. My husband’s got a big old knot in his head right here where he hit him
with that hammer.” Patrolman Stolly asks about the person who just took off in the
truck and about why people were screaming. Then Patrolman Stolly says, “Where’s
the guy that hit him over the head with the hammer?” Watkins says, “I don’t know.”
Patrolman Stolly asks what he was wearing, and Watkins says, “All black.”
Patrolman Stolly asks if he is “a white male, black male.” Watkins says, “White
male.” Then, about 90 seconds into the footage, Robinson says, “His name is uh
…” Watkins says, “Josh.” Robinson then says, “Josh Stevens,” and Watkins
repeats the name. Robinson says, “But he stole off my property, bro.” The women
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repeat the identification of Stevens as the perpetrator later in the footage in response
to additional questioning.
{¶11} About six and a half minutes into the footage, Dewitt arrives on the
scene. Dewitt tells Patrolman Stolly that his attacker, who he just learned was
named “Josh,” pulled out a knife after Dewitt took the hammer from him and said
that he had a gun too. Later in the footage, there is further discussion about the
knife. A few minutes later, Robinson claims a knife was stolen from her porch.
{¶12} Stevens testified that he had one or two prior convictions for burglary
and a prior conviction for breaking and entering. Stevens testified that he got out of
prison on March 3, 2022, and was homeless around May 2, 2022. He testified that
on May 2, 2022, about 11:30 a.m., he went to his cousin, Chris Gibson’s, home to
see if he could get some food. Stevens testified that Gibson is Robinson’s “old
man,” and she is “supposed to be Chris’s wife.” Gibson said he could not give
Stevens any food, so Stevens said, “That’s fine.” As Stevens “was getting ready to
walk off the porch,” he saw “this dude that was sitting here had a truck hood up and
then Shawn Perkins and them was sitting there and just putting jumper cables on it
[sic].” Stevens testified: “As soon as they put the jumper cables on it they told the
dude to try it. It just clicked.” Stevens knew they needed to “idle it up and boost
the voltage” because he has “worked at Downtown Mall here in Lima,” has worked
at Ford, and is “a state certified mechanic.” Stevens testified that he is “just a
generous person,” so he went over to where they were working and “hit the throttle
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body in the truck.” Shawn Perkins, who is Stevens’s cousin, said, “Good looking
out [sic].” Then Dewitt, who Stevens did not know, said, “Hey, that’s somebody
else’s truck. Don’t touch it.” Stevens said, “All right; am I bad [sic].” Shawn
Perkins said, “Don’t worry about it. It’s cool.” Then Stevens walked off. Stevens
testified that he did not see Dewitt again that day, that he did not hit him with a
hammer, that he had never seen the hammer allegedly used to hit Dewitt before, and
that he was not in the vicinity of the attack when it occurred. Stevens testified that
he owned a bigger hammer which his brother, who he worked for as a “full-time
handyman/fix it,” had given him. Stevens also testified that Gibson gave him “[t]he
black handled knife that they was [sic] talking about[.]” Stevens acknowledged that
he has a crown tattoo above his left eye.
{¶13} The jury found Stevens guilty on both counts. The court found that
the counts merged, and the state elected to proceed to sentencing on Count Two.
Prior to the sentencing hearing, Stevens filed an objection to the imposition of an
indefinite sentence under the Reagan Tokes Law, asserting that the law violates the
separation-of-powers doctrine, the constitutional right to due process, and the
constitutional right to a jury trial. The court overruled the objection, imposed an
indefinite sentence of six to nine years under the Reagan Tokes Law, and ordered
Stevens to pay court costs.
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Assignments of Error
{¶14} Stevens presents six assignments of error:1
Assignment of Error I: The trial court erred when it admitted the
identifying statements in State’s Exhibit 8 as excited utterances.
Assignment of Error II: Trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance
of counsel by failing to object to Officer Stolly’s recitation of Elsie
Robinson’s identifying hearsay statement.
Assignment of Error III: Trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance
of counsel by failing to object to evidence concerning whether Mr.
Stevens might have fled armed with a weapon.
Assignment of Error IV: The multiple errors cumulatively deprived
Mr. Stevens of his constitutional right to a fair trial.
Assignment of Error V: The trial court erred when it sentenced Mr.
Stevens to an indefinite sentence under the unconstitutional Reagan
Tokes Act.
Assignment of Error VI: Trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance
by failing to request a waiver of court costs at sentencing.
First Assignment of Error
{¶15} In the first assignment of error, Stevens contends the trial court erred
when it admitted the identifying statements of Robinson and Watkins in State’s
Exhibit 8, i.e., the body camera footage, as excited utterances. Stevens asserts that
“the overriding question is whether the stress of the event continued until the time
of their statements to the degree that their reflective faculties were overridden.” He
claims that “[t]he full context of the surrounding situation shows that their
1
The assignments of error are taken from pages i-iv of Stevens’s merit brief. The second assignment of error
is worded somewhat differently on page 13 of the brief.
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statements were the product of reflection upon being questioned by police.” He
asserts that “[n]early a minute-and-a-half after Patrolman Stolly approached and
began speaking with the women, he asked them to identify and describe the
perpetrator of the assault, which prompted them to name” him. Stevens maintains
that this questioning did not merely facilitate the women’s expression of what was
already the natural focus of their thoughts because the footage shows they “were
initially focused on the theft of the hammer and the fact of the assault itself—not
the identity of the perpetrator.” He asserts that Robinson “was particularly agitated
by the fact that someone came onto her property to steal a tool; she repeated her
displeasure about this multiple times.” He also asserts that at one point, Robinson
“became distracted” and spoke to other bystanders about whether Dewitt wanted
help. Stevens maintains that “besides a near-inaudible reference to ‘Josh’ or ‘this
boy Josh’ in the first few seconds” of the footage, “the declarants said nothing about
the identity of the alleged assailant until Patrolman Stolly asked them directly.”
Thus, he claims that Patrolman Stolly’s “questioning did not merely facilitate the
natural focus of their expression” but rather “redirected their focus, rendering their
responses the product of reflective thought.” Stevens asserts that the identifying
statements were therefore not excited utterances, and “[t]he trial court abused its
discretion when it held otherwise.” He asserts this error was not harmless because
the other evidence against him was not overwhelming.
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Standard of Review
{¶16} “Generally, a trial court has broad discretion with respect to the
admission of evidence.” State v. Delong, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-22-09, 2022-Ohio-
4233, ¶ 6, citing State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412, 2006-Ohio-2815, 848 N.E.2d
810, ¶ 62. “Accordingly, we will not disturb the trial court’s evidentiary rulings
absent an abuse of discretion that produces a material prejudice to the aggrieved
party.” Id. An abuse of discretion is “an unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable
use of discretion, or * * * a view or action that no conscientious judge could honestly
have taken.” State v. Brady, 119 Ohio St.3d 375, 2008-Ohio-4493, 894 N.E.2d 671,
¶ 23.
{¶17} However, “a defendant’s failure to raise an issue at trial forfeits all but
plain error on review.” State v. Drain, 170 Ohio St.3d 107, 2022-Ohio-3697, 209
N.E.3d 621, ¶ 51. To establish plain error, the defendant “must show that an error
occurred, that the error was obvious, and that there is ‘a reasonable probability that
the error resulted in prejudice,’ meaning that the error affected the outcome of the
trial.” (Emphasis deleted.) State v. McAlpin, 169 Ohio St.3d 279, 2022-Ohio-1567,
204 N.E.3d 459, ¶ 66, quoting State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-
2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 22. “Notice of plain error * * * is to be taken with the utmost
caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage
of justice.” State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three
of the syllabus.
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{¶18} In his merit brief, Stevens contends abuse-of-discretion review applies
to his first assignment of error. In its appellee’s brief, the state asserts that plain
error review applies because at the trial level, defense counsel objected to the body
camera footage on Confrontation Clause grounds, not hearsay grounds. In his reply
brief, Stevens concedes that his trial counsel did not object to the body camera
footage on hearsay grounds. However, he asserts that “the trial court, on its own,
considered whether the statements were hearsay, and if so, whether an exception
would apply.” And he asserts that the court’s reasoning for concluding the excited
utterance exception applied “is on the record and can be reviewed by this court for
an abuse of discretion.”
{¶19} Stevens cites no legal authority in support of this position, and it is not
well-taken. The fact that the trial court conducted its own hearsay analysis does not
alter the fact that Stevens did not object at trial to the body camera footage on
hearsay grounds or to the court’s hearsay analysis. Because Stevens failed to raise
the hearsay issue at trial, he has forfeited all but plain error review. Drain at ¶ 51.
Stevens failed to develop a plain-error argument on appeal, and we will not fashion
one for him. State v. Flack, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-22-24, 2023-Ohio-1705, ¶ 13.
However, as we explain below, even if Stevens had argued plain error, his argument
would fail because he has not demonstrated any error occurred.
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Legal Principles
{¶20} “ ‘Hearsay’ is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while
testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter
asserted in the statement.” Evid.R. 801(C). Hearsay is not admissible unless an
exception applies. Evid.R. 802. Under Evid.R. 803(2), an excited utterance, “[a]
statement relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was
under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition,” is “not excluded
by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness[.]”
{¶21} A four-part test is applied to determine whether a statement is
admissible as an excited utterance; the requirements for admissibility are:
(a) that there was some occurrence startling enough to produce a
nervous excitement in the declarant, which was sufficient to still his
[or her] reflective faculties and thereby make his [or her] statements
and declarations the unreflective and sincere expression of his [or her]
actual impressions and beliefs, and thus render his [or her] statement
of declaration spontaneous and unreflective,
(b) that the statement or declaration, even if not strictly
contemporaneous with its exciting cause, was made before there had
been time for such nervous excitement to lose a domination over his
[or her] reflective faculties so that such domination continued to
remain sufficient to make [the] statements and declarations the
unreflective and sincere expression of his [or her] actual impressions
and beliefs,
(c) that the statement or declaration related to such startling
occurrence or the circumstances of such starling occurrence, and
(d) that the declarant had an opportunity to observe personally the
matters asserted in [the] statement or declaration.
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(Emphasis deleted.) State v. Jones, 135 Ohio St.3d 10, 2012-Ohio-5677, 984
N.E.2d 948, ¶ 166, quoting Potter v. Baker, 162 Ohio St. 488, 124 N.E.2d 140
(1955), paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶22} “There is no per se amount of time after which a statement can no
longer be considered to be an excited utterance.” State v. Taylor, 66 Ohio St.3d
295, 303, 612 N.E.2d 316 (1993). “The central requirements are that the statement
must be made while the declarant is still under the stress of the event and the
statement may not be a result of reflective thought.” (Emphasis sic.) Id. “Therefore
the passage of time between the statement and the event is relevant but not
dispositive * * *.” Id. “ ‘[E]ach case must be decided on its own circumstances,
since it is patently futile to attempt to formulate an inelastic rule delimiting the time
limits within which an oral utterance must be made in order that it be termed a
spontaneous exclamation.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Duncan, 53 Ohio St.2d 215, 219-
220, 373 N.E.2d 1234 (1978). In addition,
admission of a declaration as an excited utterance is not precluded by
questioning which: (1) is neither coercive nor leading, (2) facilitates
the declarant’s expression of what is already the natural focus of the
declarant’s thoughts, and (3) does not destroy the domination of the
nervous excitement over the declarant’s reflective faculties.
Jones at ¶ 170, quoting State v. Wallace, 37 Ohio St.3d 87, 524 N.E.2d 466 (1988),
paragraph two of the syllabus.
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Analysis
{¶23} Stevens’s contention that the identifying statements were the product
of reflective thought and thus not excited utterances is not well-taken. The evidence
indicates that 5 to 15 minutes elapsed between the assault and the arrival of the
police and that Robinson and Watkins initially identified Stevens as the perpetrator
about 90 seconds after the police arrived. The fact that the women made the initial
identifications after Patrolman Stolly inquired about the whereabouts, clothing, and
race of the perpetrator did not preclude admission of those identifications as excited
utterances. Patrolman Stolly’s questions were not coercive or misleading. His
simple and straightforward questions served to facilitate the women’s expression of
what was already the natural focus of their thoughts and did not destroy the
domination of their nervous excitement over their reflective faculties. Before
Patrolman Stolly asked these questions, the women were not just focused on the fact
that a hammer was stolen and that Dewitt had been assaulted; they were also focused
on the perpetrator of those acts. Prior to the initial identifications, Robinson
mentioned the name “Josh” and talked about “the man” who had stolen her hammer,
and Watkins talked about the perpetrator hitting Dewitt in the head with a hammer
and taking off. And on the footage, both women seem upset and agitated and give
prompt responses to Patrolman Stolly’s questions. Given these circumstances, we
reject the contention that Patrolman Stolly’s questions redirected the focus of the
women and rendered their identifying statements the product of reflective thought.
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One could reasonably conclude that when the women made the initial identifying
statements, their nervous excitement was still dominant over their reflective
faculties such that their identifying statements were the unreflective and sincere
expression of their actual impressions and beliefs. And because Stevens has not
shown that the trial court erred, let alone committed plain error, when it admitted
the identifying statements as excited utterances, we overrule the first assignment of
error.
Second Assignment of Error
{¶24} In the second assignment of error, Stevens contends that trial counsel
rendered ineffective assistance by failing to object to Patrolman Stolly’s recitation
of Robinson’s identifying hearsay statement. Stevens asserts that even though trial
counsel objected to the admission of the body camera footage, counsel failed to
object when Patrolman Stolly testified about an identifying statement Robinson
made in the footage. Therefore, he asserts that even if the footage had been
excluded, “the jury still would have heard Ms. Robinson’s unsworn statement
without the benefit of cross-examination.” He claims that “[t]here is no reasonable
trial strategy in moving to exclude the out-of-court statements from the video, but
not doing so when they were presented through a testifying witness.” Thus, he
asserts that we should find that trial counsel’s failure to object to the testimony fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness. He further asserts that the failure to
object prejudiced him because the central disputed fact was the perpetrator’s
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identity, and there is a reasonable probability that Robinson’s statement could have
swayed the jury.
Standard of Review
{¶25} “Upon direct appeal, appellate courts generally review claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel on a de novo basis, simply because the issue
originates at the appellate level; no trial court has ruled on the issue. Appellate
courts review the trial record and are left to judge from the bare record whether the
assistance was effective.” State v. Gondor, 112 Ohio St.3d 377, 2006-Ohio-6679,
860 N.E.2d 77, ¶ 53. “In order to prevail on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel
claim, a defendant must prove that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the
defendant was prejudiced by counsel’s deficient performance.” State v. Davis, 159
Ohio St.3d 31, 2020-Ohio-309, 146 N.E.3d 560, ¶ 10, citing State v. Bradley, 42
Ohio St.3d 136, 141-142, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), and Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). The defendant “has the
burden of proof because in Ohio, a properly licensed attorney is presumed
competent.” Gondor at ¶ 62. “In order to show deficient performance, the
defendant must prove that counsel’s performance fell below an objective level of
reasonable representation. To show prejudice, the defendant must show a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different.” Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412, 2006-Ohio-2815, 848
N.E.2d 810, at ¶ 95, citing Strickland at 687, and Bradley at 143. “A reasonable
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probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
Strickland at 694. Failure to satisfy either part of the ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel test is fatal to the claim. See id. at 697.
Analysis
{¶26} Stevens has not demonstrated that counsel’s performance was
deficient. Stevens seems to assume we will sustain his first assignment and
conclude that a hearsay objection to Patrolman Stolly’s testimony had a reasonable
probability of success for the same reasons Stevens argues that the trial court erred
in admitting the identifying statements in the body camera footage. However, in
our analysis of the first assignment of error, we concluded that Stevens failed to
show that the trial court erred when it admitted the identifying statements in the
body camera footage as excited utterances. Consequently, a hearsay objection to
Patrolman Stolly’s testimony based on the same arguments presented in the first
assignment of error would have been futile. “ ‘[T]he failure to make a futile
objection does not constitute deficient performance for an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim.’ ” State v. Harrison, 2015-Ohio-1419, 31 N.E.3d 220, ¶ 89 (3d
Dist.), quoting State v. Corder, 2012-Ohio-1995, 969 N.E.2d 787, ¶ 29 (4th Dist.).
Accordingly, we conclude that Stevens failed in his burden to show that he received
ineffective assistance of counsel and overrule the second assignment of error.
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Third Assignment of Error
{¶27} In the third assignment of error, Stevens contends that trial counsel
rendered ineffective assistance by failing to object to evidence concerning whether
he might have fled armed with a weapon. Stevens maintains that “[e]vidence that
the perpetrator was armed with a weapon that was not used in the attack does not
satisfy even the low threshold for relevancy.” He asserts that “whether the attacker
might have been armed with an unrelated weapon after the incident is not probative
of any element of felonious assault” and is not relevant to the identity of the attacker,
which was a fact in dispute due to his testimony. He claims this evidence was “bare
other-acts evidence that painted the attacker as a person with a propensity for
violence.” Stevens claims there was “no reasonable strategic basis” for trial counsel
to not object to “this irrelevant and inflammatory evidence.” Stevens also asserts
that the failure to object prejudiced him because “the prosecution’s case rested on
the testimony of Mr. Dewitt and Mr. Joseph (and the hearsay statements) with no
supporting forensic evidence or a confession,” and “the other acts bolstered the
prosecution’s case by casting Mr. Stevens ‘into the mold’ of a violent person.”
Standard of Review
{¶28} We set forth the standard of review for an ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel claim in our discussion of the second assignment of error.
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Legal Principles
{¶29} Evid.R. 404(B)(1) states: “Evidence of any other crime, wrong, or act
is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular
occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.” However, under
Evid.R. 404(B)(2), such evidence “may be admissible for another purpose, such as
proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence
of mistake, or lack of accident.” The Supreme Court of Ohio has set forth a three-
part analysis for determining the admissibility of other-acts evidence:
(1) the evidence must be relevant, Evid.R. 401, (2) the evidence
cannot be presented to prove a person’s character to show conduct in
conformity therewith but must instead be presented for a legitimate
other purpose, Evid.R. 404(B), and (3) the probative value of the
evidence cannot be substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice, Evid.R. 403.
State v. Graham, 164 Ohio St.3d 187, 2020-Ohio-6700, 172 N.E.3d 841, ¶ 72, citing
State v. Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d 1278, ¶ 20,
reconsideration granted on other grounds, 133 Ohio St.3d 1512, 2012-Ohio-6209,
979 N.E.2d 1290.
Analysis
{¶30} Stevens has not shown that trial counsel rendered ineffective
assistance by failing to object to evidence concerning whether Stevens “might have
fled armed with a weapon.” Even if counsel had been deficient, Stevens has not
demonstrated prejudice. Stevens appears to suggest that the state’s proof that he
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was the attacker was weak, so there is a reasonable probability that the jury
determined he was the attacker because it thought he was a violent person based on
evidence that he fled armed with a knife and gun. However, the jury would have
had to find that Stevens was Dewitt’s attacker before it could have found that
Stevens fled from the attack armed with a knife and/or gun. Thus, we fail to see
how evidence that Stevens might have fled armed with a weapon impacted the jury’s
verdict. Accordingly, we conclude that Stevens has not shown a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s alleged error, the result of the proceeding would
have been different, and we overrule the third assignment of error.
Fourth Assignment of Error
{¶31} In the fourth assignment of error, Stevens contends that multiple errors
cumulatively deprived him of his constitutional right to a fair trial. “ ‘To find
cumulative error, a court must first find multiple errors committed at trial and
determine that there is a reasonable probability that the outcome below would have
been different but for the combination of the harmless errors.’ ” State v. Grant,
2023-Ohio-2720, ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 102 (3d Dist.), quoting In re J.M., 3d Dist.
Putnam No. 12-11-06, 2012-Ohio-1467, ¶ 36. Because we have not found multiple
errors were committed at trial, the cumulative-error doctrine does not apply. Thus,
we overrule the fourth assignment of error.
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Fifth Assignment of Error
{¶32} In the fifth assignment of error, Stevens contends that the trial court
erred when it sentenced him to an indefinite sentence under the “unconstitutional”
Reagan Tokes Law. Stevens asserts that the law violates the separation-of-powers
doctrine, the right to due process, and the right to a jury trial. However, after Stevens
filed his appellate briefs, “the Supreme Court of Ohio addressed the constitutional
validity of the Reagan Tokes Law and held that it does not intrude upon the
separation-of-powers doctrine, does not implicate the offender’s right to a jury trial,
and does not violate the offender’s due-process rights.” State v. Miller, 3d Dist.
Seneca No. 13-23-03, 2023-Ohio-3935, ¶ 41, citing State v. Hacker, ___ Ohio St.3d
___, 2023-Ohio-2535, ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 25, 28, 40. Based upon the Supreme Court
of Ohio’s determination of these issues, we overrule the fifth assignment of error.
Sixth Assignment of Error
{¶33} In the sixth assignment of error, Stevens contends trial counsel
rendered ineffective assistance by failing to request a waiver of court costs at
sentencing. Stevens asserts that it was unreasonable for trial counsel to not request
a waiver because the record shows that he “was homeless earlier in the year 2022,”
that he was “indigent at the time of his trial,” and that even though “he was a state-
certified mechanic, he was not using that certification, instead working for his
brother as [a] ‘handyman/fix-it.’ ” Stevens maintains that “this is not a case where
counsel made a strategic decision to forgo a request for waiver of costs to focus
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instead on mitigation” because at sentencing, trial counsel “gave only a very brief
statement concerning the absence of medical records cataloguing ongoing serious
physical harm” to Dewitt “but otherwise made no statement ‘to preserve appellate
rights.’ ” And Stevens asserts that if counsel had requested a waiver, there is “a
reasonable probability that the motion would have been granted.”
Standard of Review
{¶34} We set forth the standard of review for an ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel claim in our discussion of the second assignment of error.
Legal Principles
{¶35} “By statute, the imposition of court costs on all convicted defendants
is mandatory.” State v. Taylor, 161 Ohio St.3d 319, 2020-Ohio-3514, 163 N.E.3d
486, ¶ 6 (“Taylor”). R.C. 2947.23(A)(1)(a) states: “In all criminal cases, * * * the
judge * * * shall include in the sentence the costs of prosecution * * * and render a
judgment against the defendant for such costs.” However, R.C. 2947.23(C) states
that “[t]he court retains jurisdiction to waive, suspend, or modify the payment of the
costs of prosecution * * * at the time of sentencing or at any time thereafter.”
{¶36} R.C. 2947.23(C) “provides no explicit criteria that a court should use
in deciding whether to waive * * * costs.” Taylor at ¶ 8. “[A] trial court is not
required to consider the defendant’s ability to pay in assessing a motion to waive *
* * court costs under R.C. 2947.23(C), though it is permitted to do so.” Id. at ¶ 16.
“ ‘[W]aiver of costs is permitted—but not required—if the defendant is indigent.’ ”
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Id. at ¶ 7, quoting State v. White, 103 Ohio St.3d 580, 2004-Ohio-5989, 817 N.E.2d
393, ¶ 14.
{¶37} With the adoption of R.C. 2947.23(C), “ ‘the timing of a motion to
seek waiver of costs is a matter of trial strategy.’ ” State v. Rister, 4th Dist.
Lawrence No. 21CA17, 2023-Ohio-1284, ¶ 22, quoting State v. Phillips, 4th Dist.
Scioto No. 20CA3905, 2022-Ohio-478, ¶ 15, fn. 2. In assessing an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim, “a court must indulge a strong presumption that
counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance;
that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances,
the challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’ ” Strickland, 466
U.S. at 689, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350
U.S. 91, 101, 76 S.Ct. 158, 100 L.Ed. 83 (1955). “ ‘[I]t is well-established that
debatable strategic and tactical decisions may not form the basis of a claim for
ineffective assistance of counsel, even if, in hindsight, it looks as if a better strategy
had been available.’ ” State v. Risner, 3d Dist. Wyandot No. 16-20-05, 2021-Ohio-
342, ¶ 28, quoting State v. Artis, 2019-Ohio-2070, 137 N.E.3d 587, ¶ 39 (3d Dist.).
“[A]s a matter of trial strategy, counsel may decline to seek a waiver of costs at
sentencing upon a belief that raising it at a later time would be more advantageous,
or because counsel focuses priority on another issue such as mitigating punishment,
or both.” Rister at ¶ 27.
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{¶38} Moreover, in the context of a claim that trial counsel rendered
ineffective assistance by failing to request a waiver of costs at sentencing, “[a]n
appellate court’s reliance on the fact that a defendant may move for a waiver of costs
at a later time under R.C. 2947.23(C) in its prejudice analysis is improper.” Davis,
159 Ohio St.3d 31, 2020-Ohio-309, 146 N.E.3d 560, at ¶ 14. “Whether the
defendant may move for a waiver of court costs at a later time has little or no bearing
on whether the trial court would have granted a motion to waive court costs at the
time of sentencing.” Id. “Furthermore, a determination of indigency alone does not
rise to the level of creating a reasonable probability that the trial court would have
waived costs had defense counsel moved the court to do so * * *.” Id. at ¶ 15.
“[W]hen trial counsel fails to request that the trial court waive court costs on behalf
of a defendant who has previously been found to be indigent, a determination of
prejudice for purposes of an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel analysis depends
upon whether the facts and circumstances presented by the defendant establish that
there is a reasonable probability that the trial court would have granted the request
to waive costs had one been made.” Id. at ¶ 16.
Analysis
{¶39} Stevens has not demonstrated deficient performance because he has
not overcome the presumption that under the circumstances, counsel’s failure to
move for a waiver of court costs at sentencing might be considered sound trial
strategy. R.C. 2929.12(B) provides that if the victim suffered serious physical harm
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as a result of the offense, the sentencing court shall consider that factor “as
indicating the offender’s conduct is more serious than conduct normally constituting
the offense.” During the sentencing hearing, in requesting “a lengthy prison
sentence,” the state suggested R.C. 2929.12(B) applied, arguing that “just looking
at some of the sentencing factors, Ralph Dewitt did suffer serious physical harm.
The jury did find as much on Count One even through [sic] the State elected to
proceed on Count Two. He still has a scar on his head today. He has severe
headaches he still deals with. He had a history of seizures before this event, but
those have now gotten worse since this attack.” In response, defense counsel stated:
“Regarding the on-going serious physical harm, it’s my understanding no medical
records were introduced at trial and so we would ask the Court to not find that.
Regarding anything else, in order to preserve appellate rights, we would make no
statement. Other than that, we do intend to appeal. Thank you.”2 Although defense
counsel’s comments were brief, they indicate counsel focused priority on mitigating
punishment.
{¶40} Even if counsel’s failure to request a waiver of court costs at
sentencing was deficient performance, Stevens failed in his burden to demonstrate
prejudice. The facts and circumstances presented by Stevens do not establish a
reasonable probability that the trial court would have granted a request to waive
2
We note that Dewitt’s emergency room medical records from the night of the attack were admitted at trial,
but no additional medical records documenting on-going medical problems were admitted.
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court costs had one been made. Stevens directs our attention to the fact that (1) he
was indigent at the time of trial, (2) he was homeless earlier in 2022, and (3) he was
a state-certified mechanic but working for his brother as a “handyman/fix-it.” But
again, “[a] determination of indigency alone does not rise to the level of creating a
reasonable probability that the trial court would have waived costs had defense
counsel moved the court to do so[.]” Davis at ¶ 15. And even though Stevens
testified to being homeless earlier in 2022, he also testified that he was employed.
Stevens suggests that he was underemployed because he was working as a
“handyman/fix-it” instead of as a mechanic, but he does not direct our attention to
any evidence that he was involuntarily underemployed or will not be employable
upon his release. See generally State v. Smith, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 19CA33,
2021-Ohio-2866, ¶ 80 (“if a court finds that a defendant has the ability to work and
pay court costs in the future, the court may decide to not waive court costs”).
{¶41} We observe that in its appellee’s brief, after expressing uncertainty
regarding whether Stevens has shown prejudice, the state asserts that if we are
“inclined to do so,” we “could look outside of [Stevens’s] brief” and review certain
documents, like the pre-sentence investigation report. The state asserts that if we
“were to review all of these” documents, the state “concedes that it is possible” for
us to find that there is a reasonable probability that the trial court would have granted
a request for waiver of court costs had one been made. However, the state does not
articulate what facts and circumstances in the specified documents would lead to
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such a conclusion, and in any event, “ ‘ “[i]t is the duty of the appellant, not this
court, to demonstrate [the appellant’s] assigned error through an argument that is
supported by citations to legal authority and facts in the record.” ’ ” Marion v.
Cendol, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-12-59, 2013-Ohio-3197, ¶ 8, quoting State v. Linzy,
5th Dist. Richland No. 2012-CA-33, 2013-Ohio-1129, ¶ 33, quoting State v. Taylor,
9th Dist. Medina No. 2783-M, 1999 WL 61619, *3 (Feb. 9, 1999). See App.R.
16(A)(7) (appellant’s brief “shall include * * * [a]n argument containing the
contentions of the appellant with respect to each assignment of error presented for
review and the reasons in support of the contentions, with citations to the authorities,
statutes, and parts of the record on which appellant relies”). “If an argument exists
that can support an assignment of error, it is not this Court’s duty to root it out.”
State v. Welling, 3d Dist. Van Wert No. 15-23-05, 2023-Ohio-3214, ¶ 6. Therefore,
we will not search the record for facts and circumstances not presented by Stevens
which might support his ineffective assistance claim.
{¶42} For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Stevens has not shown
trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to request a waiver of court
costs at sentencing and overrule the sixth assignment of error.
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Conclusion
{¶43} Having overruled the assignments of error, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
Judgment Affirmed.
MILLER and ZIMMERMAN, J.J., concur.
**Judge Michael D. Hess of the Fourth District Court of Appeals, sitting by
Assignment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio.
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