UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
DONNA LYNN MCCALL,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
No. 96-1201
MYRTLE BEACH HOSPITAL,
INCORPORATED, d/b/a Grand Strand
General Hospital,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of South Carolina, at Florence.
Cameron McGowan Currie, District Judge.
(CA-94-1671-22JI)
Argued: April 9, 1997
Decided: September 10, 1997
Before HALL and MURNAGHAN, Circuit Judges, and
BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by unpublished per
curiam opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Mark E. Edwards, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellant.
James L. Hills, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, for Appellee. ON
BRIEF: J. Gail Rahn, Patricia L. Quentel, RAHN & ASSOCIATES,
P.A., Charleston, South Carolina, for Appellant.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Myrtle Beach Hospital, Inc. (Hospital), appeals a judgment entered
on the verdict of a jury in favor of Donna Lynn McCall, finding that
she was wrongfully terminated in violation of the Americans with
Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12111 et seq., and that the Hospital
breached a contract of employment with her. We affirm on the issue
of liability with respect to both the ADA and contract causes of
action; we vacate the award of damages and remand for reconsidera-
tion of the amount to which she is entitled.
I
McCall has suffered from Type 1, Brittle Diabetes since she was
seven years old. She was hired by the Hospital in 1985 and worked
as a night shift charge nurse in the obstetrics department. Obstetrics
department policy required nurses to be on call for at least one 12-
hour shift every other week. Many of McCall's call days were sched-
uled immediately before or after two consecutive work nights.
In 1990, McCall began to experience diabetic-related health prob-
lems. On numerous occasions between 1990 and 1992, McCall asked
her supervisor, Sharon Sigwald, if she could be relieved of some of
her call days, particularly the call shifts that were scheduled on top
of two consecutive work nights. The parties dispute both the nature
of McCall's requests and whether the Hospital made reasonable
accommodations for McCall's requests during this two-year period.
On January 5, 1993, McCall was scheduled for a call day. She cal-
led in sick to the nursing supervisor complaining of nausea and vom-
iting. Sigwald called McCall at home and asked her to bring in a
doctor's excuse when she returned to work. McCall returned to work
the next evening but did not have a doctor's excuse. Sigwald met with
2
McCall in her office to discuss McCall's absence and her failure to
bring in an excuse. Sigwald claimed that while they were in her
office, McCall began "screaming and yelling in a rage" and directed
profane remarks to her. In an employee counseling report, Sigwald
wrote up McCall for insubordination and then met with hospital exec-
utives to discuss the situation. McCall was not present at that meeting.
Later that evening Joyce Gardner, vice president of nursing, met with
Sigwald and McCall to discuss the incident. As a result of the meet-
ing, Gardner felt that McCall and Sigwald could not work together,
and she discharged McCall for insubordination.
The Hospital moved for judgment as a matter of law on both causes
of action at the close of McCall's evidence and at the close of all the
evidence. The district court denied both motions.
The jury found that the Hospital discharged McCall in violation of
the ADA and that it breached a contract of employment with her. It
awarded damages which the district court later reduced. The Hospital
again moved for judgment as a matter of law or, in the alternative, for
a new trial. The court denied the motions, and the Hospital now
appeals.
II
Judgment as a matter of law is warranted "when, without weighing
the credibility of the evidence, there can be but one reasonable con-
clusion as to the proper judgment." Singer v. Dungan, 45 F.3d 823,
826-27 (4th Cir. 1995) (citation omitted). The party moving for judg-
ment as a matter of law, in this case the Hospital, is entitled to judg-
ment if the nonmovant, McCall, failed to prove an essential element
of her case upon which she has the burden of proof. Id. at 827. We
must review the evidence in the light most favorable to McCall, who
has the benefit of the jury's verdict. Id. A new trial should be granted
when the verdict is "against the clear weight of the evidence or is
based upon evidence which is false or will result in a miscarriage of
justice." Gill v. Rollins Protective Servs. Co., 773 F.2d 592, 594 (4th
Cir. 1985) (citation omitted). We review the denial of a motion for a
new trial for abuse of discretion. See Lindner v. Durham Hosiery
Mills, Inc., 761 F.2d 162, 168 (4th Cir. 1985).
3
To establish a prima facie case for wrongful discharge under the
ADA, McCall must prove "by a preponderance of the evidence that
(1) she was in the protected class; (2) she was discharged; (3) at the
time of the discharge, she was performing her job at a level that met
her employer's legitimate expectations; and (4) her discharge
occurred under circumstances that raise a reasonable inference of
unlawful discrimination." Ennis v. National Ass'n of Bus. & Educ.
Radio, Inc., 53 F.3d 55, 58 (4th Cir. 1995).
The judge charged the jury that McCall met the first element of her
prima facie case as a matter of law--that her diabetes constituted a
disability and that she was otherwise qualified as a registered nurse.
The second element--that McCall was discharged--is undisputed by
the parties. With respect to the third element, McCall offered evi-
dence from which a jury could find that at the time of her discharge
she was "performing her job at a level that met her employer's legiti-
mate expectations" at the time of her discharge. Ennis, 53 F.3d at 58.
The Hospital admits that up until her discharge, McCall was a "good
nurse." Her personnel file revealed nothing to indicate that she had
any history of abusive or combative behavior or any serious discipline
problems. Sigwald admitted that "Donna is . . . a very good nurse"
and that she "never had a problem with Donna." McCall's previous
supervisors in the Hospital and a physician also spoke favorably of
her performance and attitude.
The fourth prong of the prima facie case required McCall to prove
that her discharge occurred "under circumstances that raise a reason-
able inference of unlawful discrimination." Ennis, 53 F.3d at 58.
McCall claims that on several occasions between 1990 and her termi-
nation, she requested relief from call days because of her diabetic-
related health problems. She testified that the Hospital repeatedly
ignored her requests for accommodations up until her discharge. She
also testified that she complained to Sigwald about"[Sigwald] going
around the department talking about me and saying that I called in all
the time, that I was playing up my diabetes and high blood pressure
stuff and that I really wasn't sick, and she was going to make me
work calls like everybody else."
McCall testified that in September 1990 she gave Sigwald a doc-
tor's note which stated: "Unable to Handle overtime [and] Extra Call
4
Days Due to medical illness. Please maintain Regular Schedule."
McCall says she made several attempts to give the note to Sigwald.
McCall and another witness testified that Sigwald ignored the doc-
tor's note and told McCall that "it was too bad,[you are] . . . going
to have to work those calls like everyone else." Another nurse testi-
fied that Sigwald made this same statement on another occasion while
she was helping Sigwald plan the call schedule. There was also evi-
dence, which Sigwald disputed, that shortly after being given the
note, Sigwald stopped allowing other nurses to take McCall's call
days for her. In 1992, after McCall returned from an eight-week med-
ical leave caused by a diabetic related illness, she told Sigwald that
she was still having trouble taking call days. Sigwald proposed to
work with McCall on reducing her call days, but she still scheduled
McCall for call days, including those shifts that were scheduled on
top of work days.
The Hospital counters that McCall never asked to be completely
relieved of call days. Sigwald said she never received the doctor's
note from McCall in 1990 and that the plain language of the note only
prohibited McCall from working extra call days. The Hospital showed
that though McCall testified at trial that she did not want her call days
scheduled on top of two consecutive work days, she testified in a
prior deposition that she actually preferred working her call days on
top of two consecutive workdays because it accommodated her sleep-
ing pattern. The Hospital insisted that it accommodated McCall's
request to schedule less of her call shifts on top of two consecutive
work shifts. Hospital staffing records showed that McCall was sched-
uled to work a call shift on top of two work days just nine times
between 1990 and 1992 and that she was only called into work on
three of those shifts. The Hospital also claimed that Sigwald lightened
McCall's call burden further by allowing other nurses to take calls for
her for a period of time, by consistently scheduling her for less call
days, and by calling her in as little as possible when she was on a call
shift. Sigwald testified that when McCall returned from sick leave in
1992, she tried to give McCall as few call days as possible. The Hos-
pital maintains that this evidence proves that it did not discriminate
against McCall and that it accommodated her requests for a lighter
call schedule.
The evidence discloses factual disputes pertaining to McCall's
requests for relief and the adequacy of the Hospital's accommodation.
5
These disputes raise issues of credibility which the district court prop-
erly submitted to the jury. Much of the Hospital's evidence that it
accommodated McCall came from Sigwald, and the jury was free to
disbelieve her. The evidence was sufficient to raise a reasonable infer-
ence that McCall's discharge was proximately caused by the Hospi-
tal's unlawful discrimination. Consequently, McCall proved her
prima facie case.
The Hospital offered a legitimate reason for McCall's firing--that
she was insubordinate to both Sigwald and Gardner. Its explanation
of why it discharged McCall satisfied its burden of producing a non-
discriminatory reason for its action. See St. Mary's Honor Center v.
Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 507 (1993). Upon McCall's establishment of a
prima facie case and the Hospital's production of a nondiscriminatory
reason for discharging McCall, the presumption of a prima facie case
and the Hospital's burden of production are no longer relevant. Id. at
510. This leaves McCall with the burden of proving by a preponder-
ance of the evidence that the Hospital discharged her in violation of
the ADA. Id. at 511.
Insubordination would be a sufficient nondiscriminatory reason for
firing McCall. See Martinson v. Kinney Shoe Corp ., 104 F.3d 683,
686 n.3 (4th Cir. 1997). The district court, however, properly ruled
that there was a "complete dispute" on whether McCall was insubor-
dinate and submitted this issue to the jury.
The parties painted different versions of the facts. Sigwald testified
that when McCall called in sick on January 5, 1993, she asked her to
bring in a doctor's excuse when she returned to work. She testified
that McCall came into her office "screaming and yelling in a rage."
Sigwald claimed the McCall refused to bring in a doctor's excuse and
called Sigwald a "g--d---- bitch." The Hospital also offered evidence
of a statement written by a nurse shortly after the incident in which
the nurse claimed that she heard McCall "screaming in Sharon Sig-
wald's office." Another witness testified that McCall told her that dur-
ing the meeting she got disgusted with Sigwald and told Sigwald to
"kiss her ass." Gardner testified that in her meeting with Sigwald and
McCall later that day, McCall refused to apologize to Sigwald and
was so disrespectful towards her that at one point Gardner feared that
McCall was "about to slap Sigwald."
6
McCall, however, presented sufficient facts to prove that she was
not insubordinate and that the real reason for her termination was dis-
crimination in violation of the ADA. McCall claims that she never
raised her voice during her discussion with Sigwald and did not curse
her. At trial, the nurse who gave Sigwald a statement that she heard
McCall screaming in Sigwald's office testified that she did not see
McCall at the time of the incident and could not identify the voice of
the person she heard yelling. Two other Hospital employees working
right outside Sigwald's office testified that they heard no screaming
or yelling. McCall denied calling Sigwald any names during their
meeting in Gardner's office and testified that it was Gardner, not she,
who was upset and disrespectful during their meeting. The jury also
heard evidence questioning Sigwald's reputation and temperament as
a supervisor.
Since only McCall, Sigwald, and Gardner were present at the meet-
ings, only they know what actually transpired. The conflicting evi-
dence could only be resolved by assessing their credibility and the
credibility of the witnesses who testified about the acts of insubordi-
nation and discrimination. It was the province of the jury to resolve
these factual disputes.
The district court wisely required the jury to submit a special ver-
dict. In answer to interrogatories, the jury found by a preponderance
of the evidence that McCall's disability was a motivating factor in her
discharge; that the Hospital stated a nondiscriminatory reason for the
discharge; that by a preponderance of the evidence the proof showed
that the Hospital's reason for discharging McCall was only a pretext
or cover-up for discriminating against McCall; that the Hospital failed
to make reasonable accommodation for McCall to enable her to work;
that the Hospital did not make a good faith effort to make a reason-
able accommodation after it was informed that accommodation was
needed; and, finally, in answer to the question:"Has Defendant [Hos-
pital] proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Plaintiff
[McCall] would not have remained employed, even in the absence of
discrimination because of her disability?", the jury answered: "No."
Neither McCall nor the Hospital objected to the form or substance of
the interrogatories the district court propounded to the jury.
7
Without weighing the credibility of the evidence, which we are for-
bidden to do, we cannot say that the Hospital was entitled to judgment
as a matter of law on the ADA claim or to a new trial.
III
In a pendent claim, the jury found that the Hospital breached an
express or implied contract of employment with McCall. The Hospital
contends that no such contract existed and, in the alternative, that
there was no breach.
Since there was no contract for a definite term, we proceed on the
assumption that the Hospital hired McCall as an at-will employee.
Hudson v. Zenith Engraving Co., 273 S.C. 766, 259 S.E.2d 812
(1979). South Carolina law provides that an employer may alter the
at-will employment status through written or oral assurances to the
employee that a particular disciplinary and termination process would
be followed. King v. PYA/Monarch, Inc., 317 S.C. 385, 389, 453
S.E.2d 885, 888 (1995). Such assurances may create an express or
implied contract of employment. See Small v. Springs Indus., Inc.,
292 S.C. 481, 484-85, 357 S.E.2d 452, 454-55 (1987). Once the at-
will employment status is altered and a contract is established, the
employer is bound by an implied covenant of good faith and fair deal-
ing. Shelton v. Oscar Mayer Foods Corp., 319 S.C. 81, 91, 459
S.E.2d 851, 857 (1995). The jury instructions accurately reflected
South Carolina law on this issue, and the Hospital offered no objec-
tion to them.
There was sufficient evidence for the jury to decide, as a factual
matter, that the Hospital made oral assurances to McCall that it would
institute and administer a fair and impartial discipline policy. Susan
Strange, human resources director at the Hospital, testified that the
Hospital promised every employee that it would administer an impar-
tial disciplinary system under which all employees would be treated
"fairly." Several employees testified that the disciplinary procedures
that the Hospital promised to follow included written or verbal warn-
ings before termination. McCall testified:
I was told that for disciplinary action that there would be
verbal warnings and then written, and that one would have
8
to violate hospital policy repeatedly before actions were
taken. There were procedures for counseling, and that you
have to have three very bad write-ups for, or evaluations
before someone could be terminated.
Sigwald testified that the discipline policy was discussed in the ori-
entation program for employees. She admitted that the Hospital repre-
sented to all employees that its promise to administer a "fair and
impartial" discipline system is a "contract" between the Hospital and
its employees. Strange and former employees testified that guidelines
for administering certain disciplinary procedures were contained in a
supervisor's manual. The manual, however, was not admitted into
evidence. The fact that McCall never received the manual does not
insulate the Hospital from liability as to its contents. King, 317 S.C.
at 390, 453 S.E.2d at 887.
Strange testified that it was Hospital policy to investigate any disci-
plinary violations registered against an employee. She also testified
that any investigation was to be done by an "impartial" party and that
it would not be typical to allow the person who witnessed the incident
to conduct the investigation. The evidence, however, suggests that the
only investigation into McCall's alleged outburst was conducted by
Sigwald. Sigwald wrote up her version of the dispute in an employee
counseling report. She also procured a note from a nurse indicating
that she heard McCall screaming in Sigwald's office. The same nurse,
however, testified that she did not recognize the voice she heard yell-
ing. Sigwald then met with Strange, Gardner, and other Hospital
administrators, including the Chief Executive Officer, to discuss the
incident. McCall was not present at the meeting. There was conflict-
ing testimony concerning whether termination was discussed at this
meeting. Gardner then met with Sigwald and McCall to hear
McCall's version of the events but terminated McCall for insubordi-
nation at the end of the meeting. Aside from Gardner's questioning
of McCall during this meeting, the only substantive investigation of
the incident was performed by Sigwald.
The Hospital asserts that McCall disclaimed any reliance on assur-
ances that certain disciplinary procedures would be followed when
she signed an "Acknowledgment Card and Receipt" of an employee
handbook. But the handbook, to which the disclaimers in the
9
acknowledgment card applied, was never entered into evidence and
McCall never claimed to rely on any assurances contained in the
handbook. The Hospital has offered no evidence to show that the dis-
claimers contained in the acknowledgement card extended to the pro-
cedures detailed in the supervisor's manual or to the oral
representations that Strange and Sigwald testified were made directly
to every employee.
The Hospital denies that it altered McCall's at-will status by oral
assurances. It also contends that the cases on which McCall relies,
King and Small, are not applicable because they involved handbooks.
We conclude, however, that the district court was justified in reading
King and Small to instruct that "oral assurances" of personnel policies
could alter at-will status. Indeed, King is explicit: "In Small v. Springs
Industries, Inc., 292 S.C. 481, 357 S.E.2d 452 (1987), this Court held
that whether an employer alters the at-will employment status through
handbooks, bulletins, oral assurances, and similar materials, is a
question for the jury." King, 317 S.C. at 389, 453 S.E.2d at 888
(emphasis added).
There was a sufficient ambiguity in the evidence concerning
McCall's contract of employment to justify the district court's sub-
mission of the issue to the jury.
After the jury found an employment contract was established, it
could also find that the Hospital breached an implied covenant of
good faith and fair dealing when it discharged McCall. Shelton, 319
S.C. at 91, 459 S.E.2d at 857. Based upon the lack of written or verbal
warnings, Sigwald's dominant role in the investigation, and the testi-
mony that McCall's termination was discussed before McCall had
offered her side of the story, there is sufficient evidence for a jury to
infer that the hospital did not follow the procedures that it had repre-
sented to its employees and that it did not administer fair and impar-
tial disciplinary proceedings against McCall before she was
discharged.
IV
After the district court reduced the verdict because of an overlap
of damages that McCall recovered on her ADA claim and her breach
10
of contract claim, it entered judgment in her favor against the Hospital
in the amount of $445,000. The Hospital has assigned error to two
aspects of the judgment. It contends that the evidence disclosed that
McCall did not mitigate her damages and that her expert witness
exaggerated economic projections for computing loss of future dam-
ages.
McCall was entitled to recover damages from the Hospital's breach
"reduced by the amount [she] obtains, or through reasonable diligence
could have obtained, from other suitable employment." Chastain v.
Owens Carolina, Inc., 310 S.C. 417, 419-420, 426 S.E.2d 834, 835
(1993) (citation omitted). Before she was discharged on January 7,
1993, McCall was offered, but declined, a job transfer within the Hos-
pital with no reduction in salary or benefits. Whether McCall's refusal
of this offer was reasonable presented an issue for the jury. McCall
testified that she could not go back to the "hostile environment" in the
Hospital. The district court also considered the issue of reinstating
McCall to another position in the Hospital on the ADA claim, but
found that such action would subject McCall to a"hostile environ-
ment . . . that would be harmful to her physically." Under these cir-
cumstances McCall's refusal of the Hospital's offer did not show a
lack of mitigation.
McCall testified that it took her eight months from the date of her
discharge to find a new job. However, she rejected four other job
offers in the Myrtle Beach area during the first two months after she
was fired. Her only explanation for turning down each of these job
offers was that none of the jobs was in the area of obstetrics and she
"preferred" working with children. She eventually took an obstetrics
job with the state of South Carolina working with developmentally
delayed children.
Even though the first four job offers were not in McCall's specific
field of choice, Gardner testified that the state does not restrict a
licensed nurse such as McCall from practicing in other areas of spe-
cialization. She also testified that most hospitals provide refresher
courses for nurses who are assigned to a new area of the Hospital.
Because McCall declined not one, but four, similar positions as a
licensed nurse in the Myrtle Beach area, she failed to show that she
used reasonable diligence to mitigate her damages. McCall's damages
11
involving eight months of lost wages must be reduced by the amount
that she could have obtained from the most remunerative of the
employment offers she received in February and March of 1993. See
Chastain, 310 S.C. at 419, 426 S.E.2d at 835.
McCall's economic expert calculated McCall's future contract
damages by determining the difference between McCall's current sal-
ary and what her salary would have been with the hospital. He pro-
jected the differential of salary and benefits over a 30-year period. In
projecting McCall's salary at the Hospital, he used a 7.5% yearly sal-
ary increase based upon the consumer price index for medical care.
The Hospital, however, had a 3% cap on salary increases and
McCall's previous three pay raises had been capped at this amount.
The use of a yearly percentage increase for 30 years that was more
than two times the amount of the Hospital's actual yearly percentage
increase was unreasonable. We remand the issue of damages to the
district court for further proceedings.
V
The district court was correct in denying the Hospital's motion for
judgment as a matter of law and the motion for a new trial. The evi-
dence pertaining to mitigation and future damages was insufficient to
sustain the verdict.
AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED
IN PART; AND REMANDED
12