UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 97-4066
JERRY L. MARTIN,
Defendant-Appellant.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 97-4067
SADIE I. MARTIN,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Richmond.
James R. Spencer, District Judge.
(CR-96-72)
Submitted: August 26, 1997
Decided: September 29, 1997
Before HALL and MOTZ, Circuit Judges, and
BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
Aubrey F. Hammond, Jr., Richmond, Virginia; Steven D. Goodwin,
Richmond, Virginia, for Appellants. Helen F. Fahey, United States
Attorney, John C. McDougal, Special Assistant United States Attor-
ney, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
A jury convicted Jerry L. Martin and Sadie I. Martin of six counts
of income tax evasion in violation of 26 U.S.C.§ 7201 (1994), for the
tax years 1985 to 1989 and 1991. The district court sentenced the
Martins to eighteen months imprisonment and three years of super-
vised release. They noted a timely appeal and counsel for each filed
a formal joint brief pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738
(1967), in which they certified that there were no meritorious issues
for appeal. Nonetheless, counsel presented two issues for our consid-
eration: whether the district court erred in denying a motion for judg-
ment of acquittal and whether the district court erred in finding that
the Martins had engaged in obstruction of justice. The Martins filed
a supplemental brief. For the following reasons, we affirm.
During all years material to this case, the Martins were husband
and wife. Mr. Martin was employed as an independent insurance
agent selling insurance policies for various insurance companies on
a commission basis. The Martins filed income tax returns for the 1985
through 1990 tax years. They were audited for the years 1985 through
1987, and their tax liability for these years was determined by a con-
sent order filed in the United States Tax Court by the Internal Reve-
nue Service (the Service) and the Martins.
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The Service commenced an additional audit for the 1988 and 1989
tax years. The Service determined the Martins' tax liability for these
years and the Martins did not timely challenge this determination in
the Tax Court. During this same period, the Martins' 1991 tax return
came due and, after filing for two extensions, the Martins failed to file
a return for that year and subsequent years. The Service determined
the Martins' 1991 tax liability by considering all identifiable income
and expense items traceable to them. The Martins do not object to the
amount of taxes sought by the Service.
The evidence at trial demonstrated that after the Service issued a
Notice of Tax Levy on the Martins for the unpaid taxes, they
attempted to hide their income in a number of ways. They closed their
bank account; Mr. Martin thereafter cashed all his insurance commis-
sions at check-cashing establishments up to the date of sentencing.
The Martins also transferred jointly owned property to their daughter.
Additionally, the Martins directed that the proceeds from the sale of
a rental property be divided into four checks; they passed at least
some of the proceeds through the bank accounts of others, making
tracing of these proceeds difficult. Finally, Mr. Martin asked his
insurance companies to make his commission checks payable to a
company that had no record of filing tax returns.
In their defense, the Martins asserted that they believed in good
faith that they were not subject to the tax laws because, inter alia, the
United States was not a legal entity, and the statutes at issue were not
codified.
Defense counsel raise two issues on appeal. The first is whether the
district court erred in denying the Martins' Fed. R. Crim. P. 29 motion
for a judgment of acquittal. To sustain a conviction the evidence,
when viewed in the light most favorable to the government, must be
sufficient for a rational trier of fact to have found the essential ele-
ments of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See Glasser v. United
States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942); United States v. Tresvant, 677 F.2d
1018, 1021 (4th Cir. 1982). The Government is entitled to all reason-
able inferences from the facts established. Tresvant, 677 F.2d at 1021.
In order to demonstrate a violation of § 7201, the Government must
prove willfulness, a substantial tax deficiency, and an affirmative act
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constituting attempted tax evasion. United States v. Goodyear, 649
F.2d 226, 227-28 (4th Cir. 1981). The jury may infer a "willful
attempt" from "any conduct having the likely effect of misleading or
concealing." Id. at 228. "Willfulness" is the "voluntary, intentional
violation of a known legal duty." Cheek v. United States, 498 U.S.
192, 201 (1991). A defendant can negate his awareness of a known
legal duty by demonstrating that he believed that his conduct did not
violate the law; this belief does not have to be objectively reasonable
but it does have to have a good faith basis. Id .
The Government presented evidence that after the Martins received
a notice of tax levy from the Service they closed their bank account,
transferred property of substantial value to others, and took other
steps to avoid detection of income. From this evidence a rational jury
could conclude that the Martins' conduct was willful. Thus, this evi-
dence is sufficient to support their convictions. We note that in con-
victing the Martins, the jury apparently did not credit their testimony
that they had a good faith belief that the federal income tax laws did
not apply to them. A jury's credibility determinations will not be dis-
turbed on appeal. See United States v. Saunders , 886 F.2d 56 (4th Cir.
1989).
The remaining claim raised by counsel is that the district court
erred in finding that the Martins had engaged in obstruction of justice.
Although the presentence report recommended an enhancement of the
Martins' base offense levels for obstruction of justice, the record
reveals that the district court sustained the Martins' objection to this
enhancement. Thus, this claim is baseless.
The Martins raise several additional claims in their supplemental
brief. They contend that their misunderstanding of the tax laws, which
assertedly negated their wilfulness, was justified because § 7201 was
never codified for enactment into "positive law." In fact, § 7201 has
been codified. See 26 U.S.C. § 7201 (1994).
They next allege that the Government used false information in the
Service's "`Individual Master File'" to show a violation of 28 U.S.C.
§§ 1291, 1294(1) (1994). These statutes delineate our jurisdiction;
they do not proscribe criminal offenses. Moreover, the Martins have
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not demonstrated that the Government relied on any false information
to support their convictions.
The Martins also contend that the district court abused its discre-
tion by denying their motion for discovery because the Government
failed to disclose exculpatory material contained in the "Individual
Master File." See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). However,
the Martins failed to establish the existence of the alleged exculpatory
evidence; they merely make a conclusory allegation that the file states
that they owe no taxes.
Further, the Martins assert that they did not obstruct justice. As dis-
cussed above, the district court did not enhance their base offense
levels for obstruction of justice. Finally, the Martins contend that they
were sentenced in violation of the Ex Post Facto Clause because their
convictions were based on conduct that occurred between 1985 and
1987, and yet they were assertedly not sentenced in accordance with
the pre-guideline law in effect at that time. This claim is meritless
because their criminal conduct continued well after November 1,
1987 when the Sentencing Guidelines became effective. See United
States v. Meitinger, 901 F.2d 27, 28 (4th Cir. 1990).
Accordingly, we affirm the Martins' convictions and sentences.
This court requires that counsel inform his client, in writing, of his
right to petition the Supreme Court of the United States for further
review. If his clients request that a petition be filed, but counsel
believes that such a petition would be frivolous, then counsel may
move in this court for leave to withdraw from representation. Coun-
sel's motion must state that a copy thereof was served on his clients.
We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal conten-
tions are adequately presented in the materials before the court and
argument would not aid in the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
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