Gilliam v. Simms

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

TYRONE DELANO GILLIAM,
Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

STUART O. SIMMS, Secretary,
Department of Public Safety and
No. 97-14
Correctional Services,
Respondent-Appellee.

WESLEY EUGENE BAKER; KENNETH
LLOYD COLLINS; JOHN MARVIN
BOOTH; STEVEN H. OKEN,
Amici Curiae.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.
Marvin J. Garbis, District Judge.
(CA-94-1422-MJG)

Argued: October 29, 1997

Decided: January 13, 1998

Before MURNAGHAN, NIEMEYER, and HAMILTON,
Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion,
in which Judge Murnaghan and Judge Hamilton joined.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Jerome Howard Nickerson, Jr., Bel Air, Maryland, for
Appellant. Gwynn X. Kinsey, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, Crimi-
nal Appeals Division, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Billy H. Nolas, Phil-
adelphia, Pennsylvania, for Appellant. J. Joseph Curran, Jr., Attorney
General of Maryland, Criminal Appeals Division, OFFICE OF THE
ATTORNEY GENERAL, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. Gary
W. Christopher, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Baltimore, Mary-
land; Peter E. Keith, GALLAGHER, EVELIUS & JONES, Balti-
more, Maryland; Nevett Steele, Jr., Michael J. Gentile, Towson,
Maryland; William B. Purpura, Baltimore, Maryland; Fred Warren
Bennett, CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL, Washington,
D.C.; Charles G. Bernstein, Baltimore, Maryland; Neil Ian Jacobs,
Rockville, Maryland, for Amici Curiae.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:

A Maryland state trial court convicted Tyrone Gilliam of the first-
degree murder of Christine Doerfler and sentenced him to death.
After exhausting his direct state appeals and unsuccessfully seeking
a writ of certiorari from the United States Supreme Court, Gilliam
filed several habeas petitions in state court, all of which were denied.
He then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court
which the district court denied. On appeal, Gilliam argues that the dis-
trict court erred (1) in denying his petition without granting him a
hearing, and (2) in denying his claims for ineffective assistance of
counsel during a pretrial hearing on his motion to suppress his confes-
sion, during the sentencing phase of his trial, and during direct appeal.
For the following reasons, we affirm.

I

During the evening of December 2, 1988, Tyrone Gilliam, Kelvin
Drummond, and his brother, Tony Drummond, car-jacked Christine

2
Doerfler as she was getting out of her car in a parking lot near her sis-
ter's home. They forced Doerfler to drive around to find a Signet
Bank at which they could force her to use her Signet Bank card.
When they arrived at the end of Gum Spring Road in Baltimore
County, they stopped their cars and began talking while Gilliam
guarded Doerfler, aiming a sawed-off shotgun at her head. Kelvin
Drummond later testified that as he lit up a cigarette that his brother
Tony had given him -- the Drummond brothers were standing by
their own car -- he heard a loud bang and saw Doerfler slumped over
the steering wheel of her car. When Kelvin asked Gilliam why he shot
Doerfler, Gilliam answered "because she saw [my] face." The three
had stolen three dollars from Doerfler and, at the time, had been using
alcohol and drugs, including PCP.

A few days later, in the early morning hours of December 5, Gil-
liam and the Drummond brothers were involved in an armed robbery
of a mini-mart. They left the mini-mart in two cars, and, a short time
later, police tried to stop them. After a high-speed chase, the police
apprehended Gilliam when his car crashed into a median embank-
ment. Because Gilliam was bleeding from the head, the police took
him to the emergency room for treatment. In the car, they found Gil-
liam's sawed-off shotgun with three shells in it. Shortly after six
o'clock in the morning, after Gilliam had received emergency treat-
ment and had been visited by his mother, he was released from the
emergency room to the custody of police and placed in a holding cell.
Later in the afternoon, at almost 5:00 p.m., police questioned Gilliam.
After being confronted with a statement from Kelvin Drummond that
identified Gilliam as Doerfler's shooter, Gilliam confessed, making
oral and tape-recorded confessions.

After electing a bench trial, Gilliam was tried in the Circuit Court
for Baltimore County before Judge Fader, who convicted him of first-
degree murder, robbery with a dangerous weapon, use of a handgun
in the commission of a felony, and kidnapping. In finding Gilliam
guilty of first-degree murder, Judge Fader relied on both premeditated
and felony murder grounds. During the sentencing phase, Judge Fader
found two aggravating factors and no mitigating factors and sen-
tenced Gilliam to death on the murder charge. The Court of Appeals
of Maryland affirmed, Gilliam v. State ("Gilliam I"), 320 Md. 637

3
(1990), and the Supreme Court denied Gilliam's petition for a writ of
certiorari, Gilliam v. Maryland, 498 U.S. 1110 (1991).

With different counsel, retained by the Public Defender's Office,
Gilliam filed a post-conviction challenge in the Maryland trial court,
alleging the ineffective assistance of counsel. Following a four-day
evidentiary hearing, the court denied post-conviction relief. The Court
of Appeals of Maryland affirmed, Gilliam v. State ("Gilliam II"), 331
Md. 651 (1993), and the Supreme Court again denied Gilliam's peti-
tion for a writ of certiorari, Gilliam v. Maryland, 510 U.S. 1077
(1994).

Gilliam then filed a second petition for post-conviction relief in
state court, alleging that execution by means of a gas chamber consti-
tuted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amend-
ment. While the trial court indicated it would deny Gilliam's petition
because the claim was without merit, it deferred issuing an execution
warrant until March 7, 1994, to allow him time to file a federal habeas
petition. Instead of preparing a federal petition, Gilliam retained new
counsel and began preparing an amended second petition for state
post-conviction relief. In the meantime, the Circuit Court for Balti-
more County denied Gilliam's pending petition. A few days later, Gil-
liam filed his second amended state petition reiterating not only the
Eighth Amendment challenge but also seven new claims for relief.
These new claims included the allegations that the state, at sentenc-
ing, presented psychiatric testimony violating Estelle v. Smith, 451
U.S. 454 (1981), and that the Estelle v. Smith claim was not procedur-
ally barred because trial counsel was ineffective. The second amended
petition also raised an alleged conflict of interest in that Gilliam's trial
counsel was assisted by the Office of Public Defender and his appeal
counsel was an employee of that office, which also employed the
attorney representing his co-defendant, Kelvin Drummond. The Cir-
cuit Court for Baltimore County denied the second amended petition
on procedural grounds because it was moot, and the Court of Appeals
of Maryland denied leave to appeal.

Gilliam next filed a common law writ of habeas corpus in Mont-
gomery County, Maryland, on the ground that he possessed newly
discovered evidence of his actual innocence. That petition was
assigned to the court in Baltimore County, which denied the petition

4
without a hearing. The Court of Appeals of Maryland again denied
Gilliam leave to appeal.

Finally, Gilliam filed the petition in this case. Following various
amendments to the petition, the district court issued an opinion on the
merits, without finding it necessary to have an evidentiary hearing.
The district court first noted that its decision would not be affected
by the enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty
Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214,
because the outcome was not affected by the retroactivity vel non of
that statute.1 The district court then held, under pre-AEDPA law, that
Gilliam's counsel at the pretrial suppression hearing had not been
constitutionally ineffective and that Gilliam's appellate counsel had
also not been constitutionally ineffective because of an alleged con-
flict of interest. The district court did, however, hold that representa-
tion of Gilliam's counsel at the sentencing phase of trial fell below
Sixth Amendment standards in that the attorney "failed to conduct an
adequate investigation and prepare expert witnesses needed to present
mitigating circumstances at sentencing." In particular the court held
that Gilliam's counsel during the sentencing phase had "failed to act
in his client's behalf when he consented to the prosecution's request
[for a psychiatric interview] without adequate reason, without his
presence at the interviews, and with the knowledge that he would not
be presenting psychiatric testimony on behalf of his client at
sentencing." (Emphasis in the original). The court vacated the death
sentence and remanded the case to state court for resentencing. Fol-
lowing the state's motion to alter or amend the judgment, however,
the district court reversed itself because Gilliam had failed to show
_________________________________________________________________

1 An amicus brief has been filed by five Maryland death row inmates
arguing that Maryland's statutory scheme does not comply with the
requirements of Chapter 154 of the AEDPA, specifically 28 U.S.C.
§ 2261. Recognizing that this issue has not been resolved on appeal, the
amicus brief urges us to adopt the reasoning of the district court in Booth
v. Maryland, 940 F. Supp. 849 (D. Md. 1996), vacated on other grounds,
112 F.3d 139 (4th Cir. 1997), which held that Maryland was not "entitled
to invoke the benefits of Chapter 154." Because we conclude that the dis-
trict court correctly denied Gilliam's petition for habeas relief under pre-
AEDPA law, which is more generous to Gilliam than is the AEDPA, we
do not address whether the AEDPA applies to Gilliam's petition.

5
that the result of the sentencing would have been different but for the
ineffectiveness of counsel. The court concluded that because the sen-
tencing court properly found no mitigating circumstances to outweigh
the aggravating factors of the crime's commission during a robbery
and a kidnapping, "even if additional information concerning child-
hood sexual abuse had been taken into account by the sentencing
court as a mitigating factor, there is little likelihood that a reasonable
experienced jurist nevertheless would have found such abuse suffi-
cient to outweigh the severity and aggravating circumstances of the
crime." Accordingly, the district court issued a supplemental memo-
randum, reinstating the death sentence.

Gilliam now appeals, contending that (1) counsel at his pretrial
suppression hearing was ineffective; (2) counsel at his capital sen-
tencing was also constitutionally deficient because they failed to pro-
duce mitigating evidence of childhood sexual abuse, drug addiction,
and other similar claims; and (3) counsel on direct appeal had a con-
flict of interest when the state Public Defender's office represented
both Gilliam and his co-defendant through separate attorneys.

II

Gilliam first argues that the district court erred in ruling on his
habeas petition without granting him an evidentiary hearing. See Rule
8, Rules Governing § 2254 Cases. Under pre-AEDPA law, in order
to obtain a federal habeas hearing, Gilliam is required to (1) allege
specific facts which, if true, would entitle him to relief, and (2) estab-
lish one of the factors listed in Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 313
(1963), overruled on other grounds, Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes, 504
U.S. 1 (1992), to determine whether the petitioner received a full and
fair hearing in prior proceedings. See Bennett v. Angelone, 92 F.3d
1336, 1347 & n.10 (4th Cir. 1996). The determination of whether Gil-
liam should have been afforded a hearing thus necessarily depends on
the merits of his habeas claims. Because we rule that Gilliam's claims
are without merit, it follows that the district court did not err in refus-
ing to conduct a hearing under Rule 8. See Townsend, 372 U.S. at
313.

III

On the merits of his petition, Gilliam contends that the district
court improperly denied him relief on his claim that his Sixth Amend-

6
ment right to be free from ineffective counsel was violated at the pre-
trial hearing on his motion to suppress his confession. He maintains
that his counsel failed adequately to present factual and expert opin-
ion testimony indicating that his confession was not voluntary. In par-
ticular, he argues that his attorney failed to interview witnesses who
knew about Gilliam's head injury, to obtain additional documents
regarding his injury, and to introduce evidence about the long-lasting
effects of PCP.

The facts supporting this claim were resolved against Gilliam in
state court. As observed by the Court of Appeals of Maryland:

Gilliam was arrested in the early morning hours of Decem-
ber 5, 1988, two days after the murder, following a high-
speed chase which ended when Gilliam's car collided with
a median wall. The police took Gilliam to a local hospital,
where he was treated and released to police custody. Prior
to being interrogated, he was detained in a holding cell for
over ten hours. When his interrogation began over twelve
hours after his arrest, Gilliam was asked to read the Miranda
warnings aloud, and did so. Gilliam also initialed and signed
a Miranda rights waiver. The interrogation officers testified
that Gilliam was coherent, responsive, and did not appear to
be suffering from the effects of drugs.

Gilliam II, 331 Md. at 666 (footnote omitted). Notwithstanding these
facts, Gilliam contends that his attorney should have brought in as
witnesses the state trooper who arrested Gilliam, Gilliam's mother,
and two other witnesses, who could testify regarding his impaired
physical condition and drug use prior to his arrest. But, as the Court
of Appeals noted, such testimony could not override the well estab-
lished facts:

[Gilliam's attorney] did consult with Dr. Ramamurthy, a
specialist in internal medicine, who upon reviewing the hos-
pital reports detailing Gilliam's medical treatment after his
arrest, concluded it would be difficult to present expert testi-
mony on mental impairment at the time of the confession.
The hospital report indicated Gilliam never lost conscious-
ness after the accident and that he was alert and understood

7
 what was happening. Gilliam had advised [his attorney]
before the suppression hearing that he "knew what[he] was
saying," that "he was not intoxicated" when he confessed,
and that he confessed after he was told Kelvin Drummond
confessed because he "had the presence of mind to try and
establish a defense of accidental shooting." Further, Gilliam
did not give his statement to the police until over twelve
hours after his arrest and after he had been left alone in a
cell for approximately ten hours prior to his interrogation,
thus militating against any claim of intoxication or sleep
deprivation.

Gilliam II, 331 Md. at 667. These factual findings by a state court of
competent jurisdiction "shall be presumed to be correct," unless Gil-
liam is able to offer some reason to conclude otherwise. See 28 U.S.C.
§§ 2254(d) & (e) (1966). Gilliam has failed to establish any reason to
disturb the state courts' factual findings and accordingly, as the state
court concluded:

Faced with the evidence of the voluntariness of Gilliam's
tape recorded confession as well as with Gilliam's tacit
acknowledgment of its voluntariness, [Gilliam's attorney]
did as much as could reasonably be expected. Gilliam has
failed to prove [the attorney] rendered ineffective assistance
in his preparation for or representation during the suppres-
sion hearing.

Gilliam II, 331 Md. at 668. Of course, while the state's factual find-
ings are presumed correct, to the extent that an ineffective assistance
of counsel claim is a mixed question of law and fact, we conduct our
review de novo. See, e.g., Becton v. Barnett, 920 F.2d 1190, 1192 (4th
Cir. 1990).

In order to show that his Sixth Amendment rights had been
abridged, Gilliam must show first that his "counsel's performance
was deficient," and second that "the deficient performance prejudiced
the defense." Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
Moreover, the alleged deficiency of representation must be "so seri-
ous as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is
reliable." Id. There is a strong presumption that counsel's perfor-

8
mance was not deficient, and the burden is on the defendant to dem-
onstrate that his legal representation fell below"an objective standard
of reasonableness." Id. at 688. In short, the effectiveness of counsel
under the Sixth Amendment is adjudged by "(1) the competency of
representation and (2) the prejudice which any alleged deficiency
caused to the defense." United States v. Tatum, 943 F.2d 370, 375
(4th Cir. 1991).

Gilliam argues under this standard that his attorney should have
produced "some of the nation's top experts in the effects of PCP" or
additional witnesses who could have testified to the seriousness of the
injuries sustained by him in the pre-arrest accident. He concedes,
however, that his hospital records were admitted into evidence. He
must also acknowledge that his counsel consulted with an expert who
concluded that "it would be difficult to present expert testimony on
mental impairment at the time of the confession." Gilliam II, 331 Md.
at 667. The record does show that Gilliam's counsel did explore the
various possibilities and, indeed, presented evidence from Gilliam
himself that the effect of drugs at the time of his confession made him
"paranoid" and "uncomfortable," and that"in a way I understood [the
Miranda warnings] and in a way I didn't." Id. at 366-67. In view of
this record, we conclude that Gilliam has failed to establish that the
level of his counsel's representation at his pretrial suppression hearing
fell below the "reasonably effective assistance" test of Strickland.

IV

Gilliam contends that his counsel was also ineffective during the
sentencing phase of his trial because counsel failed adequately to
develop and present mitigating evidence. Gilliam asserts that his
counsel failed to present factual mitigating evidence or investigate:
(1) child abuse that Gilliam suffered while growing up; (2) his "im-
paired cognitive functioning"; (3) his substance abuse and addiction;
(4) the facts underlying Gilliam's prior convictions and the abuse he
suffered while imprisoned for these crimes; (5) his domination by the
Drummond brothers; (6) his "substantial impairment" due to drugs at
the time he murdered Christine Doerfler; and (7) his"youthful age."
Gilliam also asserts that counsel (8) ineffectively prepared mental
health experts retained for his defense for their anticipated mitigating
testimony; and (9) failed to prevent a state psychiatrist from inter-

9
viewing Gilliam prior to capital sentencing, attend that interview, and
seek exclusion of the psychiatrist's testimony.

We conclude that many of these claims and factual allegations are
procedurally barred by the procedural default doctrine because they
were never presented in state court. And we conclude that the claims
which are not procedurally barred fail on their merits because Gilliam
has failed to show prejudice. See Tatum, 943 F.2d at 375. We begin
with the items procedurally barred.

The procedural default doctrine requires a state prisoner seeking
federal habeas corpus relief to exhaust fully his state remedies and
present each of his claims first to the appropriate state court. Under
pre-AEDPA law, habeas relief is barred "unless it appears that the
applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the
State." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b) (1966). The purpose underlying this doc-
trine is to give the "state courts the first opportunity to consider
alleged constitutional errors occurring in a defendant's state trial and
sentencing." Matthews v. Evatt, 105 F.3d 907, 910 (4th Cir.), cert.
denied, 118 S. Ct. 102 (1997). Accordingly, federal habeas courts are
authorized to consider only those issues which have been "`fairly
presented' to the state courts." Id. at 911 (quoting Picard v. Connor,
404 U.S. 270, 275-78 (1971)). To present an issue to the state court
fairly, the petitioner must present the state court with the "`same fac-
tual grounds and legal theories'" that he seeks to assert in his federal
petition. Id. (quoting Joubert v. Hopkins, 75 F.3d 1232, 1240 (8th
Cir.), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 2574 (1996)). Procedural default may
be excused only if the petitioner "can demonstrate cause and preju-
dice for the default," Gray v. Netherland, 116 S. Ct. 2074, 2080
(1996), or that "a fundamental miscarriage of justice" would result,
Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 262 (1989); see also Coleman v.
Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991). Moreover, when a state court
has declined to review the merits of a federal constitutional claim
because it has relied on an adequate and independent state procedural
rule, "we may not consider these claims on their merits unless [the
petitioner] can demonstrate that cause and prejudice exist to excuse
the default or that the failure of the court to consider the claims would
amount to a fundamental miscarriage of justice." Mackall v.
Angelone, ___ F.3d ___, No. 95-4018, slip op. at 6 (4th Cir. Decem-
ber 18, 1997). The burden of proving that a claim has been exhausted

10
by presenting it to the state's highest court "lies with the petitioner."
Matthews, 105 F.3d at 911.

In connection with Gilliam's ineffective counsel claim during his
sentencing, most of the facts and claims which he proffers were never
presented to the state courts. Specifically, claim (1), based on a failure
to present evidence of child abuse, relies on affidavits which were
first attached to the amended federal habeas petition and were never
presented to the state courts. Claim (3), based on substance abuse and
addiction, claim (5), based on domination by the Drummond brothers,
and claim (6), based on mental impairment due to drugs, while con-
sidered on different facts by the state courts, are also based upon affi-
davits never presented to the state courts. Furthermore, several claims
were presented for the first time in the amended federal habeas peti-
tion. These include claim (4), that counsel failed to develop the facts
underlying his prior convictions and the abuse he allegedly suffered
while imprisoned for them, and claim (9), that counsel failed to pre-
vent a state psychiatrist from interviewing him prior to sentencing.
Finally, claim (7), that Gilliam's counsel failed to argue the statutory
mitigating factor of youthful age, was never fairly presented to the
state courts. Because Gilliam has had the opportunity for a direct
appeal of his conviction to Maryland's highest court and the United
States Supreme Court, as well as two prior state post-conviction pro-
ceedings, state review is no longer available for these defaulted
claims, see Md. Code Ann., Art. 27 § 645A(a)(2) (1994) (limiting
state habeas petition to two petitions),2 and they are barred by the pro-
cedural default doctrine unless the petitioner can show cause and prej-
udice or a miscarriage of justice to excuse his default. See Matthews,
105 F.3d at 911.

Gilliam argues that he has shown cause to excuse these defaulted
claims and factual allegations because his state post-conviction coun-
sel acted under a conflict of interest. This argument has no merit,
however, because it relies on the alleged ineffectiveness of his state
post-conviction counsel, and there is no constitutional right to counsel
in state collateral proceedings. See Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S.
_________________________________________________________________
2 Maryland statute now prohibits a state habeas petitioner from filing
more than one petition. See Md. Code Ann., Art. 27 § 645A(a)(2)(i)
(1997).

11
551, 555 (1987). Since Gilliam had no constitutional right to counsel
during his state collateral attacks on his conviction, he had no right
to conflict-free counsel or even effective counsel. See Mackall, slip
op. at 13 (holding that habeas petitioner "has no right to effective
assistance of counsel in his state habeas proceedings").

Not procedurally barred are Gilliam's claims that the mitigating
factors of impaired cognitive functioning and duress were not suffi-
ciently developed; that counsel was ineffective in its reliance upon
graduate students to research Gilliam's psychosocial history; and that
counsel failed to prepare Gilliam's psychological experts adequately.
Accordingly, we address these claims on the merits.

Gilliam's mitigation case at sentencing consisted of the testimony
of Dr. Shapiro, a psychologist who had developed Gilliam's psycho-
logical "profile" based upon a battery of tests, interviews of family
members obtained by graduate students, and testimony by family
members. The state expert, Dr. Siebert, testified to rebut the mitiga-
tion evidence, and based his opinions on material from several
sources, including his two personal interviews of Gilliam, which Gil-
liam's counsel did not attend. Gilliam's counsel did consider calling
another doctor as a witness, but, after consulting with co-counsel,
with Gilliam, and with Gilliam's mother, the strategic decision was
made not to call the second doctor. Gilliam's counsel did not present
any other mitigating evidence witness to testify to his alleged mental
impairment and domination by the Drummonds at the time of the
murder. But Gilliam's counsel did argue to the court at some length
that Gilliam acted under substantial duress because he was afraid that
Tony Drummond would kill him if he did not shoot Christine Doer-
fler, that Gilliam was the product of a horribly dysfunctional and abu-
sive family, that he was delusional from drugs at the time of the
murder, that he suffered from a mental disorder and was substantially
impaired as a result of his abusive childhood and drug abuse, that he
was drug addicted, that he was of youthful age (22), that he had a low
I.Q., and that he was remorseful and unlikely to commit any future
crimes. Gilliam's counsel concluded by arguing that his client

was under the influence of nartcotics [sic] and had been for
such a long period of time prior to that, he was emotionally
disturbed by these drugs, does have a mental disorder as a

12
 result of these drugs. And the state proved a very important
thing, that after this awful crime was committed, what did
they do, what did all these guys do? They came back, got
something to eat with their girlfriends and did what? Contin-
ued to use PCP because they are addicted to this horrible
drug. That is what this case is all about, how nartcotics [sic],
PCP and cocaine, can destroy a human being who in turn
took the life of someone else.

But I think we have proved to you by the preponderance
of the evidence, overwhelming evidence that his ability was
substantially impaired as a result of a mental disorder, emo-
tional disturbances, life-long and the drugs. I ask the Court
most respectfully to impose a life sentence if that is what it
has to be. I think that my client can be rehabilitated and I
ask the Court most respectfully do not, do not impose the
death penalty.

Finally, during sentencing, Gilliam addressed the court and apolo-
gized for his crime, asked for forgiveness, and expressed his remorse.
This case covered all of the points Gilliam now raises.

In proceeding with sentencing, the trial judge found that two of the
ten possible aggravating factors under Maryland law existed to war-
rant consideration of the death penalty: The murder had been commit-
ted during a robbery, and the murder had been committed during a
kidnapping. Since it found aggravating factors, it turned to and
reviewed the statutorily established mitigating circumstances:

(1) The defendant had not previously

(i) been found guilty of a crime of violence;

(ii) entered a plea of guilty or nolo contendere to a
charge of a crime of violence; or

(iii) had a judgment of probation or stay of entry of
judgment entered on a charge of a crime of vio-
lence.

13
 (2) The victim was a participant in the defendant's con-
duct or consented to the act which caused the victim's
death.

(3) The defendant acted under substantial duress, domina-
tion or provocation of another person, but not so sub-
stantial as to constitute a complete defense to the
prosecution.

(4) The murder was committed while the capacity of the
defendant to appreciate the criminality of his conduct
or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law
was substantially impaired as a result of mental inca-
pacity, mental disorder or emotional disturbance.

(5) The youthful age of the defendant at the time of the
crime.

(6) The act of the defendant was not the sole proximate
cause of the victim's death.

(7) It is unlikely that the defendant will engage in further
criminal activity that would constitute a continuing
threat to society.

(8) Any other facts which . . . the court specifically sets
forth in writing that it finds as mitigating circum-
stances in the case.

Md. Code Ann., Art. 27, § 413(g). Maryland law provides that if the
court finds any mitigating factors, it must weigh the mitigating factors
against the aggravating factors:

(1) If the court or jury finds that one or more of these miti-
gating circumstances exist, it shall determine whether,
by a preponderance of the evidence, the aggravating
circumstances outweigh the mitigating circumstances.

(2) If it finds that the aggravating circumstances outweigh
the mitigating circumstances, the sentence shall be
death.

14
 (3) If it finds that the aggravating circumstances do not
outweigh the mitigating circumstances, a sentence of
death may not be imposed.

Id. § 413(h). Because the sentencing judge found no mitigating factor,
he sentenced Gilliam to death.

The mitigating evidence that Gilliam argues his counsel failed to
present is essentially duplicative of the evidence actually presented by
his counsel at trial, which was squarely rejected as mitigating by the
sentencing judge. The proffered evidence did not change the facts, nor
did it provide a basis for mitigation that the trial court had not consid-
ered. We agree with the district court's finding in this case that if the
additional evidence proffered by Gilliam in his habeas petition had
been presented to the sentencing judge at trial, a reasonable judge
would not have found that the evidence mitigated the brutality of Gil-
liam's cold-blooded act of murder, as Gilliam characterized the act
himself in a letter to counsel. See Gilliam II , 331 Md. at 673-74.

Thus, Gilliam has failed to meet his burden under the second ele-
ment of the Strickland test. He has failed to show that "but for coun-
sel's [alleged] unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. In Plath v.
Moore, 1997 WL 728664 at *6 (4th Cir.), we noted in the capital sen-
tencing context, Strickland's prejudice element requires that the peti-
tioner demonstrate a "reasonable probability" that the alleged error
would have changed the sentence imposed. We conclude that Gilliam
has not met this burden.

V

Finally, Gilliam contends that a conflict of interest undermined his
counsel's ability to develop properly mitigating evidence during his
state proceedings with regard to the alleged domination of petitioner
by the Drummonds, correction of allegedly erroneous factual find-
ings, meaningful post-conviction review, and evidence of the inappli-
cability of the death penalty to petitioner on the grounds that Gilliam
was not the actual shooter. The conflict of interest Gilliam alleges was
based on his claim that the Maryland Office of the Public Defender
had substantial influence over Gilliam's original trial counsel while

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simultaneously representing Gilliam's co-defendant, Kelvin Drum-
mond. In addition, Gilliam claims that since his counsel on his direct
appeal and his first post-conviction proceeding was an assistant public
defender, the conflict of interest persisted during these proceedings.

As the district court observed, Gilliam was represented at trial,
including sentencing, by his own privately-retained counsel. Kelvin
Drummond, who testified at trial that petitioner had shot Christine
Doerfler, was represented by an Assistant Public Defender. On direct
appeal of his conviction, Gilliam was represented by attorneys from
the Public Defender's appellate division, and attorneys from the Pub-
lic Defender's office prepared and filed Gilliam's first state post-
conviction petition. But private attorneys were retained thereafter.
These private attorneys amended Gilliam's second post-conviction
petition and represented him at the hearing.

The district court held that Gilliam's conflict claim is procedurally
barred, and we agree. This claim was not presented to the Maryland
courts until the second amended petition for post-conviction relief, a
petition which was dismissed as moot. As we have already noted
above, a state procedural bar prevents federal habeas corpus review
of the defaulted claim, unless the petitioner can demonstrate cause
and prejudice or a fundamental miscarriage of justice. See Mackall,
slip op. at 6. Gilliam has not demonstrated either.

Moreover, while we need not reach the merits of this claim, we
note that Gilliam has pointed to no prejudice if, indeed, a conflict
existed. See Beaver v. Thompson, 93 F.3d 1186, 1192 (4th Cir. 1996),
cert. denied, 117 U.S. 553 (1997); see also Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S.
776, 785 (1987).

Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court denying
Gilliam's petition for the writ of habeas corpus.

AFFIRMED

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