In re Michael W. CA2/7

Filed 2/15/24 In re Michael W. CA2/7
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION SEVEN

In re MICHAEL W. III, a Person B320988
Coming Under the Juvenile
Court Law. (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. 22CCJP01094)

LOS ANGELES COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN
AND FAMILY SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

MICHAEL W., JR.,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles
County, Pete R. Navarro, Juvenile Court Referee. Affirmed.
Elizabeth C. Alexander, under appointment by the Court of
Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
 John P. McCurley, under appointment by the Court of
Appeal, for minor Michael W. III.
No appearance for Plaintiff and Respondent Los Angeles
County Department of Children and Family Services.
__________________________

Michael W., Jr., (Father) appeals from the jurisdiction
findings and disposition order declaring five-year-old Michael W.
III a dependent of the juvenile court and terminating jurisdiction
with a juvenile custody order awarding sole physical custody of
Michael to Stephanie B. (Mother) after the court sustained
allegations under Welfare and Institutions Code section 300,
former subdivision (b)(1),1 that Father created an endangering
home environment by using and selling methamphetamine in the
hotel room where Father and Michael were staying. Father
contends the juvenile court abused its discretion and violated his
due process rights by denying Father’s motion to have Michael
testify at the jurisdiction and disposition hearing.2 We affirm.

1 The Legislature amended Welfare and Institutions Code
section 300, effective January 1, 2023, in part by revising
subdivision (b)(1) to specify in separate subparagraphs ways in
which a child may come within the jurisdiction of the juvenile
court due to the failure or inability of the child’s parent or
guardian to adequately supervise or care for the child. Further
statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
2 Mother is not a party to this appeal.

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 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. The Referral, Investigation, and Petition
Michael was born in November 2016. Pursuant to a 2021
family law order, Father and Mother had joint legal custody of
Michael; Father had primary physical custody, and Mother had
visitation every other weekend.
On March 20, 2022 the Los Angeles County Department of
Children and Family Services (Department) received an
emergency response referral alleging Father had been arrested
and Michael had been taken into police custody after police found
a large amount of methamphetamine and a pipe in Father’s
Glendale hotel room. Officer Thompkins of the Glendale Police
Department told the Department social worker that someone
contacted the police to report there was a loaded firearm
accessible to a child in the hotel room. Responding officers did
not find a gun in the room;3 however, Officer Thompkins found “‘a
lot of’” methamphetamine on the counter in front of the
television. The March 20 police report stated the
methamphetamine was in the form of white crystals inside a red
pill bottle in plain view and “easily accessible to a small child.”
Next to the bottle, Officer Thompkins also found a digital scale
and a glass pipe with a bulbous end and burnt residue that he
recognized as paraphernalia used to smoke methamphetamine.
The call to the police had been made by Amber Schmutz, a
woman who had recently been paroled and was staying in the
hotel room with Father and Michael.

3 A gun registered to Father was found in Father’s car,
secured with a lock.

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 The social worker interviewed Michael at the Glendale
police station on March 20. Michael appeared to be clean, well-
nourished, and properly dressed, and he did not have any visible
marks or bruises. Michael denied any abuse and told the social
worker he lived with Father and visited with Mother, and he felt
safe in Father’s care. He reported that Father smoked brown-
and-white cigarettes, but Father did not snort anything or inject
himself with a needle. Michael denied seeing any drugs or drug
paraphernalia in the hotel room.
On March 21 the social worker spoke with Mother, who
lives in Barstow. Mother reported she and Father were never
married and their relationship had ended years earlier because
Father was not providing financial support. Mother suspected
Father had been involved with crack cocaine and marijuana
during their relationship. She also suspected Father was using
and selling drugs because she had seen drugs and drug
paraphernalia in Father’s possession. Mother stated the family
court gave Father primary custody of Michael because Mother
had assaulted someone in the past, and Father used this fact
against her in court. The social worker visited Michael in
Mother’s home on March 22 and found the boy was comfortable in
the home and in Mother’s presence.
On March 22 the social worker visited Father in jail.
Father denied ever using methamphetamine, selling drugs, or
having a substance abuse problem. He said he allowed another
resident at the hotel to use his bathroom while he and Michael
were out. Father had primary physical custody of Michael
because Mother had been arrested and incarcerated for

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assaulting someone with a knife, and after her release, Mother
“‘gave’” Michael to him.4
On March 23, 2022 the Department filed a petition on
behalf of Michael under section 300, former subdivision (b)(1),
alleging Father created a detrimental and endangering home
environment for Michael after methamphetamine had been
located in the home within Michael’s access on March 20, 2022,
and Father had been arrested for child endangerment and
possession with intent to sell (count b-1). The petition further
alleged Father had a history of substance abuse, including
cocaine and marijuana, which interfered with his ability to
provide regular care and supervision of Michael, and Mother
knew and failed to protect Michael from Father’s substance abuse
(count b-2).
At the March 28 detention hearing, the juvenile court
admitted the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s “Inmate Information”
report stating Father was released from jail on March 25 after
the district attorney rejected his case for prosecution. The court
ordered Michael detained from Father and released to Mother
under Department supervision. The court granted Father
monitored visitation for two hours, twice weekly, with the
Department having discretion to liberalize.

B. The Jurisdiction and Disposition Report
As described in the April 21, 2022 jurisdiction and
disposition report, on April 18 the dependency investigator

4 Mother’s criminal history included a 2014 arrest for assault
with a deadly weapon (not a firearm), for which she was
sentenced to three years in state prison. Father did not have a
criminal history.

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interviewed Michael, who was living with Mother in Barstow. As
to the March 20 incident, Michael stated, “‘When my dad and I
were at the hotel we met a lady named Amber. Our hotel room
had two beds. I would sleep on one bed, and my dad and Amber
would sleep on the other bed. They were boyfriend and
girlfriend. Amber smoked weed and I would see it all over the
table. My dad smokes weed too. . . . One day, I was at the park
with my friend Brian and then my dad came and we were going
back to the hotel. When we got there the police [were] there. . . .
Amber called the police because she got mad at my dad for
kicking her out. She was being too loud and my dad got mad. I
never saw my dad sell any drugs or use any scales to weigh
anything.’” Michael was shown a picture of a glass
methamphetamine pipe and asked if he’d ever seen Father use
one. He responded, “‘I’ve seen that before. My dad used that
when we were living at my grandma’s house but I don’t
remember how long ago. He didn’t have that at the hotel. He
was just smoking weed and cigarettes.’” Michael also stated, “‘I
miss my dad. I want to live with him. I like living with him.’”
Father told the dependency investigator he and Michael
had been staying at the hotel for 17 days while on a waitlist for
affordable housing. Father met Amber at the hotel. Amber told
him her hotel room did not have a bathtub, so Father let her use
his bathroom. On March 20 Father was shuttling between the
hotel and paternal great-aunt’s house, where he planned to
relocate with Michael the following day. Amber asked Father
again if she could use the bathtub in his room, and she came in
with a bag. When Father and Michael returned to the hotel later
that day, police were present and asked to look in the hotel room;
Father agreed. When the police told Father they found

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methamphetamine in the room, Father told them it must have
belonged to Amber, who was “‘nowhere to be found.’” Father told
the dependency investigator, “‘I don’t know why Amber would
leave those drugs in my room. . . . Those drugs were hers, not
mine, and it was never around my son.’” Father denied using
drugs and noted that he had never been arrested on any drug-
related charges. He said, “‘I only smoke marijuana once a month
and I’ll have a beer every now and then. I don’t have any
substance abuse history.’”
Mother told the dependency investigator she and Father
had mutual friends who “‘would tell me that they met with
[Father] and he looked high.’” Mother had “‘never seen [Father]
like that,’” and Michael had never said anything about Father
using drugs or “‘anything concerning.’” In contrast to her earlier
statement to the social worker, Mother now reported she was
only aware of Father smoking marijuana, it was never an issue
when they were together, and she “didn’t know about [Father]
using any other substances.” Mother stated, “‘I don’t have any
concrete evidence that [Father] was involved with drugs[;] I only
had my suspicions.’” Mother felt Michael expressed a desire to
live with Father because Father would let him do whatever he
wanted, and Michael had some behavioral issues as a result.

C. Father’s Motion To Allow Michael To Testify
At the April 25, 2022 jurisdiction and disposition hearing,
Father’s attorney requested a continuance of the hearing so he
could obtain an order compelling Michael to appear in court and
testify. The attorney explained that she had no objection to
Michael testifying in chambers, but she needed to cross-examine
Michael about his statements in the detention and jurisdiction

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reports. The juvenile court found that in light of Michael being
only five years old, Father’s request would need to be the subject
of a pretrial motion. The court set a hearing on the motion and
continued the jurisdiction and disposition hearing. The court
ordered Mother to bring Michael to court for the May 24
jurisdiction and disposition hearing.
In his motion to allow Michael to testify, Father argued
Michael’s testimony was essential because he was the only
witness who could testify to Father’s alleged drug use5 and
Michael gave “inconsistent” reports of Father’s drug use in his
interviews with the Department, initially telling the social
worker he had never seen Father snort or inject drugs and that
he had only seen Father smoke cigarettes, but later saying he
had seen Father and Amber smoke “weed” and had seen a glass
pipe in Father’s possession in the past (although not at the hotel).
Moreover, there was no evidence that requiring Michael to testify
in chambers “for the limited purpose of protecting Father’s due
process rights with regard to Father’s substance abuse would
severely impact Michael’s mental health.”
At the May 11 hearing on Father’s motion, the juvenile
court asked Father’s attorney to identify the relevance of
Michael’s testimony. The attorney argued Michael’s testimony
“goes specifically as to the b-2 count” (alleging Father’s use of
cocaine and marijuana) because of Michael’s changing
statements, with him now saying Father used “‘weed.’”
Moreover, it was only in the later interview that Michael
reported Amber spent time in the hotel room with Father. Thus,

5 Father’s attorney stated she did not have contact
information to subpoena Amber, who had moved out of the hotel.

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Father needed to examine Michael about why his statement
changed and “to see if [Michael] really does understand what he’s
saying” in using the term “weed.” Pressed by the court as to why
the testimony was relevant in light of Father’s admission he used
marijuana and the police’s identification of methamphetamine in
the hotel room, the attorney argued “the testimony goes to the
entirety of the allegation” because Michael also testified Amber
spent time in the hotel room with Father, which was “relevant to
the allegation in [count] b-2.” Minor’s counsel objected to Michael
testifying but did not present any argument, and the Department
took no position.
The juvenile court ruled, “If the court finds that there’s
merit to a link between marijuana use and neglect of this child,
then the court will entertain your renewed request to examine
the child.” The court added, “[A]nytime you force a child to
testify, it’s an intimidating situation and often times
unnecessary, and I don’t wish to force a five year old to testify if
it’s not needed at this stage, but I will take a look in the course of
the adjudication to hear further arguments as evidence develops.”
The court concluded, “[D]epending how the trial plays out, I may
allow [Michael] to be cross-examined, but at this stage, I’d need
an offer of proof as to why his testimony would be relevant.”

D. The Jurisdiction and Disposition Hearing
At the May 24, 2022 jurisdiction and disposition hearing,
the juvenile court admitted into evidence the Department’s
reports and the inmate information statement showing the
district attorney had rejected Father’s arrest charges. With
respect to Michael’s appearance, Father’s attorney requested the
court incorporate the arguments from the May 11 hearing, but

9
she did not make an offer of proof as to Michael’s testimony. The
court found there was “no valid basis to force the child to be
examined, notwithstanding any statement by the child. The
court views that there is information to support the sustaining of
a petition, even without that child’s words or statements.”
Father’s attorney asked the juvenile court to dismiss the
petition, arguing with respect to count b-1 that Father had
cooperated with law enforcement, the district attorney declined to
prosecute, and Father credibly explained the methamphetamine
belonged to Amber and he knew nothing about it. Moreover, even
though the methamphetamine was on the counter in the hotel
room, the drugs were not “readily accessible” to Michael because
they were in a child-proof pill bottle. Minor’s counsel requested
the court sustain the petition in its entirety, arguing as to count
b-1 that Father’s explanation for the presence of
methamphetamine was not credible because Father’s police
interview clearly indicated he was familiar with Amber, her use
of drugs, and her recent parole, yet he allowed Amber to be
around Michael. The Department noted that the police report
also indicated a digital scale had been found in the room, so there
was “overwhelming evidence that there is more to Father’s
counsel’s story tha[n] meets the eye.’”
After hearing argument, the juvenile court sustained
count b-1 as amended, which alleged Father created a
detrimental and endangering home environment for Michael “by
his use and sales of methamphetamine. On 3/20/22, a scale, and
a bulbous smoking pipe were found within access to the child in
the motel room where father was staying.” The court found “[t]he
fact that there is a scale there, that indicates sales. Sales is
inherently a dangerous activity . . . and to have a five-year-old

10
child present is inherently a dangerous situation. This Amber
person appears to be involved in . . . use or sales or both. But the
activities that Father exposed this child to were such that they
posed a substantial risk to this child.” The court dismissed count
b-2 concerning Father’s alleged substance abuse and Mother’s
failure to protect.
The juvenile court declared Michael a dependent of the
court, removed him from Father’s custody, and placed him with
Mother. The court found there was no need for continued
dependency jurisdiction and terminated jurisdiction subject to
receiving a final custody order granting Mother sole physical
custody (with joint legal custody) and monitored visitation for
Father. On June 1, 2022 the court received and signed a juvenile
custody order and terminated jurisdiction.
Father timely appealed.6

DISCUSSION

Father’s sole contention on appeal is that the juvenile court
abused its discretion and violated his due process rights by
denying his motion to allow Michael to testify at the jurisdiction
and disposition hearing. Father does not contend the court’s
jurisdiction findings were not supported by substantial evidence.
Nor does he argue the court abused its discretion in entering the

6 Father’s notice of appeal states he is appealing from the
juvenile court’s May 11 order on his request for Michael’s
testimony; the May 24 jurisdiction and disposition hearing; and
the June 1 juvenile custody order. However, as we discuss,
Father only argues in his opening brief that the juvenile court
abused its discretion in disallowing Michael’s testimony.

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disposition order, order terminating jurisdiction, or juvenile
custody order.

A. Governing Law and Standard of Review
“‘Parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care,
custody, and management of their children.’” (In re Daniela G.
(2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 1083, 1092 (Daniela G.); accord, David B.
v. Superior Court (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 772, 777.) “Unlike a
criminal defendant, a parent in a dependency proceeding does not
have a right ‘to full confrontation and cross-examination’ under
the Sixth Amendment of the federal Constitution or article I,
section 15 of the California Constitution.” (Daniela G., at
p. 1092, quoting In re Sade C. (1996) 13 Cal.4th 952, 991-992.)
However, the parent does have “‘a due process right to a
meaningful hearing with the opportunity to present evidence,’
including a right to confrontation and cross-examination of
witnesses.” (Daniela G., at p. 1092; see § 341 [authorizing
subpoenas “requiring attendance and testimony of witnesses and
production of papers at any hearing regarding a child who is
alleged or determined by the court to be a person described by
Section 300”].)
A parent’s right to present evidence “‘is not unlimited, but
rather is subject to reasonable restrictions.’” (In re Jordan R.
(2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 111, 133; see In re Grace P. (2017)
8 Cal.App.5th 605, 612 [parent’s procedural rights are subject to
“evidentiary principles”]; Jeanette V. (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 811,
817 [parent’s “due process right to present evidence is limited to
relevant evidence of significant probative value to the issue
before the court”]; In re L.J. (2023) 89 Cal.App.5th 741, 754
[same].) Reasonable restrictions include precluding a parent

12
from introducing evidence that lacks “significant probative value
to [an issue] before the court” (Jordan R., at p. 133), and evidence
that would necessitate an undue consumption of time (M.T. v.
Superior Court (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 1170, 1181). And “‘[e]ven
where cross-examination is involved, the trial court may properly
request an offer of proof if an entire line of cross-examination
appears to the court to be irrelevant to the issue before the
court.’” (In re Tamika T. (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 1114, 1120.) In
short, “‘the ordinary rules of evidence do not impermissibly
infringe on the . . . right to present a defense.’” (Jordan R., at
p. 133.)
Moreover, a juvenile court has “discretion to exclude the
testimony of a child in order to avoid psychological harm to the
child, even though that testimony is relevant, the child is
competent to testify, and the child is both practically and legally
‘available’ to testify.” (In re Jennifer J. (1992) 8 Cal.App.4th
1080, 1088 (Jennifer J.), italics added; accord, Daniela G., supra,
23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1091 [“a juvenile court has discretion to
refuse to require a child to testify . . . if the material effect of the
child’s testimony on the relevant issues is outweighed by the
psychological injury the child risks by testifying”].) As the court
in Jennifer J. explained, “This power derives . . . from ‘the
overriding objective of the dependency hearing—to preserve and
promote the best interests of the child. It would be a perversion
of the procedure to impose upon it a requirement that the child's
testimony always be presented, regardless of the trauma
resulting to the child therefrom, and regardless of the necessity of
such testimony in the resolution of the issues before the court.’”
(Jennifer J., at p. 1089, fn. omitted; accord, Daniela G., at
p. 1092.) “In considering whether to exclude a child’s testimony”

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the juvenile court “must engage in ‘a careful weighing of the
interests involved,’ including a parent’s right to call and cross-
examine witnesses.” (Daniela G., at p.1092, quoting Jennifer J.
at p. 1086.) Although Jennifer J. involved a child’s testimony at
the selection and implementation hearing governed by
section 366.26, the court in Daniela G. at page 1087 extended the
principle “to apply to jurisdictional and dispositional hearings.”
“We review the exclusion of a child’s testimony to avoid
psychological harm to the child for an abuse of discretion.”
(Daniela G., supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1090; accord, Jennifer J.,
supra, 8 Cal.App.4th at p. 1088.) “To the extent [a parent]
challenges the factual findings underlying the juvenile court’s
ruling, our review is for substantial evidence, and to the extent [a
parent’s] claims raise questions of law, our review is de novo.”
(Daniela G., at p. 1090.)

B. The Juvenile Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Denying
Father’s Motion To Allow Michael To Testify
Nothing in the record indicates Michael’s testimony would
have any relevance to the juvenile court’s sustained jurisdiction
findings and consequent orders. In sustaining count b-1 of the
petition as amended, the court found Father created a
detrimental and endangering home environment for Michael “by
his use and sales of amphetamine” in the hotel room where
Father and Michael were staying. The court based its finding on
the evidence police found in the hotel room on March 20, 2022:
methamphetamine, a pipe for smoking methamphetamine, and a
digital scale, all within easy access of a child in the room. The
court additionally found Father’s explanation he was unaware of
Amber’s drug use in the room not credible and that Father used

14
and sold methamphetamine, but it observed that even if Amber
had been solely responsible for the use and sale of the drugs as
Father claimed, these activities in the room where Michael was
living nonetheless endangered the child.
Michael’s statements to the social workers did not provide
an evidentiary basis for the juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings
under count b-1, and impeachment of Michael would not have
exculpated Father. Indeed, Michael consistently testified he had
never seen Father use drugs other than “weed” or cigarettes; he
never saw the methamphetamine pipe in the hotel room; and he
did not see Father or Amber use methamphetamine.7 Moreover,
in his motion to allow Michael to testify and at the May 11
hearing, Father only argued he needed to cross-examine Michael
about the inconsistencies in his interviews and understanding of
the term “weed” in connection with the drug-abuse allegations in
count b-2, which was dismissed. In his opening brief on appeal,
Father likewise argues only that Michael’s testimony is relevant
to count b-2.8

7 Michael’s statement that he had seen a methamphetamine
pipe in Father’s possession at the paternal grandmother’s house
at some point in the past could have had some relevance at the
hearing, but the juvenile court based its jurisdiction finding only
on the March 20, 2022 incident, not any prior methamphetamine
use. Given that the court did not rely on the prior incident, there
was no value in Father impeaching Michael on this point.
8 In his reply brief, Father argues Michael’s testimony was
also relevant to count b-1 because “the child was living with
[F]ather at the time the police were involved, and had valuable
information regarding the detrimental and endangering home
environment [F]ather created . . . . The child’s testimony was the

15
 Further, at the jurisdiction hearing, the juvenile court
invited Father’s attorney to make an offer of proof if she felt
Michael’s testimony was relevant in light of the evidence
presented, but she did not, relying on the arguments she made on
May 11. (In re Tamika T., supra, 97 Cal.App.4th at p. 1120
[court may require offer of proof before admitting evidence].)
Because Michael’s in-court testimony had no demonstrable
relevance, and Father declined to make an offer of proof, the
court’s evidentiary ruling excluding Michael’s testimony did not
violate Father’s due process rights. (Ibid.; Jeanette V., supra,
68 Cal.App.4th at p. 817; see In re Jordan R., supra,
205 Cal.App.4th at p. 133.)
Father contends the juvenile court erred in failing to
balance the relevance of Michael’s testimony against the
psychological harm that testifying might cause to Michael,
distinguishing Daniela G., in which the court excluded the
testimony of the father’s 13-year-old stepdaughter and eight-
year-old-daughter in a case alleging Father’s sexual molestation
and grooming of the girls. (Daniela G., supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at
p. 1086.) The court in Daniela balanced the limited relevance of
the girls’ testimony under the circumstances of the case—the
daughter never claimed any sexual abuse occurred; the
stepdaughter detailed the abuse, but the father failed to identify

best evidence; the police report was secondary.” However, as
discussed, Michael’s prior statements denied Father (and Amber)
used or sold methamphetamine in the hotel room, and Michael
had no additional information because police were already at the
hotel when Father and Michael returned, Amber was nowhere to
be found, and Michael was outside when the police found the
methamphetamine and paraphernalia.

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how he could impeach her (id. at pp. 1086, 1094-1095)—with the
potential for harm, and “ha[d] no trouble concluding there was
sufficient evidence that the girls would have been psychologically
harmed by testifying.” (Id. at p. 1095.) As to the daughter, for
example, a social worker reported that testifying would be
“‘extremely detrimental,’” and an assessment showed the
daughter was having difficulty processing her feelings from being
separated from her father and was showing increased anxiety.
(Ibid.) The court concluded, “[T]aken as a whole, this evidence
was sufficient to support the determination that Daniela would
be traumatized by having to testify.” (Ibid.)
Here, in denying father’s motion, the juvenile court
concluded that “anytime you force a child to testify, it’s an
intimidating situation and often times unnecessary, and I don’t
wish to force a five year old to testify if it’s not needed at this
stage.” We agree with Father that, unlike in Daniela G., supra,
23 Cal.App.5th at page 1095, the Department and minor’s
counsel did not introduce any evidence Michael would be harmed
by testifying. Had this been a case where Father made any
showing that Michael’s testimony was relevant, we might have
concluded the juvenile court abused its discretion in assuming a
five-year-old child would always be harmed in the absence of any
evidence specific to this case. But on this record, in the absence
of any relevance of Michael’s testimony, the court did not abuse
its discretion in concluding that the possibility of some harm to
Michael from testifying, even in chambers, outweighed “the
material effect of the child’s testimony on the relevant issues.”
(Daniela G., at p. 1091; see Jennifer J., supra, 8 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1088.)

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 DISPOSITION

The juvenile court’s May 11, 2022 order denying Father’s
request for Michael to testify at the jurisdiction and disposition
hearing, the May 24 jurisdiction findings and disposition order,
and the June 1 juvenile custody order are affirmed.

FEUER, J.
We concur:

SEGAL, Acting P. J.

MARTINEZ, J.

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