FILE THIS OPINION WAS FILED
FOR RECORD AT 8 A.M. ON
MARCH 14, 2024
IN CLERK’S OFFICE
SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WASHINGTON
MARCH 14, 2024
ERIN L. LENNON
SUPREME COURT CLERK
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
THE GARDENS CONDOMINIUM, )
a Washington nonprofit corporation, ) No. 101892-4
)
Respondent, )
)
v. ) En Banc
)
FARMERS INSURANCE )
EXCHANGE, a California company, )
) Filed: March 14, 2024
Petitioner. )
)
JOHNSON, J.—This case concerns the interpretation of a resulting loss
exception in an all-risk insurance policy and asks us to decide whether the exception
in this case preserves coverage when an excluded event—faulty workmanship—
causes loss or damage that would otherwise be covered by the policy, despite
causation language excluding damage in the sequence of events following faulty
workmanship. The trial court, on summary judgment, ruled for Farmers Insurance
Exchange and held the policy intended to exclude damage in the sequence of events
caused by faulty workmanship. The Court of Appeals reversed and concluded that
Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 101892-4
the resulting loss exception preserved coverage. We accepted review and affirm the
Court of Appeals. Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 24 Wn. App. 2d 950, 521
P.3d 957 (2022), review granted, 2 Wn.3d 1011 (2023).
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Farmers Insurance Exchange issued an insurance policy for the Gardens
Condominium in 2002. This version of the policy was in place from October 2002
to October 2004. The parties agree that the provisions contained in the 2002 policy
control in determining whether Gardens is entitled to the coverage it now seeks.
The policy provided coverage for loss or damage caused by a “‘Covered Cause of
Loss.’” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 10. It defined a “covered cause of loss” as any risk
of direct physical loss. However, a loss is not covered if it is caused by an excluded
event. This is referred to as an all-risk policy. The policy further stated damage is
caused by an excluded event if that event (1) “directly or solely results in loss or
damage” or (2) “initiates a sequence of events that results in loss or damage,
regardless of the nature of any intermediate or final event in that sequence.” CP at
239. The second prong suggests that if an exclusion kicks off a chain of events
causing loss or damage, the policy does not provide coverage for any losses in that
chain.
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Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 101892-4
The 2002 policy excluded coverage for faulty, inadequate, or defective
design, specifications, workmanship, repair, construction, or renovations. 1
However, this faulty workmanship exclusion contains what is known as a resulting
loss exception. Specifically, the policy stated, “‘[I]f loss or damage [caused] by a
Covered Cause of Loss results, we will pay for that resulting loss or damage.’” CP
at 239. In other words, as written, if faulty workmanship causes a covered peril to
occur and that covered peril results in loss or damage, the loss or damage will be
covered.
In late 2002, Gardens found damage to the condominium building that was
caused by faulty design and construction of the building’s roof. It was determined
the roof had insufficient interior vents and the design of the rafters and joists—the
structural members used in the roof’s framing—prevented needed ventilation. Due
to this inadequate ventilation, water vapor condensed on the underside of the roof
sheathing, causing damage. Gardens redesigned and repaired the roof assembly in
2003-2004 to increase ventilation and eliminate condensation by installing sleepers
on top of the joists.
1
The 2002 policy also excluded damage caused by water in certain circumstances.
Farmers later added exclusions for water “in any form” that remained in all subsequent versions
of the policy and for damage caused by “the presence or condensation of humidity” and
“moisture or vapor.” CP at 143, 148.
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Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 101892-4
In 2019, Gardens discovered water damage to the roof’s fireboard and
sheathing, as well as several damaged sleepers and joists. The space that had been
added between the roof surface and ceiling during the repair did not allow for
sufficient ventilation. Consequently, water vapor continued to get trapped inside
the space and could not ventilate. Additionally, condensation formed on the
underside of the sheathing. This exposure to water vapor and condensation
damaged the sheathing, fireboard, and joists.
Gardens sought coverage for the cost of repairing damage to the roof
sheathing and framing caused by water vapor, condensation, and humidity.
Farmers denied the claim. It concluded that faulty construction caused a lack of
ventilation in the roof assembly, which caused the loss. Because faulty
construction “initiated a sequence of events resulting in the loss or damage,” the
damage was excluded under the faulty workmanship exclusion. CP at 160.
Gardens filed an action for declaratory judgment, seeking coverage under
the policy for “‘covered hidden water damage’” to the roof sheathing and framing.
CP at 3. It moved for summary judgment, arguing the policy covered damage
caused by condensation and water vapor. Gardens argued that because the policy
ordinarily covered these types of damages, the resulting loss exception to the faulty
workmanship exclusion preserved this coverage even though the loss resulted from
faulty workmanship. Gardens clarified that it wanted coverage for the damage to
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Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 101892-4
the fireboard and sheathing but not coverage for the cost of correcting the defective
sleepers. Farmers also moved for summary judgment, arguing the resulting loss
exception applies only if a covered event breaks the causal chain between the
excluded risk and subsequent losses or if there is damage to other property. Both
motions relied on the parties’ joint stipulation, which acknowledged that “faulty,
inadequate, and/or defective construction, repair, and/or redesign initiated a
sequence of events including inadequate ventilation, excessive humidity, and
condensation that resulted in loss or damage.” CP at 241.
The trial court granted Farmers’ motion for summary judgment. The court
found that the policy intended to exclude damage where an uncovered event—
here, faulty workmanship—initiated a sequence of events causing damage. The
court stated in its ruling that consistent with TMW Enterprises, Inc. v. Federal
Insurance Co., 619 F.3d 574 (6th Cir. 2010), the resulting loss clause only “kicks
in when there’s some sort of unexpected or some kind of causal break.” Hr’g at 40.
The Court of Appeals reversed. 2 Consistent with Vision One, LLC v.
Philadelphia Indemnity Insurance Co., 174 Wn.2d 501, 276 P.3d 300 (2012), it
reasoned that by including the resulting loss clause, Farmers agreed to pay for
damage caused by a covered peril even when it results from faulty workmanship.
Thus, if condensation and humidity are covered perils under the policy, the policy
2
Gardens Condo., 24 Wn. App. 2d at 960.
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Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 101892-4
must cover damage caused by those perils. The court also pointed out that this
court has never interpreted resulting loss clauses to preserve coverage only for
damage caused by independent, unforeseen covered perils. The court remanded to
the trial court to determine if condensation was a covered peril, and therefore
whether the resulting loss exception applied. The court did not address Gardens’
alternative argument that the policy was ambiguous. 3
ANALYSIS
We review de novo an order granting summary judgment. Interpretation of
language in insurance policies is a question of law also reviewed de novo. Seattle
Tunnel Partners v. Great Lakes Reinsurance (UK), PLC, 200 Wn.2d 315, 320, 516
P.3d 796 (2022) (citing Kut Suen Lui v. Essex Ins. Co., 185 Wn.2d 703, 710, 375
P.3d 596 (2016)).
Several well-settled rules apply in interpreting insurance policies. Courts
construe insurance policies as a whole, giving the language “‘a fair, reasonable,
and sensible construction’” as would be given by an average person purchasing
insurance. Seattle Tunnel Partners, 200 Wn.2d at 321 (internal quotation marks
3
Gardens alternatively argues that the policy is ambiguous and must be construed in
favor of coverage. Suppl. Br. of Resp’t at 30. Language in an insurance policy is ambiguous if it
is “fairly susceptible to two different but reasonable interpretations.” Seattle Tunnel Partners v.
Great Lakes Reinsurance (UK), PLC, 200 Wn.2d 315, 321, 516 P.3d 796 (2022) (citing Kut Suen
Lui v. Essex Ins. Co., 185 Wn.2d 703, 712, 375 P.3d 596 (2016)). However, this court did not
find ambiguity in either Vision One or Sprague v. Safeco Insurance Co. of America, 174 Wn.2d
524, 276 P.3d 1270 (2012), where we interpreted insurance policies containing almost identical
language. Although this policy may be confusing, it is not ambiguous.
6
Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 101892-4
omitted) (quoting Queen Anne Park Homeowners Ass’n v. State Farm Fire & Cas.
Co., 183 Wn.2d 485, 489, 352 P.3d 790 (2015)). Undefined terms are assigned
their “plain, ordinary, and popular” meanings. Seattle Tunnel Partners, 200 Wn.2d
at 323. Courts should “harmonize any potentially conflicting clauses to give effect
to all of the contract’s provisions.” Seattle Tunnel Partners, 200 Wn.2d at 336. A
policy with clear and unambiguous language is to be enforced as written and
without modification. Courts construe exclusions in a policy strictly against the
insurer. This is because “‘[e]xclusions from insurance coverage are contrary to the
fundamental protective purpose of insurance.’” Vision One, LLC, 174 Wn.2d at
512 (alteration in original) (quoting State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Ham & Rye,
LLC, 142 Wn. App. 6, 13, 174 P.3d 1175 (2007)).
Under Washington law, resulting loss exceptions preserve coverage for
covered losses when an exclusion would have otherwise removed it. Courts
determine whether an insurance policy covers loss or damage by “‘characterizing
the perils contributing to the loss, and determining which perils the policy covers
and which it excludes.’” Wright v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 124 Wn. App. 263, 271,
109 P.3d 1 (2004) (quoting Bowers v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 99 Wn. App. 41, 44, 991
P.2d 734 (2000)). An all-risk policy may bar coverage when an excluded peril
causes damage; however, a resulting loss clause “carve[s] out an exception to the
policy exclusion.” Vision One, 174 Wn.2d at 514 (citing McDonald v. State Farm
7
Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 101892-4
Fire & Cas. Co., 119 Wn.2d 724, 734, 837 P.2d 1000 (1992)). Resulting loss
clauses preserve coverage for loss that ensues after an excluded event if it would
otherwise be covered by the policy. However, the excluded event itself is never
covered.
The purpose of a resulting loss exception is “to preserve coverage for losses
caused, in part, by an excluded peril if a loss follows . . . from a covered peril.”
Christopher C. French, The “Ensuing Loss” Clause in Insurance Policies: The
Forgotten and Misunderstood Antidote to Anti-Concurrent Causation Exclusions,
13 NEV. L.J. 215, 219 (2012). This exception serves as a reminder that exclusions
in an insurance policy “should not swallow the basic coverage provided by the
policy.” French, supra, at 219; see Vision One, 174 Wn.2d at 514-16.
This court decided two cases involving faulty workmanship exclusions and
corresponding resulting loss exceptions: Vision One and Sprague. 4 In Vision One,
this court decided that an all-risk insurance policy provided coverage for collapse
damage under a resulting loss exception. In that case, subcontractors installed
shoring to support poured concrete slabs for the building’s floors. When the
contractor poured concrete for the first floor, however, the shoring underneath gave
way. This caused the framing, rebar, and newly poured concrete to crash down
onto the lower level of the parking area. Vision One submitted an insurance claim
4
Sprague v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 174 Wn.2d 524, 276 P.3d 1270 (2012).
8
Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 101892-4
seeking coverage for the damage caused by the collapse. The relevant language in
Vision One’s policy is the same as in Gardens’ policy. Vision One’s policy
required the insurer to pay for loss or damage caused by a covered cause of loss,
which was defined as any risk of direct physical loss not excluded. The policy
stated that damage is caused by an excluded event if “‘the occurrence of that event:
(1) [d]irectly and solely results in loss or damage; or (2) [i]nitiates a sequence of
events that results in loss or damage, regardless of the nature of any intermediate or
final event in that sequence.’” Vision One, 174 Wn.2d at 507 (quoting court
papers). The policy included an exclusion for deficient design and another for
faulty workmanship. The faulty workmanship exclusion contained a resulting loss
exception, providing that “‘if loss or damage by a Covered Cause of Loss results,
[the insurer] will pay for the loss or damage caused by that Covered Cause of
Loss.’” Vision One, 174 Wn.2d at 507 (quoting court papers). The design
exclusion did not have a resulting loss exception.
Vision One sued after the insurance company denied its claim under the
defective design and faulty workmanship exclusions. After a trial, the jury returned
a verdict in favor of Vision One. The Court of Appeals reversed. However, this
court reversed the Court of Appeals and reinstated the judgment of the trial court.
We said the dispositive question in the case was “whether the loss that ensues from
the excluded event is covered or excluded.” Vision One, 174 Wn.2d at 516. We
9
Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 101892-4
concluded the resulting loss clause restored coverage for damage caused by the
collapse because faulty workmanship—an excluded peril—had resulted in a
covered loss—collapse. Because the policy covered collapse, we held the trial
court correctly ruled that Vision One was entitled to coverage for the ensuing loss
from the collapse (“the clean-up, repair, and reconstruction of the collapsed
concrete floor”). Vision One, 174 Wn.2d at 517. By reversing the Court of Appeals
and saying nothing about a requirement that the covered peril be independent, we
rejected the argument that the resulting loss provision only “applies when an
excluded peril causes a separate and independent covered peril.” Vision One, LLC
v. Phila. Indem. Ins. Co., 158 Wn. App. 91, 107, 241 P.3d 429 (2010). A resulting
loss exception applies whether or not the covered peril is independent.
This court heard Sprague at the same time as Vision One. The claim in
Sprague concerned a defectively constructed deck system. The deck was
constructed with supports—or “fin walls”—running from a concrete pad through
the decks. Contractors later discovered these fin walls had rotted and “were in an
advanced state of decay.” Sprague, 174 Wn.2d at 526. Engineers concluded that
the supports rotted because of construction defects. The Spragues sought coverage,
arguing the decks were in a state of imminent collapse. However, the insurer
denied the claim under the policy’s exclusions for construction defects and rot. The
policy at issue in Sprague, as in Vision One, was an all-risk policy. It did not
10
Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 101892-4
explicitly address whether collapse was covered or excluded. But the policy
excluded coverage for damage caused by mold or rot and for damage caused by
defective design or construction. The policy also said, despite the exclusions, “‘any
ensuing loss not excluded is covered.’” Sprague, 174 Wn.2d at 527. The Spragues
paid to repair the fin walls and then sued Safeco.
We characterized Sprague as a “straightforward” application of Vision One.
174 Wn.2d at 528. We reiterated the rule from Vision One that under a resulting
loss exception, resulting loss caused by an excluded peril is covered unless it is
subject to its own exclusion. However, we held the advanced decay of the fin walls
was not a separate, ensuing loss covered by the policy. We found that whether the
deck was in a state of collapse was irrelevant as the deck’s condition was the result
of two excluded perils—defective construction and rot—and did not constitute a
separate loss apart from those perils. Because “the natural process of deterioration
will result in collapse,” we found that a collapse is merely the end result of
deterioration and not a new and different peril from rot. Sprague, 174 Wn.2d at
530. Thus, the exclusions for rot and defective workmanship barred coverage for
the cost of repairing the defective fin walls. In a concurring opinion, Justice
Alexander reasoned that there should be no coverage because the deck had not yet
collapsed and the only damage was the rotting of the fin walls themselves.
Applying Vision One, Sprague clarified that a resulting loss exception requires
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Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 101892-4
separate ensuing loss—damage beyond the faultily constructed or defectively
designed element—caused by a new and distinct covered peril.
With the above principles in mind, we can interpret the relevant policy
language in this case. The parties agree that faulty workmanship exists here: failure
to add enough space for adequate ventilation in the roof redesign and repair. CP at
241. This faulty workmanship resulted in potentially covered perils (condensation
and water vapor) causing loss (water-related damage to other parts of the roof). If
condensation and water vapor are new and distinct perils and the loss to the roof
components (other than those defectively constructed) is a separate ensuing loss,
the policy provides coverage, assuming condensation and water vapor are also
covered perils.
Farmers argues that the resulting loss exception does not apply to natural
consequences of an excluded peril and, relatedly, that condensation is not a new
peril because it is the “natural and unavoidable byproduct of the faulty lack of
ventilation.” Suppl. Br. of Farmers Ins. Exch. at 21. Farmers relies on Sprague;
however, it misunderstands Sprague’s reasoning. In Sprague, we did not hold that
a resulting loss is not covered if it is a natural consequence of an excluded peril.
Instead, we considered whether rot was the same condition as collapse to
determine if the rot exclusion applied. Sprague’s reasoning was specific and our
discussion of the “natural process” of deterioration was describing whether the
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Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 101892-4
advanced state of decay of the fin walls was the same peril as rot. Sprague, 174
Wn.2d at 530. We did not discuss whether collapse is a natural and unavoidable
byproduct of faulty workmanship. Farmers’ argument that the natural
consequences of an excluded peril are not covered is contrary to the conclusion in
Vision One and would negate the effect of the resulting loss clause. Collapse
caused by instability is the very loss that proper installation of shoring is intended
to prevent. If natural consequences were not covered, we would have found no
coverage in Vision One.
Also, courts should not read additional language into a policy. Adopting
Farmers’ reasoning here would do exactly that. The resulting loss exception to the
faulty workmanship exclusion states that Farmers will pay for loss or damage
caused by a covered cause of loss resulting from faulty workmanship. It does not
state that the covered cause of loss must be independent from the faulty
workmanship or that it cannot be a natural consequence of faulty workmanship.
Because the language of the exception is clear, we will not rewrite it by adding
requirements. Consistent with our principles of interpretation, exclusions are
strictly construed against the insurer. Thus, we conclude that a resulting loss
exception must have effect to preserve coverage for loss resulting from covered
perils regardless of whether the peril is the natural consequence of an excluded
peril.
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Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 101892-4
Farmers argues this holding will mean “there could never be any excluded
sequence of events.” Suppl. Br. of Farmers Ins. Exch. at 25-26. We disagree.
Insurers are free to draft policies that contain “sequence of events” causation
language and do not have resulting loss exceptions to the exclusions. As Gardens
correctly points out, Farmers could have drafted the policy differently to ensure
that the entire causal chain resulting from an excluded peril would be excluded by
not including a resulting loss exception or by limiting the exception. Suppl. Br. of
Resp’t at 13-14.
We hold that the resulting loss exception to the faulty workmanship
exclusion revives coverage even if the faulty workmanship exclusion would
otherwise deny it. We affirm the Court of Appeals and remand to the trial court for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.5
5
Gardens asks this court to hold that the resulting loss clause applies as a matter of law to
damages caused by water vapor and condensation resulting from faulty construction. Suppl. Br.
of Resp’t at 16, 32. However, Gardens filed no cross appeal and, during oral argument, asked us
to affirm the Court of Appeals’ decision, which remanded this issue to the trial court.
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Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 101892-4
:(&21&85
Leach, J.P.T.
15
Gardens Condo. v. Farmers Ins. Exch.
Combined Opinion