RENDERED: MARCH 15, 2024; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2022-CA-1155-MR
CHARLES DURHAM,
INDIVIDUALLY, AND BY AND
THROUGH HIS EMERGENCY
GUARDIAN AND NEXT FRIEND,
TONYA GILLIAM APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM CLARK CIRCUIT COURT
v. HONORABLE COLE ADAMS MAIER, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 21-CI-00003
DOMINO’S PIZZA, LLC; ALEXIS
LANTER; AND JW’S PIZZA, LLC APPELLEES
OPINION
AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; ECKERLE AND LAMBERT,
JUDGES.
LAMBERT, JUDGE: Charles Durham appeals the Clark Circuit Court’s order
granting summary judgment in favor of Domino’s Pizza, LLC. After careful
review of the briefs, record, and law, we affirm.
BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Domino’s Pizza, LLC (Domino’s) is a national pizza chain and JW’s
Pizza, LLC (JW’s) is one of its franchisees. On January 3, 2020, a delivery driver
employed by JW’s struck Durham, a pedestrian, with her vehicle while making a
delivery. The circumstances surrounding the collision are disputed.
On January 2, 2021, Durham, through his guardian, filed the
underlying action against Domino’s, JW’s, and the delivery driver asserting claims
of negligence; negligence per se; negligent entrustment, hiring, supervision,
training, or retention; and gross negligence. Relevant to this appeal, Durham
alleged that the delivery driver was an employee, borrowed servant, or dual agent
of Domino’s; that she was acting within the scope of her employment; and that
Domino’s controlled or had the right to control the daily operations pertaining to
the delivery procedures, equipment, vehicles, and drivers of JW’s. The corporate
defendants maintained, however, that the delivery driver was solely employed by
JW’s, that JW’s was an independent contractor, and that Domino’s had no control
over the daily operations of JW’s. It is conceded that the delivery driver was
acting within the scope of her employment at the time of the collision.
On June 10, 2022, Domino’s moved for summary judgment on all
claims against it, asserting that as a matter of law it was not vicariously liable for
the actions of its franchisee or that franchisee’s employee. Durham opposed the
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motion and sought additional discovery pursuant to Kentucky Rule of Civil
Procedure (CR) 30.02 and CR 56.06. On July 7, 2022, without explanation, the
circuit court denied Durham’s motions and granted summary judgment. After
Durham’s subsequent motion to alter, amend, or vacate or for additional findings
was likewise denied, this appeal followed. We will introduce additional facts as
they become relevant.
ANALYSIS
As a preliminary matter, Durham argues that the court committed
reversible error when, despite his diligent pursuit of evidence, the corporate
defendants’ obfuscation, and his proper CR 56.06 motion for additional time, he
was denied an adequate opportunity to complete discovery. The Supreme Court of
Kentucky “has cautioned trial courts not to take up [summary judgment] motions
prematurely and to consider [such] motions ‘only after the opposing party has been
given ample opportunity to complete discovery.’” Blankenship v. Collier, 302
S.W.3d 665, 668 (Ky. 2010) (quoting Pendleton Bros. Vending, Inc. v.
Commonwealth Fin. & Admin. Cabinet, 758 S.W.2d 24, 29 (Ky. 1988)). We
review a court’s determination that the appellant has had sufficient time to
complete discovery for an abuse of discretion. Id. A court abuses its discretion if
its decision is “arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal
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principles.” Commonwealth v. English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky. 1999) (citations
omitted).
In evaluating the merits of his claim, Durham advocates that we apply
the five factors test employed by the Sixth Circuit in Doe v. City of Memphis, 928
F.3d 481, 490-91 (6th Cir. 2019), for resolving motions for additional time under
the analogous Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d). The factors are: (1) when
the appellant learned of the issue that is the subject of the desired discovery; (2)
whether this discovery would have changed the outcome; (3) the length of the
discovery period; (4) whether the appellant was dilatory in his discovery efforts;
and (5) whether the appellee was responsive to discovery requests. Id.
Durham asserts that these factors overwhelmingly favor a conclusion
that the court abused its discretion. In support, Durham notes that the evidence
confirming that, through its website and smartphone app, Domino’s actively
participated in the deliveries made by JW’s was only obtained when the delivery
driver was deposed after the motion for summary judgment was filed. He opines
that further information pertaining thereto is critical to establishing the company’s
vicarious liability.
Durham asserts that, though he served and supplemented his
discovery responses within a reasonable time, the responses of Domino’s and JW’s
were six months late and unacceptably deficient in that the companies categorically
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refused to provide necessary information on the basis of relevance. Similarly, the
companies failed to provide any dates for their depositions when Durham broached
the subject on March 30, 2022, and, after the motion for summary judgment was
filed, they wholly refused to participate. Durham states that he diligently worked
to resolve the discovery dispute without court intervention, and, when that proved
unsuccessful, he properly and timely requested additional time to acquire
specifically identified evidence.
In response, Domino’s admits that it raised various objections to
Durham’s discovery requests and that it advised it was withholding proprietary
documents until entry of an agreed protective order, but it disputes Durham’s claim
of diligence. Domino’s states that, prior to the summary judgment motion,
Durham made no attempt to agree to a protective order, he did not respond to a
request that he place in writing any issues with its discovery objections, he did not
provide proposed CR 30.02(6) notices or a list of topics as requested, and he did
not seek to compel discovery. Additionally, Domino’s maintains that the requested
discovery was immaterial.
Ultimately, we conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion.
Durham stresses that information concerning the Domino’s website and app are
necessary, a claim we can little evaluate, but admits that his July 13, 2021
discovery requests were tailored to obtain it, and thus, any inference that he only
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became aware of the need for this information after deposing the driver is
misleading. And though we cannot say that the corporate defendants acted
promptly to comply with Durham’s discovery requests, his responses were
likewise dilatory, being three months and ten months late, respectively. We find it
compelling that six months elapsed from the filing of the complaint to Durham
propounding his first set of discovery requests on any party and his failure to take
any action in the four months following his receipt of the unsatisfactory responses
from Domino’s. While Durham explains he was working to resolve these issues
outside of court, the proof of his efforts amounts to two emails sent three months
before the motion for summary judgment was filed. Accordingly, we find no
abuse of discretion.
Next, regarding the merits of summary judgment, Durham contends
that the court ignored material issues of fact and misapplied the law pertaining to
vicarious liability.
The proper standard of review on appeal when a
trial judge has granted a motion for summary judgment is
whether the record, when examined in its entirety, shows
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
The trial judge must view the evidence in a light most
favorable to the nonmoving party, resolving all doubts in
its favor. Because summary judgment does not require
findings of fact but only an examination of the record to
determine whether material issues of fact exist, we
generally review the grant of summary judgment without
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deference to either the trial court’s assessment of the
record or its legal conclusions.
Hammons v. Hammons, 327 S.W.3d 444, 448 (Ky. 2010) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
Vicarious liability, also called the doctrine of respondeat superior,
imputes responsibility for the tortious acts of a servant to its master. Patterson v.
Blair, 172 S.W.3d 361, 363 (Ky. 2005). In their respective briefs, the parties cite
and apply various tests to determine whether Domino’s was vicariously liable,
including: the franchisor liability test announced in Papa John’s International, Inc.
v. McCoy, 244 S.W.3d 44, 55 (Ky. 2008), the traditional agency analysis set forth
in the Restatement of Law, Agency, Section 220(2) (1933), and Sam Horne Motor
& Implement Company, Inc. v. Gregg, 279 S.W.2d 755, 756-57 (Ky. 1955), and
the economic realities test espoused in Mouanda v. Jani-King International, 653
S.W.3d 65 (Ky. 2022) (though Durham concedes the latter was rendered after
summary judgment in this matter).
Papa John’s, which arose from a tort action, is directly on point
binding authority wherein, having concluded that “the traditional rules pertaining
to scope of employment and ostensible agency are inapposite to the issue of a
franchisor’s vicarious liability[,]” the court adopted the franchisor liability test.
244 S.W.3d at 55. As Papa John’s has not been overruled, we reject Durham’s
contention that Mouanda and its economic realities test, which has been applied
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only in the context of wage disputes and worker’s compensation claims,
supplanted its holding. Accordingly, the franchisor liability test exclusively
controls the issue of whether Domino’s is vicariously liable, and we confine our
analysis to parties’ arguments pertaining thereto.
In Papa John’s, the Supreme Court of Kentucky held “that a
franchisor may be held vicariously liable for the tortious conduct of its franchisee
only if the franchisor has control or a right of control over the daily operation of
the specific aspect of the franchisee’s business that is alleged to have caused the
harm.” 244 S.W.3d at 55 (quoting Kerl v. Dennis Rasmussen, Inc., 273 Wis.2d
106, 682 N.W.2d 328, 338 (2004)). Though the facts in Papa John’s did not
require an in-depth application of the newly announced test, the Court expressly
stated that the requisite control must be established by more than the “standardized
provisions commonly included in franchise agreements [specifying] a right of
inspection and such aspects as marketing, operational requirements, and uniform
quality[.]” Id. Since Papa John’s, the issue of franchisor liability has not been
addressed by our courts in published caselaw.
Durham argues franchisor liability is proper since Domino’s had both
actual and a retained right of control over deliveries made by JW’s. As evidence
of the former, Durham states that the delivery driver identified Domino’s as her
employer to the first responders at the scene of the accident and again multiple
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times during her deposition. The driver further testified that she was required to
use a Domino’s app, accessed via a supplied smartphone, which assigned
deliveries to her, mapped out their routes using GPS, and provided visual and
audio directions enroute, and that she was using this app during the delivery at
issue. Durham asserts this is the equivalent of having a digital Domino’s
representative directing the driver’s actions and creates a genuine issue of fact
relating to this technology and the ultimate responsibility of Domino’s for his
injuries. And, lastly, the Domino’s driver safety recommendations were published
in the store via two posters.
Additionally, Durham asserts that various provisions of the Franchise
Agreement evince that Domino’s retained a right of control over the franchisee’s
day-to-day delivery operations. For example, Domino’s unilaterally set the
delivery boundaries for JW’s and mandated annual review of any decision by the
franchisee to limit deliveries; JW’s was required to adhere to the methods,
procedures, and standards of Domino’s, including any post-agreement
amendments, for delivering orders and for delivery safety; Domino’s could make
unannounced reviews to assess compliance; Domino’s at its discretion could
terminate the franchise agreement if JW’s violated its terms, failed to comply with
the prescribed standards of Domino’s, or was deemed by Domino’s to be an
imminent danger to public health and safety. Through its operating standards,
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Domino’s imposed upon JW’s minimum requirements for the hiring and training
of delivery drivers (such as age, driving and criminal histories, and insurance
coverage), for the appearance and maintenance of delivery vehicles, and for
general delivery procedure (from restricting the amount of cash a driver may have
on their person to a general mandate that drivers must follow all traffic laws).
Durham notes that these exact contract provisions were held sufficient to establish
the right to control in Domino’s Pizza, LLC v. Wiederhold, 248 So.3d 212 (Fla.
App. 2018), aff’d 306 So.3d 384 (Fla. App. 2020). Based on the above, Durham
contends that the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment and that
judgment must be reversed.
In response, Domino’s maintains that the allegation that it provided
the driver with a phone and that an app thereon controlled and directed her work is
not supported by the evidence. Domino’s cites the franchisee’s sworn affidavit
that all equipment and instrumentalities for operating the franchise were supplied
by JW’s. And, though Domino’s concedes the app provides delivery location
information, the driver testified at her deposition that, knowing her way around the
area, she did not use those directions and that she could not hear the voice
commands when the accident occurred. The driver also denied receiving any
training regarding the Domino’s driver safety posters. Finally, Domino’s asserts
that the driver’s statements identifying it as her employer resulted from Durham’s
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leading questions. And, regardless, the driver’s use of the trade name does not
demonstrate control when she clarified that she had been hired, trained, supervised,
and paid by JW’s, and all three defendants denied she was employed by Domino’s.
Domino’s acknowledges that it imposes minimum standards and
conducts compliance reviews on its franchisees to protect the integrity, public
perception, and reputation of its brand, but it nevertheless asserts that by contract
and practice it retained no day-to-day control over the driving operations of JW’s.
Contractually, the Franchise Agreement specifically provides that Domino’s has no
“responsibility or duty to operate [J.W.’s] and [that Domino’s does] not have the
legal right to direct [the employees of J.W.’s.]” Accordingly, Domino’s maintains
that JW’s alone recruited, hired, trained, and supervised its staff − including the
delivery driver. Domino’s denies encroaching on that authority and expressly
denies prescribing particularized driving standards or the routes that delivery
drivers were required to take.
Finally, Domino’s argues that Durham’s reliance on Wiederhold is
misplaced since Florida uses traditional agency principles and that case was
factually distinguishable when, unlike the case at bar, the franchisee testified that
Domino’s controlled every aspect of its day-to-day operations. Instead, Domino’s
urges that the analysis in Johnson v. Seagle Pizza, Inc., No. 2015-CA-000085-MR,
2016 WL 4410705 (Ky. App. Aug. 19, 2016) (unpublished) and Viado v. Domino’s
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Pizza, LLC, 217 P.3d 199 (Or. App. 2009), is instructive and supports summary
judgment. We agree.
In Johnson, an armed perpetrator entered a Domino’s franchise
through an unsecured rear door, and, after robbing the store, he fled to the parking
lot where he encountered and killed Mr. Johnson. 2016 WL 4410705, at *1.
Johnson’s estate and his son sued, arguing that Domino’s was “negligent regarding
the instrumentalities over which [it] retained the right of control, which [were]: (1)
Domino’s security procedures and equipment relating to the back door, (2)
Domino’s procedures relating to the handling of cash, and (3) Domino’s choice of
very late operating hours for the store.” Id. at *3. Domino’s sought and obtained
summary judgment. Id.
On appeal, a panel of this Court acknowledged that Domino’s had
directed in its operational manual that the rear door must be kept closed and locked
and that the store must remain open until at least midnight, but the Court
nevertheless concluded that summary judgment was proper. Id. at *3-4. The
Court explained that, though these contract provisions facially support vicarious
liability, in reality they were merely minimum operational guidelines intended to
create a ubiquitous experience worldwide and not evidence of day-to-day control
in their implementation. Id. at *4.
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In Viado, like the case at bar, the issue was whether Domino’s was
vicariously liable for a vehicular accident that occurred during a delivery, and the
plaintiff relied on the various standards for deliveries set out in the operational
manual (consistent with the directives identified above) to establish control. 217
P.3d at 199. Rejecting liability, the Oregon Appellate Court stated that, “[s]etting
those standards for a franchisee’s employees and having the right to actually
control how the franchisee’s employees perform the physical details of driving are
two different things.” 217 P.3d at 211.
A review of these cases makes it plain that vicarious liability requires
a franchisor to directly supervise the daily activities of the franchisee, or at least
have the right to do so. This is consistent with Kerl, the case from which Papa
John’s adopted the franchisor liability test. The Kerl Court explained that the
accepted justifications for vicarious liability, spreading risk and incentivizing
increased due care to a party better suited to its charge, were weak in the context of
franchises because the franchisor’s control is limited to contractual quality and
operational requirements and “does not consist of routine, daily supervision[,] and
management of the franchisee’s business[.]” 273 Wis.2d at 123, 126.
We have no difficulty concluding that the cited contractual provisions,
compliance reviews conducted by Domino’s, the driving safety posters, and the
driver’s statements naming Domino’s as her employer are insufficient evidence of
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the requisite control over the daily delivery operations of JW’s. Durham’s claim
regarding the app is novel and less clear cut; however, applying the principles
discussed above, we conclude it likewise fails.
Accepting Durham’s factual assertions as true, Domino’s requires that
drivers use its branded app which, after a driver selects a delivery assignment,
provides turn-by-turn directions, shows a satellite view of the delivery address, and
affords the customer the ability to track the delivery. While this may constitute a
routine involvement in the delivery process, we reject the argument that this is the
equivalent of supervisory control and management over JW’s. Again, as supported
by the accepted justification for vicarious liability, supervision denotes a capability
and responsibility for ensuring work is done correctly and safely. The mere
requirement that franchisee employees use a tool that mechanically aids deliveries
does not meet this standard, and, thus, extending liability under such circumstances
does not serve the purpose of the doctrine. As we have concluded Durham failed
to establish that Domino’s was vicariously liable, by necessity it cannot be liable
for gross negligence.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, and for the foregoing reasons, the summary judgment of
the Clark Circuit Court is affirmed.
ALL CONCUR.
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BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE DOMINO’S
PIZZA, LLC:
Mickey T. Webster
Thomas E. Travis Joseph P. Hummel
Lexington, Kentucky Erin Farnham
Louisville, Kentucky
J. Tyler Ward II
Whitesburg, Kentucky
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