UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 96-4457
BILLY JAMES SIMS, a/k/a Rico,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of South Carolina, at Rock Hill.
Dennis W. Shedd, District Judge.
(CR-95-1067)
Argued: May 8, 1998
Decided: August 27, 1998
Before WIDENER and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges, and
FRIEDMAN, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.
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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: William Elvin Hopkins, Jr., MCCUTCHEN, BLANTON,
RHODES & JOHNSON, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellant.
Marvin Jennings Caughman, Assistant United States Attorney,
Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: J. Rene Josey,
United States Attorney, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Billy James Sims appeals his conviction and sentence resulting
from a five count indictment charging conspiracy to possess with
intent to distribute crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1), three counts of possession with intent to distribute and
distribution of crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and
possession and attempt to possess with intent to distribute crack
cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. Sims raises multiple issues
challenging both his conviction and sentence. For the reasons that fol-
low, we affirm.
I.
Evidence at trial established that Sims had been involved with drug
trafficking in the Rock Hill, South Carolina area since the early
1990's, first as a runner and minor dealer, then as a major supplier of
other dealers. Sims eventually joined efforts with other dealers,
including several of the witnesses who testified on behalf of the gov-
ernment at trial. Each of these witnesses testified that he knew of
and/or accompanied Sims on trips to New York to obtain cocaine.
Specific testimony was presented concerning trips which occurred
during December 1994, and the spring and summer of 1995. In addi-
tion, the evidence showed that Sims employed a juvenile in relation
to the drug trafficking, and that Sims was in possession of a firearm
on at least one occasion while transporting drugs from New York to
South Carolina.
Count V of the indictment stemmed from a traffic stop on Septem-
ber 4, 1995, south bound on the New Jersey Turnpike. Sims and his
companion, Issac Kinard Davis, were pulled over by a New Jersey
State Trooper for following another vehicle too closely. Sims was
unable to produce a driver's license, but did provide the vehicle regis-
2
tration. The vehicle was registered to Davis' brother. Sims orally pro-
vided his name and license number to the New Jersey State Trooper,
Trooper Colon. Trooper Colon testified that he requested permission
to search the vehicle after receiving conflicting stories from its occu-
pants about their trip to New York. At that time, Sims completed a
consent to search form, and confessed that he had previously provided
a false name and driver's license number. A search of the vehicle
revealed a black vinyl bag with what felt like "rock like" substances
inside. When Trooper Colon opened the bag he saw a"white chunky
substance" that resembled crack cocaine. Sims was placed under
arrest and advised of his Miranda rights, which he acknowledged in
writing. The troopers transported Sims to the Newark State Police
Barracks where he was again advised of his Miranda rights. Sims
waived his rights and made a statement. Sims told the questioning
officer, Trooper Iannone, that he purchased 351 grams of cocaine in
New York "to sell in Rock Hill." Tests confirmed that the substance
seized was in fact crack cocaine.
II.
Sims raises the following challenges to his convictions and sen-
tence.
A.
Sims first assignment of error pertains to the propriety of venue in
the District of South Carolina for Count V of the indictment. Count
V alleges that on or about September 4, 1995, in the District of South
Carolina and elsewhere, Sims did knowingly and intentionally pos-
sess with intent to distribute and did attempt to possess with intent to
distribute crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.§ 841(a)(1).
The Constitution guarantees a defendant the right to be tried in the
state where a crime was committed. U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 3. See
also Fed. R. Crim. P. 18. This right serves to safeguard against hard-
ship or prejudice which may result from prosecution in a distant loca-
tion. See Platt v. Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co., 376 U.S.
240, 245 (1964). Count V arose from a traffic stop on the New Jersey
Turnpike during which drugs were found in the car Sims was driving.
Sims argues that he never possessed the drugs in South Carolina, and
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that venue was therefore improper as to Count V in the District of
South Carolina.
It is widely accepted that the privilege of venue may be waived
through a defendant's failure to make a timely objection. See, e.g.,
United States v. Dabb, 134 F.3d 1071, 1078 (11th Cir. 1998); United
States v. Turley, 891 F.2d 57, 61 (3rd Cir. 1989); United States v.
Winship, 724 F.2d 1116, 1124 (5th Cir. 1984). In this Circuit, when
a defect in venue is apparent on the face of the indictment, any objec-
tion must be raised prior to trial to be considered timely. United States
v. Melia, 741 F.2d 70 (4th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1135
(1985). When an indictment alleges proper venue, an objection is
timely if made at the close of the government's case or at the close
of the evidence when the government fails to prove venue as alleged.
Id. at 71. Sims failed to raise any objection to venue in the district
court, and thereby waived venue. He cannot now seek appellate
review of the propriety of venue in the District of South Carolina for
Count V.
B.
Sims next contends the district court erred in denying his Batson
challenge. Sims, an African-American, was tried by an all white jury.
Although Sims does not have a right to a jury composed in whole or
in part by African-Americans, he does have the right"to be tried by
a jury whose members are selected pursuant to nondiscriminatory
criteria." Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 85-86 (1986). See also
J.E.B. v. Alabama, 511 U.S. 127 (1994). This right, however, must be
exercised in a timely manner, and failure to raise a Batson challenge
prior to the venire being excused constitutes a waiver of the chal-
lenge. Morning v. Zapata Protein, 128 F.3d 213, 216 (4th Cir. 1997).
Sims objection to the makeup of the jury, was not raised until after
the dismissal of the venire. The district court found Sims waived his
Batson challenge because it was untimely, noting that the parties were
afforded ample opportunity for Batson challenges prior to the dis-
missal of the venire. The record clearly supports the district court's
finding, and we likewise find Sims waived any Batson challenge.
Nonetheless, the district court briefly addressed the merits of the
Batson challenge, finding that the government offered race-neutral
4
reasons for its peremptory challenges. We give great deference to the
district court's finding, and review it only for clear error. Jones v.
Plaster, 57 F.3d 417, 421 (4th Cir. 1995); see also Hernandez v. New
York, 500 U.S. 352, 369 (1991) (plurality opinion) (clearly erroneous
standard of review applies to trial court's findings in a Batson chal-
lenge). The record does not support Sims' contention that the district
court was clearly erroneous in its denial of his Batson challenge.
C.
Turning to Sims' claim that the district court erred in allowing the
statements of his alleged coconspirators into evidence, we find the
claim to be illogical and completely without merit. Sims did not
attempt to exclude hearsay statements of alleged coconspirators, but
rather the actual trial testimony of the coconspirators. The witnesses
in question made statements to law enforcement officers after Sims
was taken into custody and the conspiracy had ceased to exist.
According to Sims, the statements would be hearsay since they were
not made in furtherance of the conspiracy. Sims argues that the trial
testimony should be excluded as hearsay as well, because the content
was consistent with the statements made to the law enforcement offi-
cials.
Sims attempts to analogize the instant matter to this Court's deci-
sion in United States v. Blackshire, 538 F.2d 569 (4th Cir. 1976),
wherein the Court found that the statement of a coconspirator made
after the defendant's arrest was inadmissible hearsay. In Blackshire,
however, the government sought to admit the coconspirator's state-
ment not through the direct testimony of the coconspirator, but
through the police officer to whom the statement had been made. Id.
The facts of this case are inapposite. The alleged coconspirators them-
selves testified during the trial. The government did not attempt to
introduce the coconspirators' statements through others.
Sims incorrectly uses the term "hearsay" in an attempt to thwart
any assistance his coconspirators might provide the government.
According to Rule 801(c) of the Federal Rules of Evidence, "`Hear-
say' is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testi-
fying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of
the matter." The end result Sims seeks would serve only to misinter-
5
pret the purpose of Rule 801(c), and would prevent the trial testimony
of any coconspirator who had spoken with law enforcement officials.
Direct testimony was before the district court, not hearsay. The testi-
mony of the coconspirators was properly admitted into evidence.
D.
As his next assignment of error, Sims contends the trial court erred
in denying his motion to suppress. Sims sought suppression of the
drugs recovered in the New Jersey traffic stop, challenging his con-
sent to the search of the vehicle. Voluntariness of consent is a ques-
tion of fact to be determined from the totality of the circumstances,
and the district court's finding will not be disturbed unless clearly
erroneous. United States v. Wilson, 895 F.2d 168, 172 (4th Cir. 1990)
(per curiam); United States v. Gordon, 895 F.2d 932, 938 (4th Cir.
1990). See also United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 557
(1980). The evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the pre-
vailing party, herein, the government. United States v. Elie, 111 F.3d
1135 (4th Cir. 1997).
The court must examine the totality of the circumstances surround-
ing consent in its determination of whether consent was voluntary.
Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 557. Appropriate factors to consider include
"the characteristics of the accused (such as age, maturity, education,
intelligence, and experience) as well as the conditions under which
the consent to search was given (such as the officer's conduct; the
number of officers present; and the duration, location, and time of the
encounter)." United States v. Lattimore, 87 F.3d 647, 650 (4th Cir.
1996). The government need not produce evidence that the defendant
"knew of his right to refuse consent to prove that consent was volun-
tary." Id.
The record supports the finding that Sims voluntarily consented to
the search of the car. Evidence introduced during the suppression
hearing established that Sims was stopped for following another vehi-
cle too closely, that he was unable to produce a driver's license, and
that Sims and his passenger provided conflicting accounts of their trip
to New York. In addition, the evidence established that Trooper
Colon asked Sims to complete a consent to search form, which he did,
consenting to the search of the car. While completing the form, Sims
6
informed the trooper that he had provided a false identity and was in
fact driving on a suspended license.
Sims nonetheless argues that the trooper coerced him into consent-
ing to the search. Although consent has been found invalid, and the
resulting search unreasonable, where consent was granted only in "ac-
quiescence to a claim of lawful authority," Bumper v. North Carolina,
391 U.S. 543, 548-49 (1968), the record herein does not support such
a finding. Sims' allegation of coercion arises from a statement
Trooper Colon made when Sims was unable to produce a driver's
license. The Trooper, relying on state law, told Sims he would search
for the license in the vehicle himself if Sims was unable to locate it.
While we decline to address the propriety of that action if it were to
have occurred, we find that the record does not support a conclusion
that this was the sole basis for Sims' consent to the search. Instead,
the statement was a single circumstance to be taken into account in
the totality of the circumstances surrounding the consent.
The district court had the opportunity to carefully consider each of
the factors outlined above, including Sims' characteristics and the
conditions under which he gave consent. Moreover, the district court
had the opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses. See
Wilson, 895 F.2d at 172 (Where findings of consent are based on oral
testimony, "`the clearly erroneous standard is particularly strong since
the [court] had the opportunity to observe the demeanor of the wit-
nesses,'" quoting United States v. Sutton, 850 F.2d 1083, 1086 (5th
Cir. 1988)). Nothing contained in the record persuades us that the dis-
trict court's finding was clearly erroneous. Because Sims consent was
voluntary and not coerced by the state trooper, the district court did
not err in admitting the drugs.
E.
Sims next contends that the evidence was insufficient to support a
conviction for conspiracy. We find that this claim is also without
merit. The standard of review for a sufficiency of the evidence claim
in a criminal case is "whether, after viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt."
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, reh. denied, 444 U.S. 890 (1979);
7
United States v. Giunta, 925 F.2d 758, 764 (4th Cir. 1991). The gov-
ernment is afforded all reasonable inferences which flow from the cir-
cumstantial and direct evidence brought before the district court.
United States v. Burgos, 94 F.3d 849, 858 (4th Cir. 1996) (en banc),
cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S.Ct. 1087 (1997). In this case, the
Court has no duty to weigh the evidence or review witness credibility.
United States v. Burns, 990 F.2d 1426, 1439 (4th Cir. 1993). It is the
jury's role to "resolve conflicts in testimony, weigh the evidence, and
judge the credibility of witnesses." United States v. Manbeck, 744
F.2d 360, 392 (4th Cir. 1984).
Trial testimony included not only that of individuals who pur-
chased drugs from the Sims, but also testimony from those who
assisted him in transporting drugs, and in hiding both money from
drug sales and the drugs themselves. This Court has determined that
reversal should be confined to those cases in which the failure of
proof is clear. United States v. Jones, 735 F.2d 785, 791 (4th Cir.
1984). Faced with this strict standard for evaluating the evidence for
sufficiency, and given the evidence as construed in the light most
favorable to the government, we find the evidence was sufficient for
a reasonable jury to have found Sims guilty of conspiracy to distribute
and possess with intent to distribute crack cocaine.
F.
Ineffective assistance of counsel claims are not normally consid-
ered on direct appeal, but fall instead to collateral appeals, wherein a
defendant files a Section 2255 motion in district court. United States
v. Grubb, 11 F.3d 426, 441 (4th Cir. 1993). See also United States v.
Williams, 977 F.2d 866, 871 (4th Cir. 1992). For this Court to review
a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal, the
record must conclusively demonstrate an absence of effective assis-
tance of counsel. United States v. Ford, 88 F.3d 1350, 1363 (4th Cir.),
cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S.Ct. 496 (1996). We do not reach the
issue of whether Sims' counsel's assistance was effective, finding that
the record does not conclusively demonstrate an absence of effective
assistance. Sims is free to raise his claim of ineffective assistance on
collateral review.
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G.
As to Sims' claim that the trial court erroneously calculated the
amount of drugs attributable to him for sentencing purposes, we find
no error and affirm the trial court's determination. We review the trial
court's factual determinations as to drug quantities for sentencing pur-
poses for clear error. United States v. Fletcher , 74 F.3d 49, 55 (4th
Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. #6D6D 6D#, 117 S. Ct. 157 (1996). In calculating
drug quantities attributable to a defendant, the district court may con-
sider any relevant evidence before it, including hearsay testimony.
United States v. Bowman, 926 F.2d 380, 381 (4th Cir. 1991).
The quantity of drugs attributable to a defendant in a conspiracy is
that which is "reasonably foreseeable to each coconspirator within the
scope of his agreement." United States v. Irvin, 2 F.3d 72, 78 (4th Cir.
1993). See also U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manuel § 1B1.3 (a)(1)(B)
(hereafter "U.S.S.G."). The government must establish the quantity
attributable to a defendant by a preponderance of the evidence, and
may do so through the introduction of relevant and reliable evidence.
United States v. Jones, 31 F.3d 1304, 1316 (4th Cir. 1994); United
States v. Gilliam, 987 F.2d 1009, 1013-14 (4th Cir. 1993).
The district court found an aggregate amount of 8.4 kilograms of
cocaine base, or "crack" cocaine, attributable to Sims through his
involvement in the conspiracy. The district court based this finding on
the testimony of multiple witnesses, who actually testified to Sims'
involvement with in excess of 13 kilograms of crack cocaine. After
a lengthy hearing, the district court found only the lesser amount of
8.4 kilograms attributable to Sims. That amount was still substantially
higher than the 1.5 kilograms which would have given Sims the high-
est base offense level provided for in the guidelines. See U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1(c). A review of the record reveals no clear error in the district
court's finding.
H.
Finally, Sims argues that the trial court erred in enhancing the
offense level two points for possession of weapons during the com-
mission of a drug trafficking offense. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1).
This contention lacks merit as well. The trial court's decision to
9
enhance the offense level is reviewed for clear error. United States v.
Falesbork, 5 F.3d 715, 719 (4th Cir. 1993).
For an enhancement under Section 2D1.1(b)(1) of the sentencing
guidelines to be improper, it must be "clearly improbable that the
weapon was connected with the offense." U.S.S.G.§ 2D1.1, commen-
tary at n. 3; see also United States v. Apple , 962 F.2d 335 (4th Cir.
1992). Moreover, an enhancement is proper where the weapon or
weapons in question were possessed by either the defendant or a
coconspirator, provided that the coconspirator's conduct was reason-
ably foreseeable and in furtherance of jointly undertaken activity.
United States v. Nelson, 6 F.3d 1049, 1054-57 (4th Cir. 1993).
The record clearly establishes the propriety of the guideline
enhancement for possession of a firearm during a drug trafficking
offense. A coconspirator testified that during one of the trips to New
York to obtain cocaine, he and Sims stopped in Washington, D.C.,
placing their weapons in the trunk of the Lexus they were driving.
They then left the Lexus in Washington, and drove to New York City
in a mini-van to purchase cocaine. After obtaining six kilograms of
cocaine, they returned to Washington and picked up the Lexus. Sims
and his coconspirator then transported the drugs back to South Caro-
lina in the Lexus, which still contained the weapons. We find no clear
error in the district court's conclusion that firearms were possessed
during the drug trafficking, and therefore affirm the district court's
enhancement of the guidelines.
III.
For the reasons stated herein, we affirm the judgment of the district
court.
AFFIRMED
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