UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
ALLEN W. CRAWFORD,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
No. 98-6386
TOM C. MARTON, Warden, Great
Plains Correctional Facility;
MICHAEL F. EASLEY,
Respondents-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of North Carolina, at Charlotte.
Graham C. Mullen, District Judge.
(CA-96-289-3-MU)
Submitted: October 6, 1998
Decided: November 16, 1998
Before ERVIN, LUTTIG, and MICHAEL, Circuit Judges.
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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
Allen W. Crawford, Appellant Pro Se. Clarence Joe DelForge, III,
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF NORTH CARO-
LINA, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellees.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
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OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Allen W. Crawford appeals from the district court's order dismiss-
ing his 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254 (West 1994 & Supp. 1998) petition. The
district court granted Crawford a certificate of appealability. Because
we find no reversible error, we affirm.
On January 13, 1993, two plainclothes policemen were working at
the train station in Charlotte as a part of a narcotics interdiction task
force. They observed Crawford get off the train carrying two white
plastic bags and a black leather gym bag. According to the officers'
testimony, they noticed that Crawford went out of his way to avoid
another officer who was patrolling the station with his drug-detection
dog. The officers observed Crawford walk towards the terminal at a
rapid pace, appearing nervous and continuing to look back at the dog.
The officers approached Crawford and told him that he was not
under arrest or in custody, but that they wanted to ask him a few ques-
tions. Crawford replied that he was returning from a trip to New York
to visit his girlfriend. He displayed his ticket stub bearing the name
"Wayne Jackson," but could not produce any identification.
The officers then asked Crawford if they could search his person
and luggage. Crawford consented. Upon search of one of the white
plastic bags, the officers found a child's snowsuit, which in turn con-
tained a black shaving kit wrapped in a laundry bag. Crawford admit-
ted that the shaving kit was his. Inside the shaving kit was a glass jar
containing rock-like objects which proved to be 16.1 grams of
cocaine and 28.03 grams of heroin.
Crawford testified at trial that the plastic bag containing the drugs
was not his, and neither were any of the contents. He asserted that he
must have picked up the wrong bag. His girlfriend testified and cor-
2
roborated Crawford's story. A jury convicted Crawford of trafficking
in heroin by possession, trafficking in heroin by transportation, and
possession with intent to sell cocaine.
Crawford first contends that evidence admitted at his trial was
seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment. The district court found
this claim barred by Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 494 (1976), which
holds that federal courts may not consider Fourth Amendment claims
where the State has provided a "full and fair" opportunity for litiga-
tion. However, the district court did not address Crawford's clearly-
raised claim that he was not afforded a full and fair opportunity to liti-
gate his claim, because neither of the officers who arrested him testi-
fied at the hearing on his motion for appropriate relief.
However, even assuming that Stone is inapplicable, Crawford must
still show that he is entitled to relief on the merits of his Fourth
Amendment claim. See Sargent v. Armontrout, 841 F.2d 220, 222
(8th Cir. 1988). According to Crawford, the officers stopped him and
told him that they were "looking for persons traveling on the train
with drugs and or weapons." Crawford asserts that he was stopped
without probable cause or even an articulable suspicion. He also con-
tends that he was not acting in a suspicious manner, did not avoid the
drug detection dog and did not look back over his shoulder. Crawford
admits that he consented to the search, but he claims he was never
told that he could refuse, and it appeared he had no choice. He also
contends that one officer stood in front of him and one behind, thus
blocking his way.
The first issue is whether the encounter between the officers and
Crawford ceased to be consensual at some point and became a sei-
zure. Consensual encounters do not implicate the Fourth Amendment,
but seizures do. See Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 434 (1991). The
Supreme Court has consistently held, however, "that a seizure does
not occur simply because a police officer approaches an individual
and asks a few questions." Id.; see also INS v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210,
216 (1984) (interrogation relating to one's identity or a request for
identification does not, by itself, implicate the Fourth Amendment).
As the Supreme Court explained in Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1, 19
n.16 (1968):
3
Obviously, not all personal intercourse between policemen
and citizens involves "seizures" of persons. Only when the
officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has
in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen may we con-
clude that a "seizure" has occurred.
Thus, only when the circumstances of the encounter become "so
intimidating as to demonstrate that a reasonable person would have
believed he was not free to leave" does the encounter become a sei-
zure. See Delgado, 466 U.S. at 216. It is also clear that the encounter
does not become a seizure merely because the officers do not tell the
defendant that he is free to leave or that he may refuse to comply with
their requests. See United States v. Analla, 975 F.2d 119, 124 (4th Cir.
1992).
We find that Crawford was not seized when the officers
approached him and asked for consent to search his belongings. Fur-
ther, Crawford's cooperation with the officers did not convert the
encounter into a seizure, even though the officers did not tell him that
he was free to leave or refuse the request. Neither officer had a gun
drawn, and there is no evidence of any use or threat of physical force.
See United States v. Flowers, 912 F.2d 707, 712 (4th Cir. 1990) (sei-
zure cannot occur in the absence of threats, offensive contact, or simi-
lar circumstances).
Because Crawford was not seized within the meaning of the Fourth
Amendment when the police searched his bag and because he does
not dispute that he voluntarily consented to the search, the evidence
obtained was properly admitted. Therefore, because any error in the
state court's procedure was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt,
Crawford is not entitled to habeas relief on this ground. See Sargent,
841 F.2d at 222-23 (standard of review).
Next, Crawford presses two claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel. He asserts first that his counsel was ineffective for failing to
object to testimony that Crawford asserted his right to remain silent
after he was arrested. Because this claim was not presented to the dis-
trict court, we decline to address it.
Second, Crawford contends that his counsel failed to object to an
officer's testimony that Crawford admitted the shaving kit belonged
4
to him. Crawford asserts that this statement was not properly dis-
closed by the Government before trial and should have been objected
to on that basis. Although this argument was raised before the district
court, the court did not address it.
Assuming there was a discovery violation,1 in order to prove preju-
dice on his ineffective assistance claim, Crawford must show that the
trial court's response to a proper objection would have likely changed
the outcome of his trial. We find that he cannot satisfy this burden.
First, the fact that Crawford was found with drugs in his possession
is sufficient evidence to convict, with or without Crawford's state-
ment that the shaving kit belonged to him. Second, the North Carolina
Supreme Court has stated that "the purpose of discovery under our
statutes is to protect the defendant from unfair surprise by the intro-
duction of evidence he cannot anticipate." North Carolina v. Payne,
394 S.E.2d 158, 162 (N.C. 1990) (emphasis added). With this goal in
mind, even if counsel had objected, it is unlikely that the trial court
would have barred introduction of the statement. 2
While Crawford argues that he was surprised by the testimony and
that it was untrue, he fails to show that he could have convinced the
trial court that he was "unfairly" surprised. Specifically, he does not
assert how knowledge of this statement would have altered his trial
tactics or otherwise changed the course of his trial. While this state-
ment was damaging to Crawford's defense that the bag and its con-
tents did not belong to him, Crawford fails to allege that he would
have altered his defense had he been aware of the statement. Further,
Crawford does not allege that there was any physical or mental coer-
cion in exchange for his statement. Thus, there would have been no
basis for a motion to suppress. Finally, the officers' report, which did
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1 N.C.G.S. § 15A-903(a)(2) (1997) requires the prosecutor to divulge
the substance of any oral statement "relevant to the subject matter of the
case made by the defendant."
2 Had counsel objected to the testimony, the trial court could have
imposed any or all of the statutory sanctions. See N.C.G.S. § 15A-910
(1997) (including ordering immediate discovery, granting a continuance,
prohibiting the introduction of evidence, dismissing the charge, or enter-
ing other orders).
5
not mention any statement by Crawford, was available for cross-
examination purposes. Therefore, the nondisclosure did not work to
Crawford's actual disadvantage, and as such, the district court would
likely not have imposed drastic sanctions had Crawford's attorney
objected. See North Carolina v. Patterson, 439 S.E.2d 578, 588-89
(N.C. 1994) (where defendant was free to cross-examine witness
about his custodial statement and where defendant failed to show that
his trial tactics would have been different had his statement been dis-
closed, any error in failing to find a discovery violation was harm-
less).
Because Crawford cannot show any prejudice from the timing of
the disclosure of this statement, he cannot show that his counsel's
objection would have resulted in suppression of the statement or any
other sanction that would have altered the outcome of his trial. There-
fore, we find that Crawford cannot show prejudice from his counsel's
failure to object.3 See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984) (listing requirements for a showing of ineffective assistance).
In a twist on this ineffective assistance argument, Crawford asserts
prosecutorial misconduct for failure to disclose his admission that the
shaving kit belonged to him. The district court failed to address this
issue, as well.
The test for prosecutorial misconduct has two elements: (1)
whether the prosecutor's conduct was improper, and (2) whether such
conduct prejudicially affected the defendant's substantial rights,
depriving him of a fair trial. See United States v. Francisco, 35 F.3d
116, 120 (4th Cir. 1994). As discussed above, the alleged nondisclo-
sure did not render Crawford's trial fundamentally unfair. In the first
place, the statement was equally within Crawford's own knowledge.
Crawford could have communicated to his counsel that he made such
a statement, if indeed he did. In addition, Crawford had the opportu-
nity to cross-examine the officer to impeach his testimony, and he
could have used the officer's report, which did not contain a statement
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3 In the materials Crawford submitted with his petition, he includes an
affidavit from his trial attorney stating that he had indeed objected to the
statement. Crawford also submitted pages of relevant trial testimony that
do not reflect an objection.
6
by Crawford, as a prior inconsistent statement. Further, while the
statement was certainly incriminating, evidence of Crawford's posses-
sion of the drugs would have been sufficient to convict him. There-
fore, we find that the late disclosure and admission of this statement
was not fundamentally unfair. See Lindsey v. Smith, 820 F.2d 1137,
1151-52 (11th Cir. 1987) (appellant not entitled to habeas relief where
he fails to show a different trial outcome or trial tactics had confes-
sion been disclosed earlier); Machin v. Wainwright, 758 F.2d 1431,
1434 (11th Cir. 1985) ("surprise disclosure" did not render trial funda-
mentally unfair where statement was equally within defendant's
knowledge and where defense counsel could have taken steps to
lessen the effect of the late disclosure).
We affirm the remainder of the appeal on the reasoning of the dis-
trict court. Crawford v. Marton, No. CA-96-289-3-MU (W.D.N.C.
Mar. 5, 1998). We dispense with oral argument because the facts and
legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the
court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
7