UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 98-4589
ROBERT LEE WASHINGTON,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Virginia, at Abingdon.
James P. Jones, District Judge.
(CR-97-50)
Submitted: May 28, 1999
Decided: June 29, 1999
Before WILKINS, HAMILTON, and LUTTIG, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
Rickey G. Young, LAW OFFICE OF RICKEY G. YOUNG, Martins-
ville, Virginia, for Appellant. Robert P. Crouch, Jr., United States
Attorney, Thomas E. Booth, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Robert Lee Washington appeals his convictions for possession with
intent to distribute cocaine and three counts of possession of a firearm
by a convicted felon. He asserts that the district court improperly
denied his motions to suppress, to dismiss the indictment, and to
exclude evidence of his prior convictions. In addition, he challenges
the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his convictions. After a
careful review of the record, we affirm.
Washington first contends that the district court erred in denying
his pretrial motion to dismiss certain firearm counts as multiplicitous.
Washington was indicted on the following charges: possession of
cocaine base with intent to distribute; eight counts of possession of a
firearm by a felon; and seven counts of being an unlawful user of con-
trolled substances and knowingly possessing firearms. The district
court denied his pretrial motion to dismiss the indictment, and the jury
returned a verdict of guilty on all charges. At the beginning of the
sentencing hearing, the district court dismissed five counts of posses-
sion of a firearm by a felon and all seven counts of being an unlawful
user of controlled substances and knowingly possessing firearms.
Washington argues that, even though the multiplicitous counts
were dismissed at sentencing, he was harmed by the improper sugges-
tion to the jury that he had committed sixteen crimes. A decision of
whether to require the prosecution to elect between multiplicitous
counts before trial is within the discretion of the trial court. See
United States v. Johnson, 130 F.3d 1420, 1426 (10th Cir. 1997), cert.
denied, ___ U.S. ___, 67 U.S.L.W. 3231 (U.S. Oct. 5, 1998) (No. 97-
8558).
We find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in deny-
ing Washington's pretrial motion to dismiss. As the court noted, there
was a possibility that certain of the counts would not be multiplicitous
if the Government could show that Washington possessed the fire-
arms on different occasions. See United States v. Mullins, 698 F.2d
686, 687 (4th Cir. 1983). Furthermore, even if the court's denial of
the motion could be considered an abuse of discretion, it was clearly
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harmless in this case. See United States v. Burns, 990 F.2d 1426, 1438
(4th Cir. 1992) (in post-conviction challenges to an indictment on
multiplicity grounds, appropriate remedy is to vacate only offending
convictions); United States v. Luskin, 926 F.2d 372, 378 (4th Cir.
1991) (when the jury reaches a guilty verdict on more than one of
such multiple counts, the proper remedy is to strike the multiplicitous
convictions).
Washington also raises the related argument that his remaining
convictions are duplicative. However, while simultaneous possession
of multiple firearms that are seized at the same time from the defen-
dant's home constitutes only one act of possession, separate firearm
possession offenses exist if the firearms were acquired, stored, or pos-
sessed at different times and places. See United States v. Dunford, 148
F.3d 385, 389 (4th Cir. 1998); Mullins, 698 F.2d at 687; United States
v. Wiga, 662 F.2d 1325, 1336 (9th Cir. 1981).
The evidence at trial showed that in November 1996, Hicks Beam
and Washington took four firearms, including a Browning semi-
automatic rifle, to Clifford Bartosh for repair at his store. Beam
handed the rifle to Bartosh and said that it belonged to Washington.
Washington did not deny ownership of the firearm, and Bartosh
placed Washington's name on the identification tag. During Thanks-
giving weekend of 1996, Washington took a Marlin .22 Magnum fire-
arm from a young relative who had been mishandling the firearm
outside the house.
On December 18, Virginia law enforcement agents executed the
search warrant and arrested Washington. The agents seized the .22
Magnum and ammunition from under Washington's bed and a Win-
chester shotgun (with Washington's fingerprints) and four more guns
from a closet in another bedroom. On December 20, Bartosh told law
enforcement agents that he had Washington's Browning firearm.
Agents subsequently seized that firearm from Bartosh.
Because the evidence showed that Washington gave the Browning
rifle (count 19) to a repair store several weeks before the agents
seized the other firearms from his residence and because the Marlin
.22 Magnum rifle (count 5) was possessed on an independent occa-
sion, we find that Washington was properly separately charged and
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convicted of possession of the Browning, the Marlin, and the Win-
chester (count 10).
Washington next argues that the evidence was insufficient to sup-
port his conviction for possession with intent to distribute cocaine.
Washington bases his argument on the fact that only 1.37 grams of
cocaine were seized from his home, and he suggests that the cocaine
was for personal use.
Possession of a small quantity of drugs by itself is an insufficient
basis from which intent to distribute may be inferred. See United
States v. Fisher, 912 F.2d 728, 730 (4th Cir. 1990). When a relatively
small quantity of drugs is found, indicative of either personal use or
distribution, other indicia, such as the presence of drug-packaging
paraphernalia, firearms, and large sums of unexplained currency, may
justify an inference of intent to distribute. See id. at 730-31; see also
United States v. Tanner, 941 F.2d 574, 586-87 (7th Cir. 1991).
Although Washington possessed only a small amount of drugs, he
also possessed in his home at the time of his arrest the cutting agent
Inositol, baggies, a digital scale, straws, smoking devices, and seven
guns. In addition, Heather Martin testified that Washington had given
her cocaine earlier that day. Further, Washington had previously been
convicted of distributing cocaine. Based on the foregoing, we find
that the evidence supports a conviction of possession with intent to
distribute cocaine.
Finally, Washington challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting his firearm convictions. He alleges that the Government
presented insufficient evidence that he possessed or even knew about
the firearms found in his home.
This claim is meritless. Regarding the Winchester shotgun, Wash-
ington's fingerprint was found on the firearm, which was present in
his home along with cocaine and numerous other firearms. With
regard to the .22 Magnum, this gun and ammunition were found
underneath Washington's bed in his bedroom. Three weeks before, he
had taken the firearm away from a younger relative. Regarding the
Browning rifle, Washington delivered this rifle to Bartosh. Although
Beam handled the rifle on that day, Washington's silence when Beam
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stated that the firearm belonged to Washington and when Bartosh
recorded such on the repair receipt constituted an implied admission
of ownership. The evidence was therefore sufficient to support Wash-
ington's firearm convictions.
We have reviewed the district court's rulings on the remaining
issues and find them to be without reversible error. Accordingly, we
affirm the denial of Washington's motions to suppress and to exclude
evidence of his prior convictions on the reasoning of the district court.
See United States v. Washington, No. 97-50-A (W.D. Va. Feb. 17,
1998) (denial of motion to suppress); J.A. at 550-51 (ruling from the
bench denying motion to exclude evidence). Washington's convic-
tions are affirmed. We dispense with oral argument because the facts
and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before
the court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
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