Filed: August 17, 1999
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 98-2136
(CA-98-209-3)
Robert E. Balducci, et al,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
versus
Chesterfield County, Virginia,
Defendant - Appellee.
O R D E R
The court amends its opinion filed August 11, 1999, as
follows:
On the cover sheet, section 4 -- the first line is corrected
to read “Argued: May 4, 1999.”
For the Court - By Direction
/s/ Patricia S. Connor
Clerk
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
ROBERT E. BALDUCCI; PAUL BLOCHER;
KENNETH S. CREWS; MICHAEL G.
HEINTZELMAN; ERIC S.
HOLLINGSHEAD; KENNETH E. JAMES;
BRIAN F. MONAHAN; JOHN P.
MURPHY; MICHAEL S. SCHIPINSKI;
No. 98-2136
JAMES A. VENTI,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
CHESTERFIELD COUNTY, VIRGINIA,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Richmond.
James R. Spencer, District Judge.
(CA-98-209-3)
Argued: May 4, 1999
Decided: August 11, 1999
Before ERVIN, TRAXLER, and KING,
Circuit Judges.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Michael Tarcissius Leibig, ZWERDLING, PAUL, LEI-
BIG, KAHN, THOMPSON & WOLLY, P.C., Fairfax, Virginia, for
Appellants. Michael Peter Kozak, Assistant County Attorney, Ches-
terfield, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Carla M. Siegel, ZWER-
DLING, PAUL, LEIBIG, KAHN, THOMPSON & WOLLY, P.C.,
Fairfax, Virginia, for Appellants. Steven L. Micas, County Attorney,
Jeffrey L. Mincks, Deputy County Attorney, Wendell C. Roberts,
Assistant County Attorney, Chesterfield, Virginia, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiffs, current or former police officers employed by Chester-
field County, Virginia (the "County"), appeal an order of the district
court granting the County's motion to dismiss their claim that the
County violated the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA" or "Act"), see
29 U.S.C.A. § 201-219 (West 1998), by refusing to pay them straight
time compensation for hours they worked between their regularly
scheduled hours and the FLSA's overtime threshold, during work
cycles in which they also exceeded the overtime threshold. The dis-
trict court dismissed plaintiffs' complaint pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(1) and (b)(6), concluding that the officers failed to state a claim
for such "overtime gap time" compensation under the FLSA and that
the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the number of hours
the officers' salaries were intended to cover.1 We affirm.
_________________________________________________________________
1 In Count II of the Complaint, plaintiff Hollingshead also asserted that
the County violated his due process rights when they terminated his
employment for leaving his assigned shift to begin an off-duty job. He
has not appealed the district court's grant of summary judgment to the
County on this count.
2
I.
The FLSA mandates an hourly minimum wage due to all employ-
ees, see 29 U.S.C.A. § 206 (West 1998), and generally requires
employers to pay their employees one and one-half times their normal
hourly rate for all hours worked in excess of a 40-hour week, see 29
U.S.C.A. § 207(a)(1) (West 1998). In order to afford law enforcement
and fire protection agencies more flexibility in the scheduling of their
employees, however, the FLSA provides a partial exemption for such
agencies. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 207(k) (West 1998).
Plaintiffs are law enforcement officers employed by the County,
whose work schedules are subject to this partial exemption. Consis-
tent with § 207(k) of the FLSA, the County utilizes 24-day work
cycles for the scheduling of its officers, which requires it to pay over-
time compensation only if the officers work in excess of 147 hours
during a 24-day work cycle. See 29 C.F.R. § 553.230 (1998). The
County, however, does not regularly schedule its officers to work 147
hours. Rather, the County regularly schedules its officers to work a
total of fifteen 24-day work cycles each year, consisting of fifteen 9-
hour shifts (135 hours) in ten work cycles and sixteen 9-hour shifts
(144 hours) in five work cycles.
The County pays its officers an annual salary, which is converted
to biweekly paychecks in the base amount of 1/26th of the annual sal-
ary. The County also pays overtime compensation to the officers for
all hours worked in excess of 146.6 hours in a work cycle, at the rate
of one and one-half times the officer's regular rate.2
In 1995, twelve County police officers brought an action under the
FLSA, contending that "because the County regularly scheduled them
for 135 hours per cycle, instead of the 147 maximum allowed, their
salary only compensated them for those 135 hours and that they
[were] therefore due the [straight time] gap compensation" for all
hours worked between the 135 regularly scheduled hours and the 147
_________________________________________________________________
2 Although not required by the FLSA, the County also pays the officers
overtime compensation for off-duty court appearances, call backs, extra
shifts, and special assignments even if the officers have not exceeded the
overtime threshold during the applicable work cycle.
3
hour FLSA overtime threshold. Monahan v. County of Chesterfield,
95 F.3d 1263, 1276 (4th Cir. 1996). The County, on the other hand,
contended that the officers' salaries were intended to cover all hours
worked up to the 147-hour overtime threshold. See id. at 1266. We
reversed the district court's decision to hold the County liable under
the FLSA for such "overtime gap time" compensation. We held that:
if the mutually agreed upon terms of an employment agree-
ment do not violate the FLSA's minimum wage/maximum
hour mandates and provide compensation for all nonover-
time hours up to the overtime threshold, there can be no via-
ble claim for straight gap time under the FLSA if all hours
worked above the threshold have been properly compen-
sated at a proper overtime rate.
Id. at 1273. We further concluded that:
there was more than ample evidence in the record for the
court to determine the terms of [p]laintiffs' employment
agreements and that those terms as a matter of law did not
violate the FLSA. The overwhelming evidence leads to but
one conclusion: these officers knew they worked on a sala-
ried basis and knew or should have known that their salary
was intended to compensate them for all hours worked up
to the overtime threshold.
Id. Accordingly, we held that, because the employment agreements
between the officers and the County did not violate the FLSA's mini-
mum wage/maximum hour mandates, there was no viable claim for
straight time compensation for hours worked in the gap. See id. at
1276 ("Not only did the County comply with the FLSA's maximum
hour mandates, but it also complied with its minimum wage and over-
time calculation provisions.").
We also noted our lack of jurisdiction over employment contract
disputes brought under the auspices of the FLSA:
[W]e will also not allow employees merely to grumble
about the compensation scheme and then later spring a sur-
4
prise attack on an employer who has tried to comply with
the options that the FLSA provides. Any dispute between
these two parties about the number of hours for which the
employees' salary was intended to compensate them is not
cognizable under the FLSA, but instead should be pursued
under state contract law.
Id. at 1279-80 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted) (alter-
ation in original).
Approximately two years after our decision in Monahan, several of
the Monahan plaintiffs joined with other officers and brought the cur-
rent action under the FLSA. As before, plaintiffs seek straight time
compensation for all hours worked in the gap in those situations when
they also exceed the 147-hour overtime threshold.3 In an effort to dis-
tinguish our decision in Monahan on this identical issue, plaintiffs
allege that their overtime gap time claim is now viable because the
County unilaterally changed the terms of their employment agree-
ments, after our decision in Monahan, such that their annual salary
now only compensates them for their regularly scheduled work hours
rather than for all hours worked up to the overtime threshold.
The alleged "change" in the employment agreement consists of the
effect of a July 1997 memorandum issued by Major A.V. Maddra of
the County police department to all officers (the "Maddra memo"). By
scheduling its officers for 9-hour shifts, the County has provided for
a one-hour overlap of officers on-duty to ensure continuous police
coverage. However, it had become common practice for the outgoing
officers to eliminate all or a portion of this last hour of their shift, uti-
lizing the time to instead go home, visit their girlfriends, or start a
second job. The Maddra memo ended this practice, reminding the
officers that:
_________________________________________________________________
3 In Monahan, the officers had also alleged that compensation was due
under the FLSA for "gap hours" even when the 147-hour threshold was
not exceeded. We rejected this contention as well, concluding that such
"pure gap time" claims are not cognizable under the FLSA because there
is no minimum wage or maximum hour violation. Id. at 1280-84. Plain-
tiffs do not pursue "pure gap time" compensation in this action.
5
[the] one hour overlap of time at the end of the shift . . .
allows for coverage on the road while the on-coming shift
has roll call and drives to their assigned areas. This overlap-
ping time provides for 24 hours of unbroken coverage. In
order for the 9-5 plan [9 hour shifts for 5 days] to work
properly, officers must be available to take calls and per-
form all police duties until the end of their shift. This
includes getting all necessary paperwork items completed
and turned into supervisors or headquarters. Nine hour shifts
mean working nine hours. Any less than that is unacceptable
to the department and the public.
J.A. 39.
Plaintiffs interpret the Maddra memo to mean that officers must
work the full 135 or 144 hours that they are regularly scheduled to
work, unless they take authorized sick, vacation, or administrative
leave, and assert that leaving a shift early may now subject them to
discipline, termination, or a reduction in pay. Hence, they complain,
"[p]laintiffs, who previously were free to leave once their relief
arrived to go home or carry out their personal pursuits without suffer-
ing a loss in pay, no longer have that freedom." J.A. 14.
Although there is some dispute that an actual reduction in pay, as
opposed to disciplinary measures, would be employed should the offi-
cers leave their posts prior to the end of their scheduled shifts, we
assume that plaintiffs' interpretation of the Maddra memo is correct
-- the County requires its police officers to actually work all hours
of their regularly-scheduled shifts and does not allow its officers to
leave work early without authorization. We reject, however, plain-
tiffs' assertion that the Maddra memo, which in our view sets forth
a work-rule which is neither novel nor unreasonable, has effected a
change in their employment relationship with the County so as to ren-
der our decision in Monahan inapplicable to the existing complaint,
or that the memo otherwise renders the County liable under the FLSA
to pay straight time compensation to the officers for all hours worked
in the gap.
II.
We review a district court's decision to grant a motion to dismiss
de novo. See Flood v. New Hanover County, 125 F.3d 249, 251 (4th
6
Cir. 1997). In doing so, we accept the factual allegations of plaintiffs'
complaint as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the
plaintiffs. Id. "We may affirm the district court's dismissal only if it
appears beyond doubt that the [p]laintiffs can prove no set of facts in
support of their claim that would entitle them to relief." Id.
A.
In Monahan, we rejected the County officers' FLSA claim because
the employment agreement between the County and its officers itself
raised no maximum hour or minimum wage violation. We held that:
[f]or there to be an overtime gap time cause of action under
the FLSA, a violation of section 206 or 207 of the Act must
first exist. If the employee has been properly paid at or
above minimum wage for all nonovertime hours under the
terms of the employment agreement and at a proper over-
time rate for all overtime hours, then the employees must
look to contract law for relief concerning any disagreements
about the number of hours for which his or her salary was
intended to compensate. Simply put, if the terms of the
employment agreement do not violate the FLSA, freedom of
contract prevails.
Id. at 1284. Accordingly, we begin with an examination of plaintiffs'
current allegations to determine whether they have now stated a claim
for violation of § 206 (the minimum wage provisions) or § 207 (the
overtime provisions) of the Act.
The County pays its officers an annual salary that converts to a reg-
ular hourly rate well in excess of the statutory minimum wage, a fact
which is undisputed by plaintiffs. In addition, plaintiffs acknowledge
that the County continues to pay them overtime compensation, at the
appropriate rate of one and one-half times their regular hourly rate,
for all hours worked above the applicable 147-hour overtime thresh-
old. Accordingly, there is no allegation of a minimum wage violation
of § 206 of the FLSA and no claim for unpaid overtime compensation
under § 207 of the FLSA. Instead, plaintiffs renew their claim for
overtime gap time compensation under the FLSA, alleging that the
Maddra memo, by prohibiting them from leaving their assigned shifts
7
before the shifts' end, has changed their employment agreement from
one in which the salary is intended to cover all hours worked up to
the overtime threshold (as we concluded in Monahan), to one in
which the salary is intended to cover only those hours that the County
schedules them to work. From this premise, plaintiffs allege that they
are entitled to overtime gap time pay under the provisions of 29
C.F.R. § 778.322 (1998). We disagree.
B.
The FLSA regulations contained at 29 C.F.R. § 778.322 and
§ 778.323 (1998) apply to situations in which there is a reduction in
a workweek schedule with no change in the employee's compensa-
tion. Entitled "[r]educing the fixed workweek for which a salary is
paid," 29 C.F.R. § 778.322 addresses situations in which a workweek
is set at less than the maximum 40-hour week. Plaintiffs rely upon
that portion of the regulation which provides that:
[I]n overtime weeks the Administrator has the duty to insure
the payment of at least one and one-half times the employ-
ee's regular rate of pay for hours worked in excess of 40 and
this overtime compensation cannot be said to have been paid
until all straight time compensation due the employee under
the statute or his employment contract has been paid.
Id. 29 C.F.R. § 778.323, entitled "[e]ffect if salary is for variable
workweek," provides that an employer may instead pay its employees
a set salary intended to compensate them for all hours up to the maxi-
mum hours allowed by the FLSA, regardless of the actual number of
hours worked.
Because we found in Monahan that the County officers' salary was
intended to cover all hours worked up to the 147-hour overtime
threshold, plaintiffs assert that they were employed under a variable
workweek arrangement governed by 29 C.F.R. § 778.323 which, in
turn, prohibited the prior claim for overtime gap time compensation.
Building upon their contention that the Maddra memo changed their
employment agreement such that their salary is now only intended to
cover their regularly scheduled hours, plaintiffs allege that they are
now employed under a "fixed workweek" arrangement governed by
8
29 C.F.R. § 778.322. Consequently, they argue, our decision in
Monahan no longer controls their overtime gap time claim and
§ 778.322 provides a basis for their renewed claim.
While we find plaintiffs' attempt to revive their overtime gap time
claim under the regulations creative, we are unpersuaded for a num-
ber of reasons. First, in Monahan, we rejected the district court's reli-
ance upon 29 C.F.R. § 778.322 to support payment of "gap time"
compensation, finding:
no evidence . . . indicating that the officers were hired for
any fixed hourly "work period" nor . . . any understanding
by the parties that the officers' hours were reduced to
another "fixed" work period. Although [p]laintiffs were reg-
ularly scheduled to work 135 hours during the 24-day cycle,
the hours actually worked more often than not varied above
and below 135 hours. Because there is no evidence that
there was any kind of understanding by the parties to reduce
the terms of employment from one fixed hourly amount to
another fixed hourly amount, this aspect of the interpretation
does not apply.
Id. at 1279 (citation omitted) (footnote omitted). We find nothing in
plaintiffs' current complaint, or in the contents of the Maddra memo
upon which it relies, that would change our opinion concerning the
applicability of this regulation. The Maddra memo informs the offi-
cers that, when they are scheduled to be on-duty for 9 hours, they are
expected to be on-duty for 9 hours. Assuming the allegations of plain-
tiffs' complaint to be true, we find nothing within them or within the
Maddra memo that would reflect an understanding that the officers'
workweek was being reduced from one fixed workweek to another
fixed workweek, nor any understanding or intent to alter the terms of
the employment agreement we recognized in Monahan.
Second, we reject plaintiffs' contention that our decision in
Monahan was dependent upon the fact that the officers at times
worked below their regularly scheduled hours. While we noted in
Monahan that the County officers worked actual hours above and
below those normally scheduled, see id. at 1275, 1279, we in no way
rested our Monahan decision upon the fact that the officers at times
9
worked less than 135 hours in a 24-day work cycle. And we certainly
did not rest that decision upon an explicit or implicit holding that the
County was required to allow its officers to leave their posts early if
they wished to avoid the payment of overtime gap time compensation
under the FLSA.
On the contrary, we had no difficulty reaching the conclusion that
"the [employment] agreement [between the County and its officers]
was that the salary compensated the officers for all hours worked up
to the threshold," regardless of the actual number of hours worked. Id.
at 1278. And we specifically sanctioned the flexible nature of the
County's scheduling process:
The fact that the officers were regularly scheduled for less
than the threshold does not indicate that there was any
agreement not to compensate them for the gap hours, but
instead is more likely indicative of County policy not to
schedule them for all hours for which they were already
being compensated thereby providing a three to twelve hour
buffer per cycle before overtime compensation must be
paid. Payment plans that comply with the FLSA, but yet are
designed with the flexibility inherent to the law enforcement
exemption to explicitly avoid the incurment of overtime
hours are not unlawful.
Id. In summary, we find nothing in the language of the FLSA's regu-
lations supporting the allegations in plaintiffs' complaint. The FLSA
and its regulations mandate a compensation scheme that complies
with the minimum wage and maximum hour provisions, but do not
prohibit the County from scheduling its officers for a minimum num-
ber of shifts or from requiring its officers to actually work all hours
of these assigned shifts.
In the case at hand, the officers have alleged no minimum wage
violation and admit that they are being paid overtime compensation
at an appropriate overtime rate for all hours they work over the over-
time threshold applicable to them. Nor have they stated a viable claim
for overtime gap time compensation under 29 C.F.R. § 778.322. So
long as there is no minimum wage or maximum hour violation, the
County is obviously entitled to require its officers to work their
10
scheduled shifts and to discipline them if they leave their shifts with-
out permission, all without running afoul of the FLSA or its interpre-
tive regulations. Accordingly, we agree that plaintiffs' complaint fails
to state a claim under the FLSA and affirm the district court's dis-
missal of the complaint without prejudice pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6).
Additionally, we reiterate that "[a]ny dispute between these two
parties about the number of hours for which the employees' salary
was intended to compensate them is not cognizable under the FLSA,
but instead should be pursued under state contract law." Id. at 1279-
80. If plaintiffs wish to pursue their claim that, as a result of the Mad-
dra memo, their salary is now only intended to cover their regularly
scheduled hours, they may attempt to do so under state law.
III.
Accordingly, the judgment of the district court dismissing the
plaintiffs' complaint is affirmed.
AFFIRMED
11