*936 Gains resulting from transactions in joint stock land bank bonds issued under the Federal Farm Loan Act held taxable.
*1103 These proceedings, consolidated for hearing and opinion, involve deficiencies in income tax, surtax, and excess-profits tax determined by respondent against the several petitioners as follows:
| Petitioner | Year | Tax | Amount |
| Agricultural Securities Corp | 1934 | Income | 19,785.36 |
| Do | 1934 | Surtax | 28,059.24 |
| Do | 1934 | Excess-profits | 7,194.68 |
| Mary W. Stewart | 1932 | Income | 493.90 |
| A. O. Stewart | 1932 | Income | 493.91 |
There is also involved a penalty in the amount of $7,014.81, determined against the petitioner, Agricultural Securities Corporation, representing 25 percent of the deficiency in surtax determined against that petitioner for the year 1934 and imposed by reason of that petitioner's failure to make and file a return within the time*937 prescribed by law.
These deficiencies resulted from the inclusion in petitioners' gross income of profits resulting to them from the sale and redemption of farm loan bonds issued by joint stock land banks under the provisions of the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916, at a price greater than that paid for them by petitioners. The facts appear from a stipulation of the parties and from exhibits and the testimony of witnesses.
FINDINGS OF FACT.
All of the stipulated facts are found. The following consists of a summary thereof and such additional facts as are found from the evidence:
The petitioners, A. O. Stewart and Mary W. Stewart, are husband and wife, whose principal place of business is 206 Sansome *1104 Street, San Francisco, California. Their income tax returns for the calendar year 1932 were filed with the collector of internal revenue in San Francisco, California. These petitioners filed separate identical returns for that year under the income tax laws, and in accordance with the community property law of the State of California their income was divided equally between them. A. O. Stewart managed all business dealings for the marital community. Both of these*938 petitioners were on a cash basis for the year in question.
Prior to 1932, the taxable year, petitioners A. O. and Mary W. Stewart acquired through purchase certain Federal farm loan bonds of the Kansas City Joint Stock Land Bank, paying therefor $178,500.26. In 1932, pursuant to resolutions of the Federal Farm Loan Board authorizing payment by the receiver of the Kansas City Joint Stock Land Bank of Liquidating dividends to bondholders upon surrender of their bonds, petitioners Stewart surrendered their bonds to the receiver of the bank and were paid by the receiver the sum of $182,028.20. It is the taxability of the gain of $3,527.97, one-half to each of the petitioners Stewart, which is the issue in their petitions.
The petitioner, Agricultural Securities Corporation, is a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Colorado. During 1934 this petitioner had its principal place of business at San Francisco, California. The petitioner A. O. Stewart was then its president and managed its business.
The Agricultural Securities Corporation before March 15, 1935, filed with the collector of internal revenue at San Francisco, its income tax return for the year 1934*939 on form 1120, making a full disclosure therein. Thereafter, on August 5, 1935, it voluntarily filed a return on form 1120H for the same taxable year, this one being filed with the collector of internal revenue for the district of Colorado in Denver, where petitioner's office had been moved.
During the year 1934 the Agricultural Securities Corporation sold Federal farm loan bonds it owned and which had been issued by various joint stock land banks chartered under the provisions of the Federal Farm Loan Act, for a price which exceeded the purchase price by $147,546.78. It is the taxability of this amount which is the principal issue in the Agricultural Securities Corporation case.
All of the bonds in question were purchased as investments in the hope and belief that they would enhance in value. Bonds issued under the Federal Farm Loan Act by joint stock land banks, including the bonds involved in each of the cases here pending, bore on their face the following covenants:
This bond is payable years from date of issue with interest at the rate of per centum per annum, payable semi-annually following date of issue. Both principal and interest are payable in gold or lawful*940 money of the United *1105 States at the office of the issuing Joint Stock Land Bank, or at the office of such fiscal agent or agents as such bank may hereafter designate. This bond is subject to redemption on any interest date after ten years from the date hereof by the payment of the principal of the bond and the unpaid accrued interest.
This bond is issued under authority of the Act of Congress approved July 17, 1916, which provides that, "farm loan bonds issued under the provisions of this Act, shall be deemed and held to be instrumentalities of the Government of the United States, and as such they and the income derived therefrom shall be exempt from Federal, State, municipal and local taxation."
From the time of the passage of the Farm Loan Act in 1916, the Federal Farm Loan Board issued various circulars and bulletins to acquaint the public with the act and with the advantages of Federal farm loan bonds. These circulars contained statements that the bonds and their income were "free from all forms of taxation", including "income tax and all forms of State and municipal tax of every kind and character"; that "this exemption is complete"; that "in addition to the*941 exemption from State, city and local taxation the bonds are free from the normal and additional Federal income tax and need not be included in tax returns"; that these bonds were "exempt from every form of taxation, - Federal, state or local - with the single exception of succession and inheritance taxes"; that people could buy the bonds and "forget about the taxes on them." Petitioner A. O. Stewart, acting for himself and the other petitioners, had seen and studied the above mentioned and other circulars, none of which negatived or restricted the language above quoted. He relied upon the statements in the circulars in making all the purchases, and believed that capital gains arising from transactions in farm loan bonds were exempt from Federal income tax. He regarded the April 3, 1933, General Counsel's memorandum, about to be mentioned, as corroborating this opinion.
On April 3, 1933, the General Counsel of the Bureau of Internal Revenue issued a memorandum, the contents of which correctly appear in petitioners' Exhibit 8. On May 2, 1933, the Federal Farm Loan Board issued a notice, the contents of which correctly appear in petitioners' Exhibit 9. On February 28, 1935, the*942 Assistant General Counsel of the Bureau of Internal Revenue issued a memorandum (No. 14541), the contents of which correctly appear in petitioners' Exhibit 16.
Petitioners relied on the advise of their tax consultant in failing to file a return on form 1120H for the taxable year 1934 when the same was due. The reason for their tax consultant's advice does not appear, but the applicable provisions of the act were new and he was of the opinion that petitioner, Agricultural Securities Corporation, was not a personal holding company, and he had knowledge *1106 that its entire income arose in connection with transactions in joint stock land bank bonds. The failure to file form 1120H was not due to willful neglect, but there was reasonable cause therefor.
OPINION.
OPPER: The precise question to be decided has not previously come before us. Cases somewhat analogous have determined that profit from the disposition of Government bonds is taxable to a nonresident alien, even though the exemption of principal as well as interest was from "any and all taxation", *943
Petitioners rely almost entirely upon the inclusion in the legislation under review of the word "income" as opposed to "interest." They say, in effect, in the able and comprehensive treatment of the subject submitted in their behalf, that since income includes capital gains under the
In this position we are unable to concur. It may be observed first that it is not the word "income" alone but the phrase "income derived therefrom" which we are required to construe.
* * * Because the tax in question is described as an "income tax" and the profits on sales are included in "income", the distinction is not lost between the nature of a tax applied to interest and that of a tax applied to gains from sales. The federal income tax acts cover taxes of different sorts.
The tax * * * [is not] on the obligations of the State or municipality, or on the investment therein, as such * * *. It would be far-fetched to say that such purchases and sales are instrumentalities of the State * * *.
* * *
* * * the tax is not laid upon the contracts made by the State * * *, or upon the amounts payable thereunder, but is laid upon the result of distinct transactions by private owners * * *. 3
*947 The word "income" may well have been used advisedly in the present connection to connote broader forms of receipt than interest without necessarily including therein the concept of capital gains. Dividends, rent, and similar items are income, see
Nor is it by any means clear that even from the investor's standpoint the exemption from capital gains tax would have been*949 an advantageous feature. As Mr. Chief Justice Hughes remarked in
* * * While the tax is laid on gains, there is also a deduction for losses on sales, and whether investors in such securities would consider it an advantage if both provisions were eliminated is a matter of mere speculation.
It follows that the elaborate argument advanced here that Congress must have intended to include these exemptions solely because of its desire to make the securities attractive to purchasers is reduced to the purest conjecture.
In our view, therefore, the assumption that by the use of the phrase "income derived therefrom" Congress necessarily and unmistakably intended to include capital gains may not be indulged. 6 That the term is merely susceptible of such an interpretation will not suffice because other considerations lead to the opposite conclusion. As we said in
An exempting statute such as this one*950 should be strictly construed and the exemption allowed only where founded on plain language [citing cases]. We do not believe that a government, issuing its obligations at par, would have sufficient interest in the purchase and sale of those obligations below par to *1109 provide tax exemption in any case for the profit derived from a purchase velow par and subsequent redemption at par. The benefits, if any, which the government would thus derive would be unreasonably remote.
To the use of the language in
* * * farm loan bonds issued under the provisions of this Act, shall be deemed and held to be instrumentalities of the Government of the United States, and as such they and the income derived therefrom shall be exempt from Federal, State, municipal and local*951 taxation. (Sec. 26.)
The doctrine of
*952 Several further points remain to be considered. It is urged that, regardless of the use of the word "income", the exemption of the bonds themselves is sufficient, at least where sale or redemption took *1110 place at or below par. 9 This contention is sufficiently answered by the decision in
*954 It is further contended that the income is clearly derived from the bonds when they are sold because were it not for the bonds this income could not have arisen. 12 To this contention the same answer may be made. Were it not for the bonds they could not have been *1111 bequeathed by a decedent,
Petitioners urge the legislative and administrative history of the subject as conclusive in their favor. In our view, however, the circumstances advanced to support this contention are far from sufficient. We are referred to no instances of*955 a specific administrative reference to the taxability of capital gains on these securities save three. In all other cases set forth the statements used are in the same general, unspecific language as the statute itself. They are therefore no greater indication of administrative construction than is the wording of the act. The first instance specifically dealing with the question is an unpublished memorandum of the General Counsel of the Bureau of Internal Revenue, dated April 3, 1933, which concludes:
In the instant case, the bonds in question were issued by this taxpayer, and purchased by it at a discount, both under specific authority of the Federal Farm Loan Act. As a result of the purchuase, the taxpayer derived income within the meaning of the Revenue Act of 1928. Kirby Lumber Company v.United States, supra. Under such circumstances, it is the opinion of this office that the income so derived, was derived from the bonds as contemplated by the Federal Farm Loan Act. It is concluded, therefore, that the discount on the taxpayer's own bonds purchased during the taxable year, constitutes exempt income and is, therefore, non-taxable. * * *
* * *
* * * (4) that*956 the discount on the taxpayer's own bonds purchased during the taxable year constitutes exempt income and is, therefore, non-taxable.
This was followed by a circular letter dated May 2, 1933, and addressed by the Federal Farm Loan Bureau "To all Joint Stock Land Banks", in which the statement is made: "Fourth: That the discount on your own bonds purchased during the taxable year constitutes exempt income and is, therefore, non-taxable."
On February 28, 1935, the Assistant General Counsel for the Bureau of Internal Revenue issued a memorandum in which the following appeared:
It does not follow, because a joint stock land bank is exempt from tax upon the income resulting from a purchase of its own bonds, that the profit realized by an individual from a sale of such bonds is not taxable. * * *
For an administrative determination to be so persuasive as to be of assistance in the construction of a statute it must be definitely settled, uniform, and of long standing.
And even if it be assumed that Congress was contemporaneously aware of any such construction, there was in the interim no reenactment or reaffirmance of the original section which could be said to place the stamp of Congressional approval upon the position so taken. Cf.
*1113 Nothing to which we have been referred in the legislative history of section 26 of the Federal Farm Loan Act, save the section just cited, can be said to have any*960 bearing upon the present problem. Here again such statements as appear are so general that they are no more illuminating as to the true meaning of the section than the language of the act itself. As to section 817 itself, if it be assumed that a later Congress may, by legislation not purporting to be retroactive, place a controlling interpretation upon the act of a much earlier Congress, it is still impossible to say that by the Revenue Act of 1938 any such interpretation as that now pressed upon us was made. The reason for the enactment of section 817 clearly appears from the Committee Report: 16 "This section subjects to federal income taxation the capital gain realized by a joint stock land bank on the purchase of its own obligations or of mortgages made by it. * * * Under the Federal Farm Loan Act, however, which governs the taxability of obligations of joint stock land banks, such income is exempt. The Committee is of the opinion that such income ought to be taxed." It will be observed that this explanation limits the purview of the section to the realization of gain by a joint stock land bank on the purchase of its own obligations, the very limitation which was placed upon*961 the 1933 ruling by that made in 1935. And in fact the section as originally introduced was also limited to that subject. The earlier draft appearing as section 816 read: 17
Notwithstanding the provisions of section 26 of the Federal Farm Loan Act, as amended, gain realized on the acquisition by a joint stock land bank of obligations issued by it or mortgages made by it if such obligations or mortgages are made or issued after the date of the enactment of this act shall not be exempt from federal income taxation.
Before final passage the section was amended to take its present form and to cover all profit from the purchase and sale of such bonds, but the reason for the broadening of the language does not appear, and under the circumstances it seems clear that it was merely so enacted with the familiar precautionary regard for the possibility that the exempting statute might later be construed in the way now contended for. This is far from permitting us to assume that it was a legislative*962 construction of the earlier statute broader than that then being asserted by the administrative agency concerned. "The purpose of the variation may be to clarify what was doubtful and so to safeguard against misapprehension as to existing law."
*1114 Finally, it is argued that, regardless of other considerations, respondent is now estopped to contend that the present petitioners are liable for these taxes. It appears that the petitioner Stewart was aware of statements made by officials of the Government, relating to tax exemption of farm loan bonds, that he examined such statements, that he construed them as applying to the present transactions, and that he relied thereon in connection with the purchases undertaken by him. It would seem a complete reply to this contention that, as we have said, the statements referred to are without application to the present situation, and that any error made in so applying them is attributable to petitioners.
To this statement it may be added, however, that ordinarily a representation of law will not support*963 an estoppel,
It does not follow that the petitioner, Agricultural Securities Corporation, is subject to the penalty imposed by section 291 of the Revenue Act of 1934 for failure to file a return. We have found as a fact that the return was actually filed, although not within the time prescribed by law, and that the failure to file it sooner was due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect. Under these circumstances the provision*964 is inapplicable.
Reviewed by the Board.
Decision will be entered under Rule 50.
KERN, dissenting: The principal question involved in these proceedings is whether capital gains resulting from the sale or redemption of bonds issued under the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 constitute income derived from the bonds within the meaning of the provisions of the act which expressly exempt such bonds "and the income derived therefrom" from Federal, state, municipal, and local taxation.
That capital gains constitute income derived from the investment was expressly pointed out by the Supreme Court in
* * * Here we have the essential matter: not a gain accruing to capital, not a growth or increment of value in the investment; but a gain, a profit, something of exchangeable value proceeding from the property, severed from the capital however invested*965 or employed, and coming in, being "derived," that is, received or drawn by the recipient [the taxpayer] for his separate use, benefit, and disposal; that is income derived from property. Nothing else answers the description.
In the latter case the Court, in answering the contention that capital gain did not constitute income, used the following pertinent language:
* * * since the fund here taxed was the amount realized from the sale of the stock in 1917, less the capital investment as determined by the trustee as of March 1, 1913, it is palpable that it was a "gain or profit" "produced by," or "derived from," that investment, and that it "proceeded," and was "severed" or rendered severable, from it, by the sale for cash, and thereby became that "realized gain" which has been repeatedly declared to be taxable income within the meaning of the constitutional amendment and the acts of Congress.
That capital gains do not constitute income derived from the act of sale or conversion of the capital investment was implicit in the decisions by the Supreme Court in the cases of *966
Respondent contends, however, that a dictum of the Supreme Court, contained in its opinion rendered in the case of
*1116 We do not consider that the dictum from
Applying this rule to the facts of the instant case, it is obvious that the income subject to the tax out of which arises the deficiency involved herein is income derived from Federal farm loan bonds, and is, therefore, exempt from taxation pursuant to the express provisions of section 26 of the Federal Farm Loan Act.
It should be borne in mind that we are here called upon to construe an express exemption. The case of
The majority opinion indicates that the case of Willcuts v. Bunn may be considered as authority for the proposition that "there was serious doubt whether the Congress was authorized to exempt these obligations from capital gains taxes of states, localities, and municipalities." It is difficult to understand how the majority opinion reaches this astonishing result, since that case in no way, inferentially *1117 or otherwise, dealt with the question of whether Congress had the power under the Constitution to exempt obligations by specific statutory provision from tax. That case was solely concerned with the question of whether, by reason of our Federal system of Government, there would be, by implication, a prohibition on the power of the United States to levy an income tax on capital gains derived from state bonds. The startling conclusion*970 of the majority opinion that, when Congress expressly exempts from tax capital gains derived from bonds issued under its authority as instrumentalities of the United States, it is granting "an immunity possibly beyond its power" may only be explained by the fact that the conclusion is based upon an erroneous reading of the case of Willcuts v. Bunn.
The conclusion of the majority opinion that the word "income", as used in section 26 of the Farm Loan Act, may have been used in order to include not only interest, but also periodic payments to bondholders by receivers of insolvent banks in liquidation of the principal of such bonds, together with accrued interest (the only claims which the bondholders would have for liquidation), presumes such a naive misconception of legal principles on the part of Congress as to be incredible.
For all of these reasons, I respectfully dissent.
LEECH agrees with this dissent.
BLACK, dissenting: I agree with most of what is said in Member Kern's dissent, but I wish to add some words of my own. I do not think the majority opinion gives sufficient consideration to the fact that what the Supreme Court was deciding in *971
The applicable revenue act which was before the Supreme Court in Willcuts v. Bunn was the Revenue Act of 1924. Section 213(b)(4) of that act reads in part as follows:
(b) The term "gross income" does not include the following items which shall be exempt from taxation under this title: * * *
(4) Interest upon (a) the obligations of a State, Territory or any political subdivision thereof or the District of Columbia: * * *
Manifestly profits derived from the purchase and sale of state and municipal bonds was not interest upon such bonds. Therefore, plainly Congress had not specifically exempted such gains from taxation under section 213(b)(4). The taxpayer in that case was not so contending, but was contending that such profits and gains *1118 were constitutionally immune from taxation. This contention the Supreme Court denied upon the ground that the language contained in section 213(a) of the Revenue Act of 1924 plainly included gains from the*972 purchase and sale of capital assets and was broad enough to include profits from the purchase and sale of state and municipal bonds and that a tax on such gains was not a tax on either the principal or the interest of such bonds and, therefore, there was no constitutional immunity.
In the instant case the specific exemption contained in the Revenue Acts of 1932 and 1934 exempting interest upon bonds issued under the provisions of the Federal Farm Loan Act is exactly the same as the provision we have quoted above from the 1924 Revenue Act exempting interest from municipal and state bonds. So if that were all the specific exemption there is, I would certainly say that Willcuts v. Bunn controls and petitioners should lose. But that is not all.
There is still to be considered section 26 of the Federal Farm Loan Act which reads in part as follows: "Section 26. * * * First mortgages executed to Federal Land Banks or to joint stock land banks and farm loan bonds issued under the provisions of this Act, shall be deemed and held to be instrumentalities of the Government of the United States and as such they and the income derived therefrom shall be exempt from Federal, municipal*973 and local taxation." Section 26 of the Federal Farm Loan Act, although not specifically carried in the Revenue Acts of 1932 and 1934, applicable to the taxable years here in question, was not repealed by any provision in said acts and was in full force and effect in both taxable years. It was not materially altered until section 817 of the Revenue Act of 1938 altered the exemption in a very material manner, but then only as to future bond issues. Therefore, during the two taxable years under consideration we have to construe an exemption which was much broader than a mere interest exemption. It was an exemption which specifically exempted from Federal taxation the "income derived" from Federal farm loan bonds.
It should require no citation of authorities to support the rule that, in construing this language of Congress, Congress will be deemed to have used the words in their plain, ordinarily understood meaning. Can it be plausibly argued that at the time Congress wrote these words into section 26 of the Federal Farm Loan Act it was not commonly and ordinarily understood that the expression "income derived from property" included gains and profits derived from the purchase and*974 sale of property as well as such things as interest and rents derived from the property.
*1119 I don't think it can plausibly be so argued. I will concede that if Congress were now writing such a statute as section 26 of the Federal Farm Loan Act, and used the same language, the construction contended for by respondent would be entirely reasonable in the light of the Supreme Court's decision in Willcuts v. Bunn, but we are construing a statute written in 1916 and not one written in 1939, and it is what Congress meant in 1916 that should control us in the instant case.
The case of
If the exempting statute which we have to construe in the instant case, section 26 of the Farm Loan Act, is no broader than the one present in the De Stuers case, then the Government should undoubtedly win because a tax on the gain derived from the purchase and sale of Federal farm loan bonds is not a tax on the principal of such bonds nor is it a tax upon the interest of such bonds.
But for reasons I have already endeavored to point out, the exemption which we have here to construe is considerably broader than the one which we had in the De Stuers case because an income tax on the profits arising from the purchase and sale of such bonds is a tax on the "income derived therefrom" as that expression was intended to mean when used by Congress in section 26 of the Federal Farm Loan Act. Interest is, of course, income, but it is only one kind of income. As used in the revenue act and the Federal Farm Loan Act, it is the premium paid for the use of money. Income, on the other hand, as used in the same acts, is a generic term, which has a meaning considerably broader than interest and certainly broad*976 enough at the time Congress wrote the act to include gains and profits derived from the purchase and sale of capital assets, including farm loan bonds.
For the reason that I think the majority opinion construes section 26 of the Federal Farm Loan Act more narrowly than Congress intended, I respectfully record my dissent.
LEECH and HARRON agree with this dissent.
Footnotes
1. Federal Farm Loan Act, 39 Stat. 380,
12 U.S.C. 931 :SEC. 26. * * * First mortgages executed to Federal land banks, or to joint stock land banks, and farm loan bonds issued under the provisions of this Act, shall be deemed and held to be instrumentalities of the Government of the United States, and as such they and the income derived therefrom shall be exempt from Federal, State, municipal, and local taxation. ↩
2. * * * "Income may be defined as the gain derived from capital, from labor, or from both combined," provided it be understood to include profit gained through a sale or conversion of capital assets * * *. [Page 207.] ↩
3. The occasion for the foregoing discussion, as set forth in the opening sentence of the paragraph first quoted, is as follows:
"But it does not follow, because a tax on the interest payable on state and municipal bonds is a tax on the bonds and therefore forbidden, that the Congress can not impose a non-discriminatory excise tax upon the profits derived from the sale of such bonds." [Emphasis added.]
This was evidently thought to be necessary in order to distinguish
Pollock v. Farmers Loan & Trust Co.,157 U.S. 429 , where the language used was:"Another question is directly presented by the record as to the validity of the tax levied by the Act upon the income derived from municipal bonds * * *. But we think the same want of power to tax the property or revenues of the states or their instrumentalities exists in relation to a tax on the income from their securities↩ * * *." [Emphasis added.]
4. See "Joint Stock Land Banks, Progress in Liquidation Including Statements of Condition", Report of U.S. Farm Credit Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1938, pages 3, 4, 47-51, e.g., page 48 being statement of condition of Chicago Joint Stock Land Bank In Receivership, wherein the following appears under "Liabilities":
↩Interest on farm loan bonds: Matured interest unpaid at date of receivership $134,955.00 Unmatured interest accrued to date of receivership 747,672.91 Total $882,627.91 Less liquidation dividend 639,905.24 242,722.67 5. The fact that the 1938 Act (sec. 817) limited the term to interest, presumably in the strict sense, is inconsequential, since in the meantime joint stock land banks had been put in course of liquidation, Emergency Farm Mortgage Act of 1933, part 2, 48 Stat. 46,
12 U.S.C. 810 . See footnote 4, supra.↩6. See also
Darby-Lynde Co. v. Alexander, 51 Fed.(2d) 56, 59 ; certiorari denied,284 U.S. 666 ;Lester W. Fritz,28 B.T.A. 408↩ .7. This concept does not appear to have been impaired by later decisions culminating in
Graves v. People of the State of New York ex rel O'Keefe,306 U.S. 466 . Speaking of the possible differences in the two immunities, the Supreme Court there said: "So far as now relevant, those differences have been thought to be traceable to the fact that the Federal Government is one of delegated powers in the exercise of which Congress is supreme; so that every agency which Congress can constitutionally create is a governmental agency." And again: "All the reasons for refusing to imply a constitutional prohibition of Federal income taxation of salaries of State employees, stated at length in the Gerhardt↩ case, are of equal force when immunity is claimed from State income tax on salaries paid by the National Government or its agencies."8. And see
Graves v. New York, supra :↩ "* * * if it appears that there is no ground for implying a constitutional immunity, there is equally a want of any ground for assuming any purpose on the part of Congress to create an immunity."9. "The application of a couple of simple tests should demonstrate this beyond peradventure of doubt.
* * *
"Test Number Two: Recall that it is among the stipulated facts that every penny paid to the taxpayers on the surrender of the Kansas City Joint Stock Land Bank bonds was paid to them under and by virtue of the covenants of the bonds. In other words, every penny paid flowed directly from the bonds." Brief for petitioners, p. 16.
"Again, even if the words "income derived therefrom" are construed to mean "interest" only, still the exemption of the bonds themselves exempts the income involved in all the cases at bar. For a bond is only a promise to pay a cartain amount - a right to receive the face amount thereof. If the bonds themselves are exempt, clearly and moneys received by a bondholder for his bond - up to the amount of its face value - is likewise exempt. Consequently even if we accept respondent's premise that capital gains are not exempt, only that amount received which is in excess of the face amount of the bonds sold or surrendered, is taxable." Reply brief for petitioners, p. 4. ↩
10. See, e.g., footnote 9. ↩
11. "The petitioner however seeks to distinguish this case because the purchased bonds were not sold but were redeemed by the Government, a special qualifying circumstance not present in the above case [
Willcuts v. Bunn, supra ] and not distinct from the contracts made by the Government in the bonds themselves. The return in question, he argues, came 'to the owner of the security according to the provisions of the obligation and without any further transaction on his part' * * *."* * * The profit in this case was not paid as such by the United States, but resulted from purchases at low prices and retention until the bonds were redeemed when worth par. This profit resulted from a combination of several factors, including capital investment and probably some measure of sagacity. If profit results from these factors where there has been both purchase and sale in the ordinary sense, we see no reason to hold otherwise where there has been either an ordinary purchase or an ordinary sale, as where bonds subscribed for and obtained at par are later sold at a premium or where bonds have been purchase at less than the amount at which they are redeemed. In all such transactions capital has been invested. Generally some measure of sagacity has been a factor in the purchase as well as in the sale. The gain may be regarded as 'the creation of capital, industry, and skill' and a tax on it is not on the obligation of the United States." [Pp. 204, 205.] ↩
12. "Test Number One: Eliminate the bonds entirely from the transactions in question and what is there left? Nothing. Without the bonds there could have been no transactions, no gains. The bonds are of the very essence, the proximate cause of the gain." [This is the omitted portion of the quotation in footnote 9, supra.↩ ]
13. SEC. 22. GROSS INCOME.
* * *
(b) EXCLUSIONS FROM GROSS INCOME. - The following items shall not be included in gross income and shall be exempt from taxation under this title:
* * *
(4) TAX-FREE INTEREST. - Interest upon * * * (B) obligations of a corporation organized under Act of Congress, if such corporation is an instrumentality of the United States; * * * ↩
14. Hearings before Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate, 75th Congress, 3d session on H.R. 9682 [Rev. Bill 1938] pp. 641-3. ↩
15. SEC. 817. INCOME FROM OBLIGATIONS AND MORTGAGES ISSUED BY JOINT-STOCK LAND BANKS.
Notwithstanding the provisions of section 26 of the Federal Farm Loan Act, as amended, in the case of mortgages made or obligations issued by any joint-stock land bank after the date of the enactment of this Act, all income, except interest, derived therefrom shall be included in gross income and shall not be exempt from Federal income taxation. ↩
16. Senate Finance Committee Report, Revenue Bill of 1938, 75th Cong., 3d sess., Report No. 1567, p. 47. ↩
17. Sec. 816, H.R. 9682, 75th Cong., 3d sess., Jan. 5 (Calendar day April 5), 1938. ↩
18. E.g., Revenue Act of 1928, sec. 606, as amended by Revenue Act of 1938, sec. 801; Securities Act of 1933, 48 Stat. 85, as amended 48 Stat. 908,
15 U.S.C., sec. 77↩ s.