Bates v. State

Dodge, J.

The first assignment of error is that the evidence did not establish the offense. The charge was of obtaining from H. P. Proctor, as agent, the sum of $1,500 of the money and property of Nicholas Senn. That this charges the obtaining of money specifically there can be no doubt. “The sum of $1,500” to the ordinary intelligence means money. To nothing else is the expression applicable. State v. Ryan, 34 Wash. 597, 603, 76 Pac. 90; Comm. v. Howe, 132 Mass 250. Indeed, if it charged the obtaining of any other property, the information would be bad for lack of any allegation that such property was of value. What, in fact, was accomplished by means of the alleged representations, after inducing Proctor to accede to a loan on account of his principal, Senn, was that Proctor made out and signed two checks in the name of his firm, which he took to the bank, and from the bank obtained two drafts — one for $470.75, payable to tbe order of H. P. Proctor & Son; tbe other for $970, payable to tbe order of tbe Bank of Lansing, Iowa. Tbe first of these Mr. Proctor mailed to one Haggerty, and tbe other be says be sent to one Bascom, bnt probably sent, it to tbe Bank of Lansing, with directions to pay tbe money to Bascom upon delivery of tbe title deeds of tbe land mortgaged. These steps be took upon tbe request of tbe defendant merely that be send $970 of tbe loan money to Mr. Bas-com and tbe balance to Mr. Haggerty, not prescribing tbe method of transmission.

Hpon this state of facts it is, of course, apparent that tbe defendant never did personally obtain from Mr. Proctor any money, and tbe question is whether tbe transaction above described can in any way constitute tbe equivalent for that statutory description of tbe offense with which be is accused.

Tbe gravamen of tbe crime is tbe obtaining of tbe property described, as will be shown by tbe authorities hereinafter cited upon tbe question of the place of tbe crime. This statute, like other criminal statutes, must receive strict construction. State v. Kube, 20 Wis. 217, 225; State v. Black, 75 Wis. 490, 44 N. W. 635; 2 Bishop, New Crim. Law, § 415; People v. Poucher, 30 Hun, 576. This for at least two practical objects: First, that tbe accused may be unambiguously notified of the acts charged, in order to prepare bis defense; and, secondly, to tbe end that in case of either conviction or acquittal be shall not be subject to be again put in jeopardy for tbe same offense for which be has been once tried. In pursuance Avith that view it has been held that tbe proof must establish tbe obtaining of tbe very property alleged in tbe information, or some part of it; that an allegation of obtaining money is not satisfied by proof of obtaining some other property, even so nearly the equivalent of money as evidences of money indebtedness or orders to pay money. Schleisinger v. State, 11 Ohio St. 669; Baker v. State, 31 Ohio St. 314; Comm. v. Howe, 132 Mass. 250; Comm. v. Wood, 142 Mass. 459, 8 N. E. 432; Reg. v. Brady, 26 U. C. Q. B. 13; People v. Haynes, 14 Wend. 546. Other illustrations of the necessity that money, as suck, should actually pass from the hand of the defrauded person to that of the accused in order to support the charge of obtaining money, are numerous. Thus, fraudulently obtaining consent to the entry of a judgment against a city is held not sufficient, although the judgment be afterward paid, and the5 money actually received by accused, without further misrepresentation (Comm. v. Harkins, 128 Mass. 79) ; procuring a pre-exist-ing account to be receipted and balanced (Comm. v. Usner [Pa.] 6 Lanc. Law Rev. 121; Moore v. Comm. 8 Pa. St. 260); or obtaining indorsement of credit on a note (Reg. v. Eagleton, 1 Jur. N. s. 940, 944; State v. Moore, 15 Iowa, 412) ; obtaining -a credit entry to one’s account with his banker (Rex v. Wavell, 1 Moody C. C. 224) ; obtaining transfers of accounts so as to result in a credit to the accused (Reg. v. Crosby, 1 Cox C. C. 10; Jamison v. State, 37 Ark. 445). Obtaining shipping receipt does not support charge of obtaining the goods (People v. Haynes, supra) ; charge of obtaining property not supported by obtaining board and lodging (State v. Black, supra).

The absolutism of the necessity for actual physical tradition from the accuser to the defendant personally was early relaxed to the extent of holding that a delivery to a person designated by the defendant to receive for his benefit would suffice. Reg. v. Jones, 1 Den. C. C. 551; Sandy v. State, 60 Ala. 58; Comm. v. Taylor, 105 Mass. 172; Comm. v. Wood, 142 Mass. 459, 8 N. E. 432; Comm. v. Karpowski, 167 Pa. St. 225, 31 Atl. 572; Comm. v. Schmunk, 22 Super. Ct. (Pa.) 348; S. C. 207 Pa. St. 544, 56 Atl. 1088. This was on the theory that defendant expressly constituted the person so designated his agent, and that by such delivery the property passed out of the title, possession, and control of the accuser and into that of the defendant as completely as if the physical delivery had been to the latter in person. In Comm. v. Karpowski, supra, the Pennsylvania court dispensed with express designation of the recipient and assumed analogy with the rule applicable to mere technical passage of title upon sale of goods by delivery to any public carrier, by raising an implication of agency from general mercantile custom. This analogy was declared false, however, in Oomm. v. Schmunk, supra, and such a delivery held not a consummation of the crime of “obtaining” the property, because the accuser had power to reclaim it at any time before actual delivery to the defendant if he discovered the fraud; hence it liad not been fully obtained from the former by delivery to the carrier. That principle, that so long as the defrauded party retains either title or control over the property the crime of obtaining is not consummated, has general support both in reason and authority. Reg. v. Watson, D. & B. 348 ; State v. Anderson, 47 Iowa, 142; Fenton v. People, 4 Hill) 126; Reg. v. Evans, L. & C. 252; State v. McGinnis, 71 Iowa, 685, 33 N. W. 338; Moore v. Comm., supra; State v. Moore, supra.

Testing the transaction above narrated by these established rules of law, obviously defendant did not obtain by delivery to himself any money, nor, indeed, anything else. If the evidence were sufficient to establish such a direction to Proctor •to deliver drafts or money at the postoffice as to constitute an agency in the officials (of which no opinion is expressed), ■still it would not be until that delivery was made that anything was obtained by defendant or parted with by Proctor. If at any moment prior to that delivery the latter had learned •of the falsity of the representations, and therefore ceased to rely on them, he would at that moment have been in possession of everything which he ever had; he would have parted with nothing, and defendant would have acquired neither to himself nor to any one else anything which Proctor previously had. And if, after learning of the fraud, he persisted in mailing the drafts, bis parting' with them would not have been in reliance on the false pretenses. If, then, we could consider the delivery to the postoffice the point of time at which Proctor parted with something to defendant, there would still be no obtaining of money, but merely of orders to pay money — an entirely different article of property, for the obtaining of which defendant could be prosecuted notwithstanding either a conviction or an acquittal of obtaining money. Comm. v. Coe, 115 Mass. 481. Of this offense defendant is not here charged and cannot be convicted. Very clearly, then, if qnoney was obtained at all by defendant, it was when it was paid to either Haggerty or Bascom by defendant’s direction, through the medium of various intervening steps taken by Proctor to carry out that direction. Whether or not an offense of obtaining a draft or check is-committed, the crime of obtaining money may also be committed when such order is paid. Comm. v. Wood, supra; State v. Palmer, 40 Kan. 474, 20 Pac. 270; Burton v. U. S. 196 U. S. 283, 25 Sup. Ct. 243.

There is no evidence that the Haggerty draft ever was paid, so that may be dismissed from further consideration, for proof of obtaining part of the money or property described will justify conviction. Comm. v. Howe, supra. There is proof that Bascom actually received money by virtue of these transactions. Whether that was accomplished by his cashing a draft payable to him, or by payment to him by the Bank of Lansing upon delivery by him of title deeds, is probably immaterial here, though it might be material on the question whether defendant obtained the draft. The latter is much more probable, for the draft was payable to the bank, and the sending of money to a stranger, merely accompanied by request for title deeds in his possession, would not accord with the ordinary precautions of a careful business man, such as Proctor seems to be. Whichever method was adopted, the payment was made in Iowa. There, for the first time, did any money pass to tbe defendant or to any one for him. Obtaining the money is the crime charged, of which the false pretenses are only the means. By all the authorities the crime is committed and must be prosecuted where the property was. obtained. State v. Shaeffer, 89 Mo. 271, 1 S. W. 293; Connor v. State, 29 Fla. 455, 10 South. 891; Graham v. People, 181 Ill. 477, 55 N. E. 179; Comm. v. Schmunk, supra; 8 Ency. Pl. & Pr. 858; Rex v. Buttery, cited 1 Den. C. C. 551. Neither a conviction nor an acquittal here of the crime of obtaining money in Vernon county, Wisconsin, would be any defense to a prosecution for obtaining this money in Iowa. We are convinced that the evidence, most favorably considered, wholly fails to show that the defendant obtained from Proctor any money in Vernon county, and that the verdict of guilty upon that charge cannot-stand.

Under two of the assignments of error it is claimed that the court admitted evidence and allowed consideration by the jury of certain facts — notably that the defendant overstated the amount he paid for the land — which are claimed to have no relevancy except as bearing upon the value of the premises. In this we can discover no error. The value of the premises was material to be considered by Proctor in deciding whether to part with the money. Counsel seems to confuse the fact of value with defendant’s representations as to that fact. The latter are deemed immaterial because they are mere matter of opinion, and a person to whom they are made has no right to rely thereon. Quite the contrary statements of specific facts, although their effect is to convince the hearer merely of the value of the property which he buys or on which he loans. Comm. v. Wood, 142 Mass. 459, 8 N. E. 432.

It is claimed that the court, in instructing the jury, after they had gone into consultation, as to the representations which they must find in order to convict, omitted all the qualifications, including that of materiality. We do not think this error well assigned, for the court’s statement was merely that, •if they found any one of the alleged false pretenses, that ■would suffice, with, the qualifications given in the original ■charge. We do not think the jury were misled from their previous information that the misrepresentation must have •been material.

Eeference to H. P. Proctor as the agent of Nicholas Senn is complained of, but without reason, for the testimony of Proctor that he was such agent was wholly uncontradicted.

Further error is assigned on the contention that the ver•dict is not specific, being general, while there are four counts; two charging that the money was obtained from H. P. Proctor, and two that it was obtained from H. P. Proctor & Son. This objection might be serious if all four counts were good, for an allegation of obtaining money from one person is ordinarily inconsistent with obtaining it from another; but we .are convinced that the two counts which charge that it was ■obtained from H. P. Proctor & Son are bad in failing to ■specify any person who was deceived or from whom the money was obtained. The words “IT. P. Proctor & Son” mean nobody. Of themselves they exclude the idea of an individual, and suggest either a corporation, which would be a legal person, or a firm or copartnership, which is not a legal person. To make such counts good it should have been charged that the representations were made to, and the money obtained from, the persons who composed that firm, although the allegation that they were copartners might have been proper to

■establish the agency of the one person with whom the transaction was had. People v. Fish, 4 Parker, Crim. R. (N. Y.) 206; State v. Woodson, 5 Humph. 55; Burd v. State, 39 Tex. 509; State v. McChesney, 90 Mo. 120, 1 S. W. 841. A general verdict of guilty will ordinarily be ascribed to the good counts, nothing appearing in instructions or otherwise to indicate probability that it was addressed to bad counts. State v. Kube, 20 Wis. 238. In this case the counts referring to H. P. Proctox & Sou were practically eliminated by undisputed proof and by instruction that H. P. Proctor was the-agent of Senn.

No other assignments of error seem to demand consideration. That first discussed necessitates a new trial.

By the Court.- — Order denying motion for a new trial reversed, and cause remanded with directions to grant that motion.