J-A14041-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
B.I.D., IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
A.M.,
Appellee No. 3591 EDA 2016
Appeal from the Order Entered October 17, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Northampton County
Civil Division at No(s): C-48-CV-2015-5404
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., BOWES and SHOGAN, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 01, 2017
B.I.D. (“Mother”) appeals pro se from the order entered October 17,
2016, denying her motion requesting permission to relocate from North
Catasauqua, Northampton County, Pennsylvania, to Greensboro, North
Carolina, with her minor daughter, S.A.M. (“Child”) (born in December of
2012). After careful review, we affirm.1
Mother and A.M. (“Father”) are the biological parents of Child, and
were never married. Mother lives in Northampton County, Pennsylvania,
____________________________________________
1
A separate panel of this Court will address two appeals filed by Mother’s
prior counsel, Attorney Joseph P. Maher, from the trial court’s orders holding
him in contempt of court, and imposing two separate $500 fines for his
contempt (Docket Nos. 1851 EDA 2016 and 3829 EDA 2016 (consolidated)).
Also of note is the fact that Mother had other appeals previously pending.
The records in Mother’s and Attorney Maher’s appeals are inextricably
intertwined.
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and Father lives in Springfield, Massachusetts. On November 19, 2015, the
trial court entered the first formal custody order between the parties,
awarding the parties shared legal custody, Mother primary physical custody,
and Father partial physical custody. Numerous temporary orders have been
entered since the first, each providing specific dates for Father’s periods of
partial custody.
On April 18, 2016, Mother served Father with her notice of relocation.
On May 6, 2016, Father filed a counter-affidavit to Mother’s notice of
proposed relocation to North Carolina with Child, objecting to the proposed
move.2 On July 11, 2016, Father filed a counter-petition for modification of
the existing custody order. On July 13, 2016, Mother filed her notice of
proposed relocation.
The trial court held hearings on Mother’s relocation petition on July 13,
August 15, and August 19, 2016. On October 17, 2016, the trial court
entered an order denying Mother’s petition for relocation. The trial court
issued findings of fact in its October 17, 2016 opinion, the most relevant of
which we reproduce here:3
____________________________________________
2
Mother’s notice of proposed relocation was not entered on the trial court’s
docket prior to the entry of Father’s response.
3
We refer the reader to the October 17, 2016 opinion for the trial court’s full
findings of fact.
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FINDINGS OF FACT
A. Background
1. The parties are the biological parents of [Child].
2. Mother resides in North Catasauqua, Northampton County,
Pennsylvania.
3. [Father] resides in Springfield, Hampden County,
Massachusetts, approximately four hours from Mother’s home by
car.
4. The parties met while vacationing in January 2011 in Las
Vegas, Nevada and soon began a long-distance relationship.
5. The parties saw each other regularly[,] with Father typically
driving to Pennsylvania.
6. Mother became pregnant with [Child][,] upon telling Father,
Father was initially unhappy.
7. Father came to accept Mother’s pregnancy and continued his
relationship with Mother, visiting regularly.
8. Father accompanied Mother to some of her doctor
appointments during the pregnancy.
9. During Mother’s pregnancy, Mother filed a PFA [petition for
protection from abuse] against Father, but a permanent PFA
[order] was not granted.
10. Father attended [Child’s] birth and stayed in Pennsylvania
for the first five days of [Child’s] life.
11. Thereafter, [Child] remained with Mother, and Father visited
approximately every two to four weeks, staying for three days at
a time.
12. Both parties cared for [Child].
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13. Although Mother testified that she had to teach Father how
to change diapers and feed and bathe [Child], we find Father
credible when he testified that he already knew how to perform
these types of tasks. Father testified that he had experience
caring for young relatives and took a ten-week parenting class in
Massachusetts.
14. Father also helped care for [V.D.], Mother’s now eleven-
year-old daughter from a previous marriage.
15. On one or more occasions, Mother brought [Child] to
Massachusetts so that Father’s family could spend time with
[Child].
16. In 2014, Mother sought to move to Massachusetts with
[Child] and [V.D.] but ultimately did not relocate because a
Lehigh County judge denied Mother’s request to relocate as it
relate[d] to [V.D.].
B. Relations between the parties after ending their
relationship
17. The parties ended their romantic relationship during the
winter of 2015.
18. Father continued to travel to Pennsylvania to see [Child],
visiting multiple times per month.
19. When Father visited Pennsylvania, he often stayed at
Mother’s home.
20. Mother sought to obtain a PFA [order] against Father in June
2015, but this PFA [petition] was ultimately denied.
21. Following this incident, Father stayed at Mother’s home
twice, and on other occasions, Father was permitted to stay in a
trailer located on Mother’s property.
22. On one occasion, Mother asked Father if he could pick [Child]
up later because Mother wanted to do an activity with [Child]
and [V.D.] Father agreed, but Mother later refused to meet him
nearby in Easton to lessen his travel time.
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23. On November 19, 2015, the first formal custody order
between the parties was entered by the Honorable Stephen G.
Baratta.
24. Judge Baratta’s Order provided specific dates for Father’s
periods of partial custody, which mirror Father’s days off from
work.
25. Numerous temporary orders have been entered since the
first, each providing specific dates for Father’s periods of partial
custody.
26. Since the first custody Order, Father has had visitation
approximately every other week for a period of three days at a
time.
27. Father exercises or attempts to exercise every period of
partial custody.
28. Beginning in December 2015, Father began to exercise
overnight visits with [Child], which took place at a motel close to
Mother’s home.
29. In March 2016, Father traveled to Mother’s home to take
[Child] for his scheduled period of partial custody, and Mother
would not allow [Child] to leave. Mother told Father that she
was taking [Child] to a babysitter’s home, and consequently,
Father returned to Massachusetts without having any custodial
time with [Child].
30. Pursuant to a subsequent Order also entered by Judge
Baratta and dated April 18, 2016, Father may exercise his
visitation in Massachusetts.
31. On Father’s Day 2016, Mother offered to drive [Child] to
Father in Massachusetts. Mother testified that when she was
about one hour from Father’s home, he told her that he had
other plans and was not be [sic] available to see [Child]. Father
testified that it was Mother who cancelled the visit and that he
was available to see [Child]. We resolve credibility in favor of
Father regarding this incident.
32. At the Non-Jury Trial, Mother admitted that on Father’s Day
2016, she, instead, drove to Mohegan Sun, a casino resort
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approximately one hour from Father’s home. With her were
[Child] and [V.D.]
33. On another occasion, Mother told Father that she was
bringing [Child] to Father in Massachusetts but never arrived.
34. Mother routinely does not allow Father to pick [Child] up
from daycare, and Mother listed [Child’s] emergency contact as
Joseph Maher, Esquire (“Attorney Maher”), Mother’s former
attorney and [V.D.’s] godfather as of approximately six months
ago.
35. Mother sends Father texts containing derogatory language.
***
40. Mother has cursed at Father in front of [Child].
***
C. Mother’s Background
44. Mother was born in New Jersey but spent time in Puerto Rico
as a child.
45. Mother’s mother resides in New Jersey.
46. Most of Mother’s family continues to reside in Puerto Rico.
47. Mother attended Cedar Crest College in Allentown,
Pennsylvania[,] and has an associate’s degree in engineering
and a bachelor’s degree in psychology.
48. After graduating from Cedar Crest College in 2004, Mother
continued to reside in the Lehigh Valley.
49. Mother also enrolled at Lehigh Carbon Community College
(“LCCC”) in Schnecksville, Pennsylvania[,] in their accounting
and paralegal school but withdrew the first day of classes and
has not completed courses at LCCC.
50. In 2005, Mother married her now ex-husband.
51. Mother and her ex-husband had one child, [V.D.].
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52. After the birth of her first child, Mother worked part-time and
cared for [V.D.].
53. Mother and her ex-husband separated in 2009 and finalized
their divorce in 2011.
54. Mother had primary custody of [V.D.], but Mother’s ex-
husband had significant periods of partial custody.
55. Mother receives approximately $1,100.00 in monthly child
support from her ex-husband.
56. Mother lives in North Catasauqua in a home deeded to both
herself and her ex-husband, but Mother has exclusive possession
of the home, as per a property settlement agreement.
57. According to her 2015 tax returns, Mother earned
$1,760.00, including unemployment, and worked for two months
in a temporary position.
58. Mother currently works for a car dealership in an accounting
position and earns approximately eleven or twelve dollars per
hour.
59. Mother testified to the following monthly expenses:
a. $1,400.00 in mortgage payment;
b. $440.00 car payment;
c. $118.00 motorcycle payment;
d. $620.00 childcare;
e. $500.00 food; and
f. Additional expenses for utilities, gas, medications, etc.
***
D. Father’s Background
70. Father owns a home in Springfield, Massachusetts[,] and has
owned and lived in said home since 2006.
71. Father has no other children.
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72. Father has worked for the Connecticut Department of
Corrections for twelve years and currently works at the Enfield
Correctional Institute in Enfield, Connecticut.
73. Father earns approximately $69,000.00 per year.
74. Father’s family, including his parents, siblings, and cousins,
live in Springfield, Connecticut. [sic]
75. Father’s parents have visited Pennsylvania to see [Child] and
were in Pennsylvania in June 2016 to attend [Child’s] dance
recital.
E. Psychological Evaluation and Violence Risk
Assessment of Mother
76. On April 29, 2016, the Honorable Jennifer R. Sletvold
entered an Order requiring Mother to submit to a psychological
evaluation and risk assessment.
77. Frank M. Dattilio, Ph.D., ABPP (“Dr. Dattilio”), submitted his
Psychological Evaluation and Violence Risk Assessment to this
[c]ourt on September 12, 2016.
78. Dr. Dattilio concluded that Mother is prone to poor impulse
control, hostility, and some aggression, rendering her a low to
moderate risk for aggressive behavior, but Dr. Dattilio also
concluded that Mother is not a serious danger to herself or
others.
***
F. Relocation
86. Mother seeks relocation to Greensboro, North Carolina[,] for
family, financial, and medical reasons.
87. Mother does not have family in Pennsylvania but her cousin
recently moved from Puerto Rico to North Carolina.
88. [Mother’s] cousin’s wife, [R.C.], and her cousins’ [sic] child
will also soon move from Puerto Rico to North Carolina.
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89. Mother’s cousins will live approximately ten or fifteen
minutes away from Greensboro, but at the Non-Jury Trial,
Mother could not recall their address.
90. Mother’s ex-husband has an aunt and uncle who live two
hours from Greensboro[,] but it is unclear if they have a
relationship with Mother.
91. [(“S.”)], Mother’s step-father who testified by phone, lives in
Puerto Rico and testified that he would visit once or twice each
year if Mother moved to North Carolina.
92. Mother has visited [S.] in Puerto Rico, and [S.] last visited
Pennsylvania approximately three or more years ago.
93. [S.], who has health concerns, cannot frequently travel to
Pennsylvania because of the colder weather but would be able to
travel to North Carolina with more frequency.
94. [S.] is on social security and could stay for up to a month at
a time during each visit.
95. As a caretaker for his disabled adult brother, [S.] must bring
his brother along to any visits to North Carolina.
96. The length of [S.’s] visits would depend on the health of [S.]
and his brother.
97. Mother has not secured a job in North Carolina but
represents that she can find a job there using the same
employment agency she uses in Pennsylvania.
98. Mother expects to make approximately fifteen or sixteen
dollars per hour, slightly more than her Pennsylvania wage.
99. Mother plans to work part-time at first before transitioning
into a fulltime position.
100. Mother also plans on continuing her education. Specifically,
she intends on complet[ing] her paralegal and/or accounting
degrees.
101. Mother visited North Carolina multiple times within the past
year and visited in May 2016 with [V.D.].
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102. While visiting North Carolina, Mother explored the area,
local schools, and housing.
103. Mother found that the taxes and rent are cheaper in North
Carolina than they are in Pennsylvania.
104. The weather in North Carolina is also conducive to Mother’s
ailments, such as back pain.
105. Mother’s ex-husband owns a time share in Myrtle Beach,
South Carolina[,] and [Mother] has been considering moving to
North Carolina since her ex-husband purchased the time share in
2007.
106. Under a property settlement agreement with her ex-
husband, Mother can use the time share property with her ex-
husband’s permission.
107. Mother proposes certain solutions to alleviate the burden
Mother’s relocation may pose to Father:
a. Father could relocate to a closer correctional facility or
find cheaper housing.
b. The drive from North Carolina to Massachusetts is
approximately eleven hours, and Mother could help
provide transportation but will not drive halfway.
c. Father could have substantial periods of custody during
the summers.
108. Father opposes Mother’s Notice of Proposed Relocation for
the following primary reasons:
a. Mother’s proposed custody schedule does not coincide
with his work schedule.
b. Father and Father’s parents cannot afford to travel
regularly to North Carolina, and therefore, they could no
longer attend events such as dance recitals if [Child] is in
North Carolina.
c. It would hinder his relationship with [Child].
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Trial Court Opinion, 10/17/16, at 1-16.
On November 8, 2016, Mother filed a motion for reconsideration of the
trial court’s October 17, 2016 order. On November 10, 2016, the trial court
denied Mother’s motion for reconsideration. On November 16, 2016,
Mother, acting pro se, filed a timely notice of appeal.4 In an order entered
November 16, 2016, the trial court directed Mother to file a concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a)(2)(i) and (b) within twenty-one days. Mother filed her Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b) statement on December 2, 2016.5 See In re K.T.E.L., 983 A.2d
____________________________________________
4
Nothing in our rules precludes Mother from filing both a motion for
reconsideration and a notice of appeal. It often is prudent for a litigant to
file both; if the trial court does not expressly grant the motion for
reconsideration within the thirty day appeal period, the litigant will lose the
right to appeal. Pa.R.A.P. 1701; Orfield v. Weindel, 52 A.3d 275, 277 (Pa.
Super. 2012).
5
We further note that on November 23, 2016, Mother filed a “motion to
dismiss custody,” seeking to dismiss Father’s counter-petition for
modification of the custody order filed on July 11, 2016. In an order entered
December 13, 2016, the trial court denied Mother’s motion to dismiss.
Subsequently, Mother, acting pro se, filed an appeal, assigned Docket No.
543 EDA 2017, from the trial court’s order denying her motion to dismiss
Father’s counter-petition for custody modification. On February 15, 2017,
this Court sua sponte quashed the appeal at Docket No. 543, as taken from
an interlocutory order because the trial court indicated in its opinion that it
had scheduled a hearing on Father’s petition for custody/modification to
occur on March 13, 2017. Further, on February 17, 2017, we denied
Mother’s motion for reconsideration of our February 15, 2017 order, and
denied her other related motions, noting Mother’s dilatory conduct in
attempting to delay the custody hearing scheduled for March 13, 2017, and
prohibiting Mother from submitting any additional filings for relief without
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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745, 747-748 (Pa. Super. 2009) (finding that the appellant’s failure to
simultaneously file a Rule 1925(b) Statement in a children’s fast track case
did not result in waiver of all issues for appeal where the appellant later filed
the Statement, and there was no allegation of prejudice from the late filing).
The trial court filed an opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) on December
7, 2016.6
On appeal, Mother presents the following issues:
1. Did Father commit perjury or make false statements during
one or all of the day [sic] of the Relocation hearing? [Issue 4 in
Concise Statement]
2. Whether there is substantial evidence that was not falsified by
the Father that would warrant the [d]enying of Mother’s
relocation? [Issue 6 in Concise Statement]
3. Whether the fact that the Father choses [sic] to remain in
Massachusetts and not relocate closer to the child in
Pennsylvania, [sic] should count against him?
4. Whether substantial evidence supports that the [c]ourt should
have held less weight to Fathers [sic] counter [sic] for Denying
Mother’s Relocation when he himself does not reside in
Pennsylvania?
5. Whether Mother provided a reasonable alternative to visitation
with the minor child, who will be of school age soon, to Father
for the continuance of a relationship?
Sub Issues; [sic]
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
prior permission from the trial court. It bears repeating that the custody
matter is not presently before us.
6
In an order entered December 22, 2016, Mother’s petition for leave to
proceed in forma pauperis was granted as to filing fees only.
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6. IF [sic] Father committed perjury2 or false statements does
should [sic] it be remanded for retrial?
2
On January 3, 2017 Mother filed a Motion for
Contempt and Sanction against the Father,[sic] it
was scheduled for a non-jury hearing for January
13, 2017, and however [sic] Hon. Judge Murray
DENIED the Motion on January 4, 2017.
7. IF [sic] the Fathers [sic] lack of interest in relocating himself
to co-parent more effectively then what weight or bearings upon
the Court does it have when Mother must relocate due to the
sale of her home[?]
8. IF [sic] Father is violating Mother’s right to the pursuit of
liberty and happiness for herself and the children, under the
14th Amendment[?]
9. If more weight should be given to the Mother who has always
seen to the best interest of the child?
10. Are there available realistic alternative arrangements for
substitute partial custody or visitation and will such
arrangements adequately foster an ongoing relationship between
the child and the noncustodial parent?
11. Did the trial [c]ourt err in not requiring Father to have a
Forensic psychological evaluation based on his passed [sic]
abuse of Mother?
12. Is the trail [sic] [c]ourt granting “preferential treatment”3 to
an [sic] Attorney Kollet that he formally rented space and
treating Mother who is a Pro Se Litigant with unfavorably for
challenging the Courts [sic] actions in all her Motions?
3
On January 3, 2017 Mother filed a Motion to Recuse
Judge Samuel P. Murray and Attorney Catherine
Lake Kollet after she had learned from a third party
of a business relationship, sharing of an office[,] and
on the record on January 4, 2017, Hon. Samuel
Murray admitted that Kollet had been to his house at
least on one occasion that he recalls.
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Mother’s Brief at 7-8 (footnotes in original).
We first note that although Mother presented twelve issues, inclusive
of her “sub issues,” in her brief, we find that only issues one and two are
preserved because those are the only issues that Mother also set forth in her
concise statement.7 Hess v. Fox Rothschild, LLP, 925 A.2d 798, 803 (Pa.
Super. 2007) (“any issue not raised in an appellant’s Rule 1925(b)
statement will be deemed waived for purposes of appellate review.”).
Moreover, although we recognize that Mother is proceeding pro se, this
does not protect her from a finding of waiver. It is well established that
[w]hile this [C]ourt is willing to liberally construe materials filed
by a pro se litigant, . . . [such litigant] is not entitled to any
particular advantage because he lacks legal training. Further,
any layperson choosing to represent himself in a legal
proceeding must, to some reasonable extent, assume the risk
that his lack of expertise and legal training will prove his
undoing.
Rich v. Acrivos, 815 A.2d 1106, 1108 (Pa. Super. 2003) (internal citations
and quotation marks omitted).
In her first issue, Mother argues that Father “commit[ted] perjury or
ma[d]e false statements during one or all of the day of the Relocation
hearing.” Mother’s Brief at 7. Despite raising this issue in her statement of
____________________________________________
7
We further note that Mother’s brief is not divided into sections in support of
her various claims as required by Pa.R.A.P. 2119. We could also find waiver
of her first two claims on this basis. For purposes of judicial economy,
however, to the extent we are able to discern Mother’s arguments we shall
address them.
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questions presented, Mother fails to develop this claim in her brief.
“Arguments which are not appropriately developed are waived. Arguments
not appropriately developed include those where the party has failed to cite
any authority in support of a contention.” R.L.P. v. R.F.M., 110 A.3d 201,
208-209 (Pa. Super. 2015). Moreover, we note that as a reviewing Court,
we defer to the credibility determinations made by the trial court judge.
C.R.F. v. S.E.F., 45 A.3d 441, 443 (Pa. Super. 2012). Thus, Mother’s first
issue merits no relief.
In her second issue, Mother appears to be arguing that the trial court
erred in denying her motion to relocate. Mother’s Brief at 7.8 Specifically,
Mother asserts that although the Child Custody Act, 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 5321-
5340, has altered the custody and relocation analyses, the Gruber9 case law
analysis remains, as well as the best-interests analysis in a custody
determination. Id. at 13-14. Accordingly, Mother maintains that the trial
court erred in not considering all of the Gruber analysis and relocation
factors. Id. at 14. Additionally, Mother argues that the trial court’s order
was not supported by substantial evidence concerning the “best interest” of
____________________________________________
8
We note that Mother’s second issue as presented in her statement of
questions, while inartfully pled, when read in conjunction with the remainder
of her brief appears to present the argument that the trial court abused its
discretion in denying her petition to relocate. To this extent, we shall
address Mother’s second issue.
9
Gruber v. Gruber, 583 A.2d 434, 439 (Pa. Super. 1990).
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Child. Id. at 18. Mother asserts that the factors weigh in her favor, and
that the court must heavily weigh the bond between Mother and Child
because Mother has been Child’s primary caregiver, and Mother chose to
keep Child despite Father’s initial position that Child be aborted. Id. at 18-
20.
The relevant scope and standard of review are as follows:
The appellate court is not bound by the
deductions or inferences made by the trial court from
its findings of fact, nor must the reviewing court
accept a finding that has no competent evidence to
support it.... However, this broad scope of review
does not vest in the reviewing court the duty or the
privilege of making its own independent
determination.... Thus, an appellate court is
empowered to determine whether the trial court’s
incontrovertible factual findings support its factual
conclusions, but it may not interfere with those
conclusions unless they are unreasonable in view of
the trial court’s factual findings; and thus, represent
a gross abuse of discretion.
R.M.G., Jr. v. F.M.G., 986 A.2d 1234, 1237 (Pa.Super.2009)
(quoting Bovard v. Baker, 775 A.2d 835, 838
(Pa.Super.2001)). Moreover,
On issues of credibility and weight of the evidence,
we defer to the findings of the trial court who has
had the opportunity to observe the proceedings and
demeanor of the witnesses.
The parties cannot dictate the amount of weight the
trial court places on evidence. Rather, the
paramount concern of the trial court is the best
interest of the child. Appellate interference is
unwarranted if the trial court’s consideration of the
best interest of the child was careful and thorough,
and we are unable to find any abuse of discretion.
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R.M.G., Jr., supra at 1237 (internal citations omitted). The test
is whether the evidence of record supports the trial court’s
conclusions. Ketterer v. Seifert, 902 A.2d 533, 539
(Pa.Super.2006).
A.V. v. S.T., 87 A.3d 818, 820 (Pa. Super. 2014).
Where a request for relocation of a parent and the subject child is
involved, the trial court must consider the following ten relocation factors set
forth within Section 5337(h) of the Act:
(h) Relocation factors.--In determining whether to grant a
proposed relocation, the court shall consider the following
factors, giving weighted consideration to those factors which
affect the safety of the child:
(1) The nature, quality, extent of involvement and
duration of the child’s relationship with the party
proposing to relocate and with the nonrelocating party,
siblings and other significant persons in the child’s life.
(2) The age, developmental stage, needs of the child and
the likely impact the relocation will have on the child’s
physical, educational and emotional development, taking
into consideration any special needs of the child.
(3) The feasibility of preserving the relationship between
the nonrelocating party and the child through suitable
custody arrangements, considering the logistics and
financial circumstances of the parties.
(4) The child’s preference, taking into consideration the
age and maturity of the child.
(5) Whether there is an established pattern of conduct of
either party to promote or thwart the relationship of the
child and the other party.
(6) Whether the relocation will enhance the general
quality of life for the party seeking the relocation,
including, but not limited to, financial or emotional benefit
or educational opportunity.
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(7) Whether the relocation will enhance the general
quality of life for the child, including, but not limited to,
financial or emotional benefit or educational opportunity.
(8) The reasons and motivation of each party for seeking
or opposing the relocation.
(9) The present and past abuse committed by a party or
member of the party’s household and whether there is a
continued risk of harm to the child or an abused party.
(10) Any other factor affecting the best interest of the
child.
23 Pa.C.S. § 5337(h). See E.D. v. M.P., 33 A.3d 73, 81-82 (Pa. Super.
2011) (“Section 5337(h) mandates that the trial court shall consider all of
the factors listed therein, giving weighted consideration to those factors
affecting the safety of the child”) (emphasis in original). See also D.K. v.
S.P.K., 102 A.3d 467, 477-478 (Pa. Super. 2014) (holding that trial court is
to consider the Section 5337(h) factors where a parent is seeking permission
to relocate with child). Additionally, Section 5337(i) provides that the “party
proposing the relocation has the burden of establishing that the relocation
will serve the best interest of the child as shown under the factors set forth
in subsection (h),” and that each party “has the burden of establishing the
integrity of that party’s motives in either seeking relocation or seeking to
prevent the relocation.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5337(i).
We first note that Mother’s argument that the trial court erred in failing
to use the Gruber analysis is without merit. This Court has held the
following with regard to the previously used Gruber analysis:
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Under prior practice, trial courts considered relocation requests
based upon the three-factor test set forth in Gruber v. Gruber,
400 Pa.Super. 174, 583 A.2d 434, 439 (1990). Under the Child
Custody Act, however, trial courts must consider the ten factors
listed in subsection 5337(h). In particular, while the Gruber
test required consideration generally of the “potential
advantages of the proposed move and the likelihood that the
move would substantially improve the quality of life for the
custodial parent and the children,” Gruber, 583 A.2d at 439,
subsection 5337(h) sets forth a number of specific factors
intended to isolate and focus this important inquiry.
E.D., 33 A.3d at 79. Because Mother’s petition for relocation was filed after
January 24, 2011, the Child Custody Act applies.10 Accordingly, the trial
court properly applied the relocation factors under the Child Custody Act
pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 5337(h).
The trial court addressed the ten relocation factors, as follows.
A. Relocation Factors
(1) The nature, quality, extent of involvement and
duration of the child’s relationship with the party
proposing to relocate and with the nonrelocating party,
siblings and other significant persons in the child’s life.
Both parties have substantial roles in [Child’s] life.
Although [Child] has primarily lived with Mother since birth,
Father consistently exercises his periods of partial custody and
sees [Child] approximately every other week for about three
days at a time. Father also has visited Pennsylvania to attend
[Child’s] events, such as dance recitals and birthday parties.
[Child] also has a half-sister, [V.D.], who currently resides
with Mother’s ex-husband in Pennsylvania. [Child] and [V.D.]
____________________________________________
10
See E.D., 33 A.3d at 78-79 (explaining that the Child Custody Act applies
to all matters relating to child custody, including relocation, after the Act’s
effective date of January 24, 2011.).
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have a healthy sibling relationship, and for most of [Child’s] life,
[V.D.] also resided in Mother’s home. It is unclear whether
[V.D.] could relocate with Mother given that [V.D.’s] father also
lives in Pennsylvania and currently holds primary custody of
[V.D.]. Most of Mother’s family reside in Puerto Rico, and
although [Child] has visited Puerto Rico, she clearly sees those
family members with less frequency.
Father’s extended family, including his parents, aunts and
uncles, and cousins, all live close to Father’s home in
Massachusetts. When Father exercises his partial custody with
[Child] in Massachusetts, [Child] frequently sees Father’s
extended family. On multiple occasions, [Child’s] paternal
grandparents have traveled to Pennsylvania to see [Child].
Accordingly, we find that this factor favors both parties for
their consistent support of [Child]; however, as this factor
relates to extended family members, we find that it favors
Father.
(2) The age, developmental stage, needs of the child and
the likely impact the relocation will have on the child’s
physical, educational and emotional development, taking
into consideration any special needs of the child.
[Child] is only three years old, and thus, she has not yet
started kindergarten. Further, the parties report no special
needs of [Child]. Given her young age, [Child] could likely
relocate without great impact. However, because Mother’s
proposed relocation would mean [Child] would likely have less
contact with Father, this effect will likely negatively impact
[Child’s] emotional development. For this reason, this factor
slightly favors Father.
(3) The feasibility of preserving the relationship between
the nonrelocating party and the child through suitable
custody arrangements, considering the logistics and
financial circumstances of the parties.
If Mother’s request to relocate were granted, [Child] would
live approximately eleven hours from Father. While Father
presently lives four hours from [Child], he is still able to see her
with frequency and for a few days at a time. It is plainly not
feasible that Father’s relationship with [Child] and a suitable
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custodial arrangement could be preserved if Mother were to
relocate with [Child].
We base our conclusion on a number of Father’s
representations. The financial burden on Father would greatly
increase, and he and his family could not make short trips to see
[Child] for birthdays and dance recitals. Because the distance
between the parties would more than double, much of Father’s
visitation would be spent driving even if Father exercised his
visitation out of a hotel in North Carolina.
Further, Mother proposes many suggestions to help make
relocation more feasible for Father, but this Court finds these
proposals unrealistic. First, Mother suggests that Father find
new employment at a closer correctional facility. The proposition
that Father could move closer to Mother undermines Mother’s
credibility in making her request to relocate.
Second, Mother suggests that Father find cheaper housing
to, presumably, have more resources to travel to North Carolina.
Expecting that Father also move to make Mother’s proposed
relocation more convenient is impractical. This Court does not
anticipate that Father would sell his home of more than ten
years and move to a different state because of Mother’s request
to relocate.
Third, Mother plans to help in the transportation.
However, Mother testified that she could drive three and a half
to five hours, less than half of the eleven[-]hour drive to
Massachusetts. Further, the parties are currently four hours
away by car, but Mother has been inflexible and unreliable in
assisting Father with transportation. Notably, during the course
of the Non-Jury Trial, Mother agreed to help Father transport the
[c]hild to Massachusetts for his next period of partial custody.
On the record, the parties agreed on a location for the exchange
with Mother’s pick up and drop off point closer to home than
Father’s. On the date of the exchange, Mother sent her “driver,”
a twenty-year-old stranger[,] to Father and [Child], and claimed
that she could not bring [Child] to the exchange point because of
work. This [c]ourt has no confidence that Mother could
consistently help transport [Child] when the parties live farther
apart.
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Fourth, although Mother proposed that Father have more
extensive periods of custody during [Child’s] summers, visitation
during what will soon be [Child’s] school year is unworkable
given Father’s work schedule. For example, Father’s schedule
typically allows three days off after working multiple longs shifts
in a row. At the Non-Jury Trial, Mother proposed that[,] during
those three days off, Father could travel to North Carolina and
spend his visitation in North Carolina. Effectively, Father would
spend one or more of those three days traveling and would have
little time left to spend with [Child]. Thus, we find this factor
weighs in favor of Father.
(4) The child’s preference, taking into consideration the
age and maturity of the child.
This factor is inapplicable for a variety of reasons, namely:
[Child] is three years old; did not testify at trial; and no evidence
was presented at trial that would suggest that [Child] has a
mature preference.
(5) Whether there is an established pattern of conduct of
either party to promote or thwart the relationship of the
child and the other party.
On numerous occasions, Mother used inappropriate
language to Father in the presence of [Child], contacted his work
and family and criticized Father’s ability to parent [Child], and
interfered with Father’s custodial time with [Child]. We do not
find that Father engaged in this type of behavior. To the
contrary, Father has allowed Mother more custodial time so that
[Child] could do activities with [V.D.] and has displayed
considerable patience. Therefore, we find this factor weighs in
favor of Father.
(6) Whether the relocation will enhance the general
quality of life for the party seeking the relocation,
including, but not limited to, financial or emotional benefit
or educational opportunity.
It is unclear whether Mother’s general quality of life will be
enhanced with her relocation to North Carolina. Although her
goal is to work as a paralegal, this type of position likely requires
an associate’s degree or other schooling, and Mother has not yet
started such a program. Mother reports that she plans to earn
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approximately three to four more dollars per hour in North
Carolina; however, Mother plans on working part-time before
transitioning into full-time employment. Moreover, Mother owns
a home in Pennsylvania, but upon moving to North Carolina, she
plans to share a house or apartment with her cousins.
Further, Mother’s main financial issue in Pennsylvania is
affordable childcare. In North Carolina, Mother plans on using
her cousins for childcare. However, only one of Mother’s cousins
lives in North Carolina, as of the Non-Jury Trial. Mother’s cousin,
[R.C.] and her child are not yet in North Carolina. Therefore,
even if [R.C.] could provide childcare for [Child] in the future,
she does not yet live in North Carolina. Similarly, Mother’s step-
father, [S.], might be able to provide intermittent childcare when
he visits, but he resides in Puerto Rico. These visits depend on
his and his brother’s health, and [S.] will be accompanied by his
brother, who also requires [S.’s] attention. However slight,
these additional childcare resources will likely ease Mother’s
childcare costs.
Mother also contends that her proposed relocation is based
upon medical reasons. Specifically, Mother maintains that North
Carolina’s warmer weather is more conducive for her ailments,
including back pain. Mother’s evidence relating to this factor
was of such a low degree, [sic] that we find this factor favors
Father.
(7) Whether the relocation will enhance the general
quality of life for the child, including, but not limited to,
financial or emotional benefit or educational opportunity.
We also consider whether relocation will enhance [Child’s]
quality of life, and we find that it will not. Having Father eleven
hours away from [Child] will not likely enhance her general
quality of life. Here, both parties have been active in [Child’s]
life. Although Father might be able to continue regular visits
with [Child] for a year or two, once [Child] begins kindergarten,
Father’s ability to see [Child] when he has off from work will
significantly decrease. Thus, this factor also weighs in favor of
Father.
(8) The reasons and motivation of each party for seeking
or opposing the relocation.
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Mother seeks relocation for three primary reasons: (1)
familial, (2) financial, and (3) medical. Father opposes
relocation because he contends Mother’s proposed custody
schedule is not feasible; relocation would hinder his and his
family’s relationship with [Child]; and he cannot afford to
regularly travel to North Carolina.
We rely on our discussion of factors three and six above.
Although both parties present legitimate arguments, we find
Father’s more powerful. That is, Mother’s proposed relocation is
heavily reliant on [R.C.] and her child moving to North Carolina
to provide free childcare for [Child], but they do not yet live in
North Carolina. To the contrary, Father opposes relocation
because if [Child] lives in North Carolina, he will have
substantially less periods of custody with [Child] and cannot
afford regular travel to North Carolina. Therefore, we find that
this favor weighs in favor of Father.
(9) The present and past abuse committed by a party or
member of the party’s household and whether there is a
continued risk of harm to the child or an abused party.
Mother’s ex-husband and [V.D.] have an active PFA
against Mother, and Mother’s parenting of [V.D.] was the subject
of a CYF investigation. The CYF investigation concluded that
Mother emotionally abused [V.D.]. Although there are no
allegations regarding Mother’s treatment of [Child], CYF
assessed a moderate risk level for [Child] to continue to live in
the home. This assessment was based upon Mother’s use of
inappropriate caregivers, namely [V.D.].
In assessing Mother’s risk for aggressive behavior, Dr.
Dattillo provided that Mother is a low to moderate risk and
discussed [V.D.’s] allegations of both emotional and physical
abuse against Mother. In light of the CYF investigation and Dr.
Dattilio’s findings, we find this factor favors Father.
(10) Any other factor affecting the best interest of the
child.
We rely on our analysis provided in the preceding nine factors of
our relocation analysis above.
B. Balancing of the Relocation Factors
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Based on our analysis of the relocation factors, we find
that the relocation factors support denying Mother’s Notice of
Proposed Relocation. Father’s consistent and significant role in
the Child’s life strongly outweighs Mother’s reasons for
relocation. Although Mother points to ostensibly legitimate
reasons for relocation, these reasons do not support granting
Mother’s request to relocate.
First, Mother hopes to utilize her familial resources in
North Carolina to help reduce her monthly childcare costs, but
Mother’s main familial resources- [R.C.] and [S.] - do not reside
in North Carolina. Second, although Mother reports that she will
earn more per hour in North Carolina, Mother also plans to work
part-time before transitioning into a full-time occupation. In
effect, Mother will earn less income. Further, Mother’s goal is to
work at a paralegal but lacks the education for such a position.
Third, Mother’s vague representation that North Carolina
weather will help her medical ailments is unsubstantiated and
surely does not warrant such a drastic relocation. Fourth, the
parties already live approximately four driving hours away from
each other, and to grant Mother’s request would be to more than
double the distance between the parties. In light of these
shortfalls in Mother’s argument for relocation as well as our
above analysis of each of the relocation factors, we deny
Mother’s Notice of Proposed Relocation.
Trial Court Opinion, 10/17/16, at 18-26.
After review of the record, we conclude that the trial court’s
determination regarding the relocation factors was supported by the
evidence. The evidence reflects that Mother’s proposed relocation would
impose significant burdens on Father and would substantially interfere with
his ability to continue his relationship with Child. Father currently travels
approximately four hours to see Child approximately twice a month for three
days at a time, for which his work schedule allows. N.T., 7/13/16, at 44,
126, 129. If Mother were permitted to move to North Carolina, Father would
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have to travel up to eleven hours to see Child and, as a result, would not
have as much time to spend with Child. Id. at 112, 120, 157-162.
Moreover, despite testifying about her optimistic goals for improvements in
her life, Mother failed to establish that the quality of life for her or Child
would be improved in North Carolina. Mother did not have a job arranged in
North Carolina, N.T., 7/13/16, at 57-60, 94, 113, she stated that she
intended to earn a paralegal degree but was not enrolled in any program, id.
at 61, 92, 109-110, 113, and her statements regarding support from family
in North Carolina were vague and unsubstantiated. Id. at 63-67, 83-85,
117-118; N.T., 8/15/16, at 22-27. Thus, after careful review, we find no
error or abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court in denying Mother’s
petition for relocation. The trial court’s conclusions are not unreasonable as
shown by the evidence of record. A.V., 87 A.3d at 820.
As noted, Mother also argues that the trial court erred when it did not
conduct a “best-interests analysis in a custody determination.” Mother’s
Brief at 14. The trial court stated, “[b]ecause we deny Mother’s Notice of
Proposed Relocation, we do not need to assess the sixteen custody factors,
as codified by the Child Custody Act, 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328.” Trial Court
Opinion, 10/17/16, at 17. We find no error on the trial court’s part.
As this Court explained in M.O. v. J.T.R., 85 A.3d 1058 (Pa. Super.
2014):
The plain language of Section 5328(a) requires that the
sixteen enumerated factors be considered when the court is
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determining a child’s best interest for the purpose of making an
award of custody. By contrast, while the court must consider
the child’s best interest when modifying a custody order, the
modification provision does not refer to the sixteen factors of
Section 5328. The cases in which we have applied Section
5328(a) have involved the award of custody as defined by
Section 5323(a) or have involved a modification that also
entailed a change to an award of custody.
Following the hearing in this case, the trial court made no
award of custody. The court was not deciding physical or legal
custody, nor even changing the amount of custodial time that
either party had with the Children. Rather, the trial court
addressed a subsidiary issue: . . . While the court’s ruling
modified its prior order, it did not change the underlying award
of custody. Therefore, under the facts of this case, Section
5328(a) was not implicated directly.
Because the trial court did not make an award of custody,
but merely modified a discrete custody-related issue, it was not
bound to address the sixteen statutory factors in determining the
Children’s best interest.
M.O., 85 A.3d at 1062–1063 (citations and footnotes omitted) (emphasis
added).
In a subsequent case, the Superior Court further explained:
A reading of the § 5328(a) factors further supports our
interpretation that all these factors only must be considered
when a “form of custody” is ordered. Most of the § 5328(a)
factors are better suited to addressing the larger issue of the
form of custody to be awarded, rather than considerations
beneficial to resolving discrete and ancillary disputes relating to
custody. In the latter, the considerations that could affect a trial
court’s decision are myriad. Thus, it makes little sense for a trial
court to analyze each of the sixteen 5328(a) factors when
arbitrating, for example, a dispute over a custody exchange
location; which youth sports the children should play; or whether
a parent should be required to have children’s toys, beds, or
other things in his or her house. Rather, when read as a
whole, it is apparent that the § 5328(a) factors were
designed to guide the best-interest analysis when a trial
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court is ordering which party has the right to a form of
custody.
S.W.D. v. S.A.R., 96 A.3d 396, 403 (Pa. Super. 2014) (footnote omitted)
(original emphasis omitted) (emphasis added).
Here, the order denying Mother’s petition to relocate did not impact
the custody arrangement between Mother and Father. Accordingly, the trial
court was not required to perform an analysis of those factors. M.O., 85
A.3d 1062-1063; S.W.D., 96 A.3d 403.
Moreover, Father filed a separate petition for modification of custody
on July 11, 2016. As indicated above, separate hearings were scheduled
and conducted on that petition. Thus, the modification of custody
proceedings were not before the trial court in this matter and therefore, the
trial court was not required to consider the best interest custody factors
under section 5328(a).
In sum, our review of the record in this matter supports the trial
court’s factual findings and conclusions of law. Accordingly, we affirm the
order of the trial court.
Order affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 9/1/2017
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