after stating the case: When this cause was before Us on appeal, at the last term, the purchaser of the land was *462not a party. We remanded the case, to the end that further parties be made, which has been done. The first question which confronts us is whether, in the present condition of ..the record, we can take jurisdiction and decide the several questions presented in regard to the title to the locus in quo. This Court has frequently entertained and''decided controversies wherein parties have entered into a contract to sell land and the purchaser has refused to comply because of doubts entertained in regard to the title. We have treated such suits as bills by the vendor against the vendee for specific performance. It is well settled, by uniform decisions of this and other courts of equitable jurisdiction, that the purchaser will not be required to take a doubtful title. It therefore became necessary to inquire into the vendor’s title, which was sometimes done by a reference to the clerk and master, or a referee selected for that purpose. Bispham Eq., sec. 378; Gentry v. Hamilton, 38 N. C., 376. While the vendee will not be required to pay the contract price and take a doubtful or imperfect title, he may, if he so elect, and it be not inequitable, have a decree for such part of the land or such interest as the vendor can convey, with a deduction from the contract pirice. Mr. Bispham thus states the equitable doctrine: “It may sometimes happen that defects exist which render the property less valuable than the contract price, but which, nevertheless, may not be of so vital a character as to.induce the purchaser entirely to throw up his bargain. In such a case the equity of specific performance with compensation comes into play for the benefit of the vendee.” Equity, 390. It is said, in the note to Seton v. Slade, 7 Ves., 265 L. C. Eq., Vol. II, part 11, 15: “It may be laid down as. a general rule, subject, however, to some exception, that a purchaser may, if he chooses, compel a vendor who has contracted to convey a larger interest in an estate than he has, to convey to him such interest as he is entitled to with compensation.” Lord Eldon, in Mortlock v. Buller, 10 Ves., 315, says: “For the purpose of this jurisdiction, the person contracting under those circumstances is bound by the assertion in his contract, and if the vendee choose to take such as he can have, he has a right to that, and to an abatement, and the Court will not hear the.objection by the vendor that the *463purchaser' cannot have the whole.” Jacobs v. Lock, 37 N. C., 286. In such cases it becomes necessary for the court to inquire into the state of the title of the vendor, to the end 'that it may mould its decree as to do complete equity to all of the parties. So, in this appeal, if the vendor so desires, he may, unless it would be inequitable, acquire, under his contract of purchase, at a reasonable deduction from the contract price, such interest, if any, as either of the vendors have a right to convey. There is, however, another ground upon which a majority of the Court are of the opinion that we have and are compelled to take jurisdiction and decide the controversy in regard to the disputed title. It is well settled that, prior to the statute of 1893, chapter 6, Revisal, sec. 1589, the jurisdiction of courts of equity'to entertain bills to remove cloud from title or to quiet title was restricted within well-defined limits. Busbee v. Macy, 85 N. C., 329; Busbee v. Lewis, ib., 332. In the opinions in these cases by Ruffin, J., this Court ’ adhered to the decisions in this and other States, many 'of which he cited and commented upon. Pearson v. Boyden, 86 N. C., 585, and cases cited.- The Legislature, at the session of 1893, enacted a statute for the purpose of enlarging the power of the .courts to entertain suits1 to quiet titles where the conditions were such that a possessory action could not be brought. Of course, if the plaintiff had a complete remedy by means of a civil action, there was no necessity for resorting to the statutory remedy. Pearson v. Boyden, supra. The material part of the statute is in the following words: “An action may be brought by any person against another who claims an estate or interest in real property adverse to him for the purpose of determining such adverse claim.”
Prof. Pomeroy (4th Eq., sec. 139.6), after discussing the jurisdiction of courts of equity prior to the passage of this and similar statutes in other States, says: “The action has been greatly extended by statute, and in many States is the ordinary mode of trying disputed titles.”’ He gives, in a note, a list of the States in which the statutes have been enacted. He further says: “In almost every instance the statutes, either by express terms, or through broad and general language, allow the action to be maintained by persons having equitable titles; in other words, *464a plaintiff need not have a legal title. * * * Tbe statute is an enabling act, and tbe action may be brought against one or more claimants without regard to tbe interest or title — legal or equitable — which he, or the plaintiff, may have.” The California statute is in the same words as ours. Chief Justice Field, in Curtis v. Sutter, 15 Cal., 259, says: “It is unnecessary for the plaintiff to delay seeking the equitable interposition of the court until he has been disturbed in his possession by-the institution of a suit against him and until judgment has been passed in such suit in his favor. It is sufficient if, whilst in the possession of the property, a party out of possession claims an estate or interest adverse to him. He can immediately, upon knowledge of the assertion of such claim, require the nature and character of the adverse estate or interest to be produced, exposed and judicially determined and the question of title be thus forever quieted. It does not follow from the fact that the suit is brought in equity that the determination of questions purely of a legal character in relation to the title will necessarily be withdrawn from the ordinary cognizance of a court of law. The court sitting in equity may direct, whenever in its judgment it may become proper, an issue to be framed upon the pleadings and submitted to the jury. * * * There is no difficulty in so conducting a suit, under the statute, as to fully protect the legal rights of the parties and, at the same time, to secure the beneficial results afforded by a court of equity in bills of peace — which is, repose from further litigation. Indeed, the remedy under the statute is eminently simple, direct and efficacious for this purpose.” The Nebraska statute, being practically in the same language, was discussed by the same eminent jurist while a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States-, in Holland v. Challen, 110 U. S., 15 (L. C. Ed., book 28, p. 52), when he said: “Any person claiming title to real estate, whether in or out of possession, may maintain the suit against one who claims an adverse estate in it for the purpose of determining such estate and quieting the title. It is certainly for the interest of the State that this jurisdiction of the Court should be maintained and that causes of apprehended litigation respecting real property necessarily affecting its use and enjoyment should *465be removed; for so long as they remain they will prevent improvement and consequent benefit to the public. It.is a matter of every-day observation that many lots of land in our cities remain unimproved because of conflicting claims to them. * * * It is manifestly to the interest of the community that conflicting claims to property thus situated should be settled so that it may be subject to use and improvement. To meet cases of this character, statutes like the one in Nebraska have been passed by several States, and they accomplish a most useful purpose.” It was held that the Federal courts would enforce the statutes when they had jurisdiction by reason of diverse citizenship. In Parish v. Perris, 67 U. S., 606, the Ohio statute was enforced. See, also, Fry v. Summers, 39 Pac. (Idaho), 1118, where the statute was in the same language as ours. In Walton v. Perkins, 33 Minn., 357, Mitchell, J., says: “This statute is intended to afford an easy and expeditious mode of determining all conflicting claims to land, whether derived from a common source or from different and independent sources.” In Adler v. Sullivan, 115 Ala., Harrolson, J., says: “The statute is an extension of the remedy in equity theretofore existing for the removal of clouds on title.” Discussing the equitable remedy, prior to the statute, he says: “This statute goes in advance of that remedy and in addition allows any person in peaceable possession of lands claiming to own the same, whose title thereto or any part thereof is denied or disputed, or where any other person claims, or is claimed or is reputed to own the same or' any interest therein or to hold any lien or encumbrance thereon, and no suit shall be pending to enforce or test the validity of such title, claim or encumbrance, to bring and maintain a suit in equity to settle the title to said lands and clear up all doubts and disputes concerning the same.” In Holmes v. Chester, 26 N. J. Eq., 79, the Chancellor, discussing a similar statute, says: “It is highly remedial and beneficial. It should, therefore be construed liberally. It is a statute of repose. It deprives the defendant of no right. His claim may be tried at law if he desires it.” So Beasly, C. J., in Jersey City v. Lembeck, 31 N. J. Eq., 255, says: “The inequity that was designed to be remedied grew out *466of the situation of a person in the possession of. land as owner, in which land another person claimed an interest which he would not enforce; and the hardship was that the person so in possession could not force his adversary to sue and thus put the claim to the test.” Albro v. Dayton, 50 N. J. Eq., 574. This Court, in Daniels v. Fowler, 120 N. C., 14, held that it was not ■necessary that plaintiff should be in possession of the property to maintain his action. In Rumbo v. Mfg. Co., 129 N. C., 9, it was held that when the alleged cloud upon the title was found to be invalid the Court should not dismiss the action, but should adjudge such invalidity and remove the cloud. The present Chief Justice said: “It was because the Legislature thought the equitable doctrines (as laid down in Bushes’s case) inconvenient or unjust that the act (1893) was passed.” Beck v. Meroney, 135 N. C., 532; McLamb v. McPhail, 126 N. C., 218. The statute provides that if the defendant disclaims title the cost is adjudged against the plaintiff. The wisdom of enlarging the power of the court to deal with the subject is manifest. It is highly important to qn’ivate right and public interest that titles shall be rendered secure and certain. As said by Judge Field, it is a matter of common observation that in almost every town or city, lots either without any improvement, or such as have been erected in the past falling into decay — the growth and development of the town impeded by some obscure, uncertain cloud upon, or question in regard to, the title. In many cases, without the aid of the statute it is impossible to bring the claimants before the court and have them assert and “try out” their claim. It sometimes happens that obscure contingent limitations imposed upon titles operate to impoverish an entire generation when, upon a careful judicial examination, the title may be cleared up, rights adjudged and property unfettered, bringing it either into market or enabling the owners to improve and receive an income from it. It is this evil which the Legislature has sought to remedy by providing a simple, inexpensive and efficient procedure which the courts, by reason of precedents from which they were unwilling to break away, were unable to afford. The unanimity with which the judges have recognized the wisdom of the legislation, giving it a liberal construction, has made it effective.
*467This brings ns to a consideration of the assignments of error made by both plaintiff and defendants to his Honor’s judgment. The conveyance by Mr. London to Elanner, trustee, vests the legal title in him in fee, with a declaration of the use to Mrs. London, his wife, and Annie H. and Eliza W., his daughters, in fee, “and to the survivors of them.” Whatever difficulty we would have found in giving effect to these last words in a common-law conveyance, operating by livery of seizin, is obviated in a deed operating under the statute of uses in which the intention of the grantor may be effectuated. “It is a maxim of the common law that no estate can be limited upon a fee simple; or, in other words, an estate in fee simple cannot be made to cease as to one and take effect, by way of limitation, upon a contingent event, in another person. It is clearly settled that limitations of that kind may take effect by way 'of use.” Coke Lit., 271 (note), cited by Mr. Justice Ashe, in Smith v. Brisson, 90 N. C., 284, where the authorities are collected. In Rowland v. Rowland,, 93 N. C., 215, the conveyance was to two children of the grantor in fee as tenants in common, “and, upon the death of either one, then to the survivor and his or her heirs forever.” Ashe, J., said: “Its effect was to transfer the use to the two donees in fee, and upon the death of Ophelia to shift the use of her moiety to John and his heirs. By a shifting use a fee may be limited after a fee.” After an interesting discussion of the subject, the learned Justice says: “Our opinion is, a defeasible fee in common was given to Ophelia and John and, upon the death of Ophelia, the absolute fee vested in John as survivor, because such was the manifest intention of the donor, and because that construction is not in violation of any principle of law or rule of construction.” Mordecai’s Lectures, 871. This authority is conclusive to the effect that, by way of a shifting use, the beneficial interest in the entire property, upon the death of Mrs. London, vested in Annie H. and Eliza W. London in fee. Did it vest in them absolutely, or did the right of survivorship attach, carrying the equitable title, or'use, to the last survivor? It will be observed that the grantor uses the words “and to the survivors of them.” If controlling effect is given the word “survivors,” the language of the deed is complied-*468with upon the death of Mrs. London, and the daughters take the entire estate absolutely. In Hilliard v. Kearney, 45 N. C., 221, Pearson, J., discusses the question of successive survivorships at much length. There the property was given to five daughters, with a proviso that if either of them died without issue, “her part to be equally divided between her other sisters.” . It was held that upon the death of the first sister without issue the shares of the survivors became absolute. He invokes the rule that when the language of the maker of the instrument leaves his intention in doubt, that construction will be adopted which will make the estate “absolute and indefeasible.” It is said, in Cox v. Hogg, 17 N. C., 121, that in ascertaining whether a succession of survivorships is created, the Court will examine other parts of the will. In Fortescue v. Satterthwaite, 23 N. C., 566, the limitation was made to depend upon the death of either of the first takers without. children, when the property passed to “the children then living.” These words were held to create a succession of survivorships. We have examined the cases in our reports, and, as said by Judge Battle, in Biddle v. Hoyt, 54 N. C., 159, it is difficult to extract any satisfactory principle from them. In Galloway v. Carter, 100 N. C., 111, the limitation was dependent upon “any or either” of the children dying without issue, etc. These words, together with others of like import, were held to create a succession of survivorships. In view of the use of the word “survivors,” and the fact that the grantor attaches a limitation to the issue of his daughters, if either of them should die leaving issue, we' conclude that, upon the death of Mrs. London, the entire use or interest vested in the daughters in fee.
This would dispose of the appeal, but for the words which follow: “Provided, however, that if the said Annie H. or Eliza W. London shall die leaving issue, then to the use of such surviving issue, who shall take the same per stirpes, and not per capitaThese words would create in the daughters a determinable fee and, upon the death of either, the use would shift and vest in the “surviving issue,” unless the super added words, “they to take per stirpes, and not per capita,” denotes that the grantor used the word “issue” as synonymous with “heirs” and, *469by directing tbe title in the same channel as it would be carried by the canons of descent, make the children and grandchildren of his daughters take by descent and not by purchase. ¥e think that it was the intention of Mr. London to settle the property, in the event which has happened — the death of his wife — ■ upon his daughters, with a limitation to their children and the children of such of them as should predecease their parents, and that he used the words that they should take “•per stirpes, and not per capita” to -remove any doubt in respect to the interests which they would take. Having given it to the daughters in fee, he certainly could not have intended to attach a limitation for their issue, which was ineffectual and left the estate in the same plight as it was by the language first used. He intended that the word “issue” should include grandchildren of his daughters whose parents had predeceased them, with the 'provision that such grandchildren should take by representation — that is, the shares or interest which their deceased parent would have taken if surviving. When language is used having a clearly defined legal signification, there is no room for construction to ascertain the intent; it must be given its legal meaning and effect. This is illustrated by what is said in Leathers v. Gray, 101 N. C., 162, in which Merrimon, J., says: “The real intention must have effect, but the real intention recognized and enforced by the law is that expressed in the will, and this is' to be ascertained by a legal interpretation of the language employed to express it,” or, as the learned Justice says, in the same case, “He must express his intention in words appropriate and sufficient to express his real meaning, and if he employs technical legal words, the technical meaning must prevail, unless the same shall be qualified, or modified, by superadded words in the will.” When, however, the words of limitation are of doubtful meaning, or their usual meaning, as used, is rendered doubtful by superadded words and we are compelled to resort to construction, they must, if possible, be given such construction as will effectuate the, intention of the maker of the deed or will. The word “issue” has been construed to include grandchildren when it was manifest that it was so intended, just as the word “heirs” has been restricted to children when words are *470superadded showing such intention. Mills v. Thorn, 95 N. C., 362. If by this deed the limitation bad been to the children of Annie II. and Eliza W. and the children of such as should die before their ancestor, such children to take the share of their parent by representation, it is clear that the rule in Shelley’s ease would not have operated to vest in the daughters the fee. If by construction we give the words used by Mr. London the same meaning, the same result would follow. The other limitations are eliminated by the death of Mrs. London, leaving Annie II. and Eliza W. living and the deed from the children of Mr. London to Mrs. Campbell and Mrs. Cronly.
We conclude, therefore, that his Honor correctly held that the plaintiff Mrs. Campbell and the defendant Mrs. Cronly cannot convey to the purchaser a good and indefeasible title to the locus in quo. The conveyance by James Douglas Campbell to his mother vests in her his interest, but if he should die leaving issue before his mother, such issue would take as a purchaser under the limitation in the deed.
The' judgment must' be
Affirmed.