This is an appeal from an order of the District Court of Cavalier County, denying a motion for change of venue from the District Court of Cavalier County to the District Court of Burleigh County, which motion for a change of venue was made by one of the defendants, Bank of North Dakota, agent for the State Treasurer as trustee for the State of North Dakota and the State of North Dakota doing business as the Bank of North Dakota.
The action was brought by Cavalier County, North Dakota, a public corporation as plaintiff against Johannes Gestson, Helge Laxdal, The Bank of North Dakota agent for the State Treasurer as trustee for the State of North Dakota and the State of North Dakota doing business as the Bank of North Dakota, defendants, for the purpose of having the taxes assessed against a certain tract of land situated in Cavalier County, North Dakota, declared and adjudged to be valid liens upon such land.
The complaint alleges that prior to and on the 30th day of September, 1937, the Bank of North Dakota, as agent for the State Treasurer, was the owner of the land described in the complaint and that on said date the Bank of North Dakota, as such agent, sold the premises to the defendants, Johannes Gestson and Helge Laxdal. That upon such sale the premises became subject to the general taxes for the years 1938, 1939, 1940, and 1941, as well as for other years. That Cavalier County was not informed of such sale and had no knowledge thereof and that the sale agreement was not filed in the office of the Register *Page 659 of Deeds of Cavalier County. That on or about the 19th day of September, 1941, approximately four years after the alleged sale the Bank of North Dakota, as such agent, presented to the Board of County Commissioners of Cavalier County a request for the abatement of taxes upon said premises for the years 1939 and 1940, which request set forth, among other things, that the State Treasurer was then, and for many years prior thereto had been, and until the date of the application was, the owner of said premises. That upon such representation the Bank of North Dakota requested an abatement of taxes for said years of 1939 and 1940 and that the plaintiff, relying upon such representations and believing them to be true, and for that reason only, on the 4th day of November, 1941, made its Order approving such request for abatement for said years 1939 and 1940, as appears from the records of the plaintiff county and the defendant Bank of North Dakota. The complaint concludes with the statement that the application was fraudulent in that the fact of the sale to the defendants, Johannes Gestson and Helge Laxdal, and the fact that they were the owners of the land at the time of such application for abatement, were concealed. The prayer of the complaint asks for a judgment that the taxes for the years 1939 and 1940, upon the premises described, be declared a legal and valid lien upon the premises, as provided by law and that the purported order of abatement be set aside, cancelled and declared null and void.
Upon the Service of the summons and complaint in said action the Bank of North Dakota, through its attorneys, served upon the plaintiff a motion for a change of venue, basing the motion upon the provisions of § 6-0927 of the Rev Code of North Dakota for 1943, which reads as follows:
"Civil actions may be brought against the state of North Dakota on account of causes of action claimed to have arisen out of transactions connected with the operation of the Bank of North Dakota upon condition that the provisions of this section are complied with. In such actions, the state shall be designated as `The State of North Dakota, doing business as The Bank of North Dakota,' and the service of process therein *Page 660 shall be made upon the manager of the Bank. Such actions may be brought in the same manner and shall be subject to the same provisions of law as other civil actions. Such action shall be brought, however, in the county where the Bank of North Dakota shall have its principal place of business, except as provided in sections 28-0401, 28-0402, 28-0403, 28-0404 and 28-0406. The provisions of sections 54-1401 and 54-1406 shall not apply to claims against the state affected by the provisions of this section."
Section 28-0401, being one of the exceptions referred to in § 6-0927, reads as follows:
"Venue of Actions relating to Real Property.
An action for any one of the following causes must be brought in the county in which the subject matter of the action, or some part thereof, is situated, subject to the power of the court to change the place of trial upon agreement of counsel or in other cases provided by statute.
(1) For the recovery of real property, or of an estate or interest therein, or for the determination in any form of such right or interest."
Under the modern practice, the venue of civil actions is ordinarily fixed by constitutional and statutory provisions in the various states. 67 CJ 21, § 25; 25 Standard Enc Proc p 864. Generally, the laws of the various states divide actions into three general classes: "Those which must be tried in the county in which the subject of the action or some part thereof is situated; those which must be tried in the county where the cause or some part thereof arose; and those which must be tried in the county in which the defendants or some of them reside at the commencement of the action, subject, in each case, however, to the power of the court to change the place of trial as provided by law." 25 Standard Enc Proc pp 866, 867.
"At common law, and under the statutes in most states, the venue of an action involving the determination of the title to land or a right or interest therein is fixed in the county in which the subject of the action or some part of it is situated." 67 CJ p 52, § 65. *Page 661
In the Rev Codes of Dakota, 1877, the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Dakota provided that an action "For the recovery of real property, or of an estate or interest therein, or for the determination in any form of such right or interest, and for injuries to real property must be tried in the county in which the subject of the action, or some part thereof, is situated, subject to the power of the court to change the place of trial, in the cases provided by statute." Rev Codes, Dakota 1877, Code of Civil Procedure, §§ 92-95.
This provision remained a part of the laws of the Territory of Dakota and became part of the laws of the State of North Dakota and was embodied in the various compilations and codes without change.
As was said by the Supreme Court of Nebraska in considering a similar question: —
"It is clear from the above quoted provisions of the statutes, and others to which reference will be made, that the legislative intent is generally that the venue of actions involving the determination of the title to land, rights and interest therein and damages thereto, shall be in the county wherein the land lies, and that the location of the land is a superior consideration to the location of the parties in determining the proper venue for such actions." State ex re. Johnson v. Central Nebraska Pub. Power Irrig. Dist. 140 Neb. 471, 300 N.W. 379, 381.
What the Nebraska court said is applicable in this case.
In the statute relating to the venue of actions against the state doing business as the Bank of North Dakota, the Legislature specifically provided that such statute should not apply to an action "For the recovery of real property, or of an estate or interest therein, or for the determination in any form of such right or interest", and that the venue of any such action should continue as provided in ND Rev Code 1943, § 28-0401.
This action is in no sense personal. Wilson v. Kryger, 29 N.D. 28, 34, 149 N.W. 721. The sole purpose and object of the action is to have the general taxes that were assessed and levied against the land for the years 1939 and 1940 established as, and adjudged to be, first liens upon the land. This is the whole relief *Page 662 sought. No personal judgment is sought against any of the defendants. The allegations relating to misrepresentations, which it is said were made in obtaining abatement of the taxes, are merely incidental to obtaining an establishment of the liens for the taxes. It is not sought to recover damages for any fraudulent representations. If the county is successful in this action, it will have liens against the land for the amount of the taxes that were assessed and levied against it for the years 1939 and 1940. These liens will be enforceable as other liens for taxes against real property. They will be enforceable against the land alone, and will constitute no charge against any of the defendants personally.
If the liens are established they will operate directly upon the real property. 25 Standard Enc Proc p 874. They will not be enforceable against the defendants personally but will be enforceable against the real property alone. They will become a charge upon, — liens against — the land and enforcement of the liens may result in a change of title. Dowden v. State,106 Ind. 157, 6 N.E. 136, 139; State ex rel. Kirkwood v. Reynolds, 265 Mo 88, 175 S.W. 575.
The action is one for the determination of a right or interest in real property and the venue of such action is fixed by ND Rev Code 1943, § 28-0401 and lies in the county in which the land is situated.
The order of the district court of Cavalier County denying the motion for change for change of venue of the defendants, Bank of North Dakota, agent for the Treasurer as trustee for the State of North Dakota and the State of North Dakota doing business as the Bank of North Dakota, is therefore affirmed.
CHRISTIANSON, Ch. J., and BURKE and NUESSLE, JJ., concur.
BURR and MORRIS, JJ., did not participate.