IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2008-CT-02054-SCT
CHAD BOOKER
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 12/03/2008
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. HENRY L. LACKEY
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: TIPPAH COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: T. K. MOFFETT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: LAURA HOGAN TEDDER
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: BENJAMIN F. CREEKMORE
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 06/23/2011
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
CARLSON, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Chad Booker was convicted of manslaughter in the Tippah County Circuit Court,
Judge Henry L. Lackey presiding, and was sentenced to twenty years in the custody of the
Mississippi Department of Corrections, with ten years suspended and five years of post-
release supervision. Booker appealed, and we assigned this case to the Court of Appeals.
After the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial-court judgment, we granted Booker’s petition
for writ of certiorari. Finding that no reversible error occurred at trial, we affirm the judgment
of the Court of Appeals affirming the Tippah County Circuit Court judgment.
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS IN THE TRIAL COURT
¶2. The following history has been developed from the facts and trial-court proceedings
as set forth in the Court of Appeals’ opinion. Booker v. State, 2010 WL 2491461, at **1-3
(¶¶ 2-11) (Miss. Ct. App. June 22, 2010). We will add additional facts found in the record
as needed for the sake of today’s discussion.
¶3. The events that set Booker's conviction into motion began as a dispute between
neighbors who all lived near the intersection of County Roads 813 and 817 in the Palmer
Community of Tippah County. That dispute culminated in the death of sixty-one-year-old
David White. White and his adult son, Keith White (Keith), owned an all-terrain vehicle
(ATV) shop that was located behind White's house. Booker's parents, Buster and Frieda
Booker, lived across the street from White. Booker, who had his own home near his parents
and White, was a twenty-three-year-old veteran of the United States Army at the time his
dispute with White arose. As of March 2007, Booker operated an auto body shop and studied
radiology at Blue Mountain College.
¶4. On Saturday, March 10, 2007, White and Keith were working at their ATV shop.
Booker drove a 1990s model Ford Mustang by the ATV shop. According to Keith, Booker
drove the Mustang past the shop at approximately seventy-to-eighty miles per hour. Booker
and his passenger, Tyler Medlin, disputed Keith’s estimate of their speed. They testified that
Booker was driving at a speed between forty and fifty miles per hour when they passed the
Whites’ ATV shop. White was of the opinion that Booker had been driving too fast. When
White and Keith heard the Mustang coming back, White went outside and flagged Booker
down. According to both Booker and Medlin, White had come running outside and angrily
2
told Booker that he was driving too fast. When Booker said that he was test driving the
Mustang because he could not get it to shift into third gear, White said, “Not on my d---
road!” Medlin and Booker both later testified that Booker had remained calm and told White
that he should call the authorities if he had a problem. When White returned to his house, he
did exactly that.
¶5. Unfortunately, that was not the end of the dispute. According to Keith, later that
evening, Booker had stopped at the end of White's driveway, put his truck in neutral, and
revved the engine. Keith testified that Booker had driven past White's house approximately
four times that night, and on his last pass, he had yelled “f--- you.” Shade White (Shade),
Keith's son and White's grandson, also testified that he had heard Booker's truck stop in front
of the house either four or five times and that he had heard Booker rev his engine.
¶6. White's wife, Charlotte, testified that Booker's parents each had called their house on
Sunday afternoon at separate times regarding the confrontation between White and Booker.
According to Charlotte, the call from Booker's parents had led to a discussion about whether
White should apologize to Booker. White had not thought he needed to apologize to Booker.
However, Charlotte testified that the last thing she had heard White say regarding the subject
was, “I'm going to apologize.”
¶7. It is undisputed that Booker beat White to death the next evening. Phillip “Possum”
Nance gave statements to Terry Cox, an investigator employed by Booker's defense attorney,
and Agent John Hillhouse of the Mississippi Bureau of Investigation (MBI). In both
statements, Nance said that Booker had stopped by his used-car dealership on March 12.
According to Nance, Booker had told him about his confrontation with White two days
3
earlier. Nance stated that Booker had been confused as to why White had called the police.
Nance told Agent Hillhouse that Booker had been calm and that he had not said anything
about retaliating against White. However, Nance also said that, according to Booker, during
the confrontation the previous Saturday, Booker had told White that he (White) could call
the authorities, or he (Booker) could get out of the Mustang so they could “settle it like men.”
¶8. On Monday, March 12, 2007, Keith and White were returning home from picking up
an ATV. Keith testified that, on their way home, they saw Booker at his shop, and they
waved at him. Keith testified that Booker had waved back. Booker later corroborated Keith's
testimony. According to Keith, after they had arrived at their shop, White decided to go
apologize to Booker in an attempt to make peace. Keith testified that he had watched White
drive his Yamaha Rhino ATV to Booker's house. Keith had gone back in the shop. Keith also
testified that White had appeared calm when he had left. When White arrived at Booker’s
property, Booker was placing trash in the bed of a truck parked near the end of his driveway,
which connects to the county road.
¶9. According to Booker, White had come “flying down [County Road] 813” to his
property in a Rhino 1 “and kinda spun like he was going to do a U there” in Booker’s
driveway. Booker explained that White had parked in his driveway,2 turned off the Rhino,
got out of it quickly, and told Booker that he had to talk to him. Booker testified that he had
told White to leave his property because he did not want to talk to him. Booker also testified
1
A Rhino is an ATV with two bucket seats (enclosed with a roll bar), a center-
mounted console shifter, and a steel dump bed.
2
Photos of the crime scene differ from Booker’s testimony as these photos depict the
Rhino positioned between the truck (used to stow garbage) and the county road.
4
that White had said, “You're going to talk to me.” According to Booker, White had attempted
to grab Booker's collar with one hand and tried to punch him with the other hand. Booker
testified that he had grabbed White's wrist, and while pulling White toward him, he had
punched White in the face three times. Booker further testified that White had stumbled away
and had sat back down in the Rhino.
¶10. Booker walked away from the scene of the altercation. According to Booker, White
had been still standing when he had left. Booker later explained that he had walked down the
road and called his cousin Wendell Booker (Wendell). Booker asked Wendell to come get
him because he “had been in a bad situation.” Shortly after Wendell had picked him up,
Booker's mother called him. Booker returned to his shop, where he was taken into custody
by officers with the Tippah County Sheriff's Department.
¶11. Brenda Morgan, a certified nurse who formerly had worked in the emergency room
and intensive-care unit of the local hospital, happened to drive by the scene a short time later.
Morgan knew White, but she did not recognize him. She stopped solely because she saw
someone slumped over in an ATV. White was unconscious and slumped over the center
console of the Rhino. The left side of White's face was extremely swollen, and he was
bleeding from both ears and his nose. Blood was on the center console shift handle. White's
glasses were in the county road, adjacent to the Rhino,3 and his baseball cap was on the
passenger-side floorboard of the Rhino. Morgan did not detect a pulse on White's wrist or
his neck. Morgan called 911, and then she and Jeff Butler, who also had stopped as he drove
by, got White out of the ATV and began to perform CPR. Another of White's neighbors,
3
White’s glasses were an estimated four feet from the Rhino and had been damaged.
5
Clinton Bryant, drove by and noticed that something appeared to be wrong with White.
Bryant found Keith and told him that White appeared to need help. When Keith arrived at
Booker's house, he found Morgan and Butler tending to his father. Despite the efforts of
emergency responders, White was unable to recover from his injuries.
¶12. Booker was indicted for murder. He pleaded not guilty, and the case ultimately went
to trial. At the conclusion of Booker's trial, the circuit court instructed the jury on murder and
manslaughter; the jury found Booker guilty of manslaughter. Booker, 2010 WL 2491461,
at **1-3 (¶¶ 2-11).
PROCEEDINGS IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
¶13. Before the Court of Appeals, Booker raised the following six issues: (1) the circuit
court erred in denying Booker's motions for a directed verdict, judgment notwithstanding the
verdict, and a new trial; (2) the circuit court failed to properly instruct the jury; (3) the circuit
court erred in allowing Morgan to give opinion testimony; (4) the circuit court erred in
allowing Shade to testify; (5) the circuit court erred in refusing to admit evidence offered by
Booker; and (6) the circuit court erred in allowing testimony concerning where White's cap
was found. Booker, 2010 WL 2491461, at *3 (¶11).
DISCUSSION
¶14. The majority for the Court of Appeals found no merit in Booker's arguments.4 After
the Court of Appeals denied Booker’s motion for rehearing, Booker filed a petition for writ
4
Judge Ishee wrote a dissenting opinion, joined by Chief Judge King, opining that
Booker’s conviction should have been reversed and the case remanded for a new trial due
to erroneously refused jury instructions and erroneous rulings on evidentiary issues. Two
judges did not participate.
6
of certiorari, asking us to consider several issues, including the issue of whether the trial
court erred in failing to grant a directed verdict of acquittal under the Weathersby rule.
Weathersby v. State, 165 Miss. 207, 147 So. 481, 482 (1933). In granting certiorari, we have
the authority to “limit the question on review.” 5 Miss. R. App. P. 17(h). Brown v. State, 39
So. 3d 890, 895 (Miss. 2010) (citing Brown v. State, 986 So. 2d 270, 272 n.1 (Miss. 2008);
Dora v. State, 986 So. 2d 917, 921 n.8 (Miss. 2008)).
¶15. We specifically note our agreement with the Court of Appeals’ finding that the
Weathersby rule was inapplicable under the facts of this case. We write today to expand the
5
For the sake of clarity, we acknowledge that Booker, through counsel, objected at
trial to the State’s Jury Instruction S-2A, but the objection to this instruction was to the
inclusion of the term, “deadly force.” Booker did not object by alleging that the instruction
contained an incorrect statement of the law on the elements of manslaughter. In his appellate
brief, Booker, through counsel, never argued that the instruction was an incorrect statement
of the law, but only that there was insufficient evidence to support the granting of the
manslaughter instruction. In his petition for writ of certiorari, Booker, for the first time,
attacks the wording of Jury Instruction S-2A by asserting:
T]he “heat of passion” manslaughter statute, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-35,
requires that the killing be done “in a cruel or unusual manner, or by the use
of a dangerous weapon.” No dangerous weapon was used. Although three
quick punches to the head when one is being punched at himself should not be
sufficient to constitute “a cruel or unusual manner” as contemplated by the
statute, the trial court, at the very least, had a duty to instruct the jury as to the
issue so that the jury could make that determination.
Since no contemporaneous objection was made at trial on the issue that the State’s proffered
manslaughter instruction contained an incorrect statement of the law, Booker is procedurally
barred from making this assertion for the first time on appeal. Birkhead v. State, 57 So. 3d
1223, 1239 (Miss. 2011). Finally, we note that, once the trial court granted the State’s
proffered manslaughter instruction, Booker withdrew his proposed manslaughter instruction
from consideration by the trial court. Thus, the trial court was never given the opportunity
to rule on Booker’s proposed manslaughter instruction.
7
Court of Appeals’ discussion on this issue inasmuch as this Court is divided on the issue of
whether the Weathersby rule applies in today’s case based on the record before us. With
regard to Booker’s remaining issues, we find the Court of Appeals very ably discussed these
issues, correctly applying the law to the facts as revealed in the record. Accordingly, we
adopt the Court of Appeals’ analyses on these remaining issues, and we find them to be
without merit. Booker, 2010 WL 2491461, at **3-16 (¶¶ 15-63).
¶16. We turn now to our discussion of the Weathersby rule, and we restate the issue for the
sake of our discussion.
WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY REFUSING TO GRANT
BOOKER’S MOTION FOR A DIRECTED VERDICT UNDER
WEATHERSBY.
¶17. The Weathersby rule states,
where the defendant or the defendant’s witnesses are the only eyewitnesses to
the homicide, their version, if reasonable, must be accepted as true, unless
substantially contradicted in material particulars by a credible witness or
witnesses for the state, or by the physical facts or by the facts of common
knowledge.
Weathersby v. State, 165 Miss. 207, 147 So. 481, 482 (1933) (emphasis added). This Court
also has recognized that, if the defendant’s testimony “satisfies all the elements of murder
or manslaughter, the defendant would not be entitled to a directed verdict of acquittal, as
[this] testimony would be the basis for a valid conviction[,]” and the Weathersby rule would
not apply. Johnson v. State, 987 So. 2d 420, 425 (Miss. 2008).
¶18. We find Weathersby inapplicable for two distinct reasons: (1) Booker’s version of the
incident satisfies the elements of manslaughter, and (2) Booker’s version “is substantially
contradicted in material particulars” (a) by credible witnesses, including the prosecution’s
8
witnesses; (b) by the physical facts at the crime scene; and (c) by the facts of common
knowledge. Weathersby, 147 So. at 482; see Johnson, 987 So. 2d at 424-25.
1. Elements of Manslaughter
¶19. Mississippi Code Section 97-3-35 (Rev. 2006) “contemplates alternative theories to
sustain a manslaughter conviction in that the crime may be charged as a killing in ‘a cruel or
unusual manner’ or ‘by use of a deadly weapon.’” See Martin v. State, 818 So. 2d 380, 382
(Miss. Ct. App. 2002) (citing Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-35 (Rev. 2006)). “It is a general rule
that where a statute denounces as an offense two or more distinctive acts, things, or
transactions enumerated therein in the disjunctive, the whole may be charged conjunctively
and the defendant found guilty of either one.” Martin, 818 So. 2d at 382 (quoting Lenoir v.
State, 237 Miss. 620, 623, 115 So. 2d 731, 732 (1959)). To find Booker guilty of the lesser-
included offense of manslaughter, the jury could have found, among the other requisite
elements, that Booker had killed White in a “cruel or unusual manner” or “by use of a deadly
weapon.” Martin, 818 So. 2d at 382; Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-35.
¶20. The Court of Appeals found that the learned trial judge correctly had determined that
the Weathersby rule was not applicable to the facts of this case. Booker v. State, 2010 WL
2491461, at *3 (¶¶12-14). Specifically, the Court of Appeals reasoned that “Booker’s
version of the incident satisfie[d] the elements of manslaughter” under Mississippi Code
Section 97-3-35 (Rev. 2006).6 Id. at *3 (¶14). In other words, even if the jury believed that
6
Mississippi Code Section 97-3-35 (Rev. 2006) defines manslaughter as “[t]he killing
of a human being, without malice, in the heat of passion, but in a cruel or unusual manner,
or by the use of a dangerous weapon, without authority of law, and not in necessary self-
defense . . . .”
9
White had attacked Booker, the jury reasonably could have found, based on Booker’s version
of the incident, that Booker did not act in necessary self-defense and was guilty of
manslaughter.
¶21. Although the Court of Appeals did not specifically articulate how Booker’s version
of the incident would have satisfied the elements of manslaughter at that point in the opinion,
the Court of Appeals later stated:
It is important to consider that, even if the evidence was undisputed that White
was the initial aggressor, the jury could have still found Booker guilty of
manslaughter. See Cooper v. State, 911 So. 2d 665, 671-72 (¶ 27) (Miss. Ct.
App. 2005). The extent of force used by Booker in exerting his claim of
necessary self-defense was front and center in this case. The jury was
instructed that the degree of force used in necessary self-defense must be
measured by the degree of the threat of harm that was apparent from the
circumstances. A reasonable juror could have concluded that Booker could
have readily subdued any threat White posed without beating White to death.
As of March 12, 2007, Booker was a twenty-three-year-old man in prime
physical condition who relatively recently had returned from active duty with
the United States Army. Booker was 5'11 and weighed 170 pounds. However,
Booker testified that he worked out “[p]retty much everyday,” and at that time,
he could bench press approximately 405 pounds while wearing a particular
shirt designed to aid weightlifters. White was sixty-one years old and two
inches shorter than Booker. Testimony indicated that White had high blood
pressure, hardening of the arteries, and he was borderline diabetic. He was
certainly not as physically conditioned as Booker. The prosecution repeatedly
asked Booker if he was afraid of White and whether it was necessary to act as
he did. Booker simply answered that he “just reacted” and that he did not know
whether he could have subdued White in some way short of beating him to
death.
Booker, 2010 WL 2491461, at *11 (¶42) (emphasis added). Based on Booker’s testimony
that he had struck White three times in the head, the jury could have concluded that Booker
did not act in necessary self-defense and was guilty of manslaughter.
10
¶22. This Court agrees. In Cooper, affirming a manslaughter conviction, the Court of
Appeals found that the jury could have considered whether the defendant had used excessive
force when striking the alleged aggressor for a second time with a baseball bat:
A reasonable, hypothetical juror could conclude that Cooper, having landed
the first blow to Kenneth’s skull, acted unreasonably when he struck Kenneth
in the head again. Not only did he strike him again, he struck him with an
aluminum baseball bat. It is not outside the realm of possibility that a
reasonable hypothetical juror could find that Cooper did not act in self-defense
because Cooper, having landed a previous skull-crushing blow with a baseball
bat, delivered a second skull-crushing blow. A reasonable hypothetical juror
could conclude that Kenneth would have been incapacitated by a strike with
force sufficient to shatter his skull, so that he could not have presented a
reasonable threat sufficient to warrant a similar follow-up strike to Kenneth’s
head.
While testimony indicated that Cooper acted in self-defense and defense of
others, testimony also indicated that Cooper acted unreasonably . . . . Under
the circumstances, we defer to the jurors as finders of fact, and the jury found
that Cooper acted unreasonably under the circumstances when the jury found
Cooper guilty of manslaughter.
Cooper, 911 So. 2d at 671-72. Under Cooper, when a defendant, upon being attacked,
repeatedly strikes another with a deadly weapon, in the heat of passion but no longer in
necessary self-defense, then this defendant can be guilty of manslaughter. Cooper, 911 So.
2d at 671-72.
¶23. In Cooper, the defendant used a baseball bat as a deadly weapon. Id. Booker testified
that he had retaliated with his fists. This Court has stated that whether a defendant’s fists
constitute a deadly weapon is a jury question. In Pulliam v. State, 298 So. 2d 711, 713
(Miss. 1974), a case decided under the former aggravated-assault statute (Section 2011,
11
Mississippi Code, 1942 Annotated (1956)),7 this Court stated that “[w]hile the use of feet and
fists ordinarily would not constitute the use of a deadly weapon, they can constitute a deadly
weapon if used with means or force likely to produce death. Whether they are so used is for
the jury to determine from the evidence.” 8 See Jackson v. State, 594 So. 2d 20, 24 (Miss.
1992)); see also King v. State, 251 Miss. 161, 168 So. 2d 637 (1964) (affirming
manslaughter conviction where defendant “stomped” the decedent to death); Johnson v.
State, 230 So. 2d 810, 811 (Miss. 1970) (finding that whether a “shoe clad foot” was a
deadly weapon, under the former aggravated-assault statute, was a jury determination “in the
light of evidence as to how and in what manner it is employed.”).
¶24. Alternatively, the jury could have found that Booker had killed White in a cruel or
unusual manner. The majority for the Court of Appeals pointed out:
Booker admitted that he punched White in the head several times, which
resulted in White’s death. At best, the evidence indicates that Booker landed
three punches to the left side of White’s head while White was attempting to
punch him. At worst, Booker punched White in the head while White
remained seated in the Rhino. Either of these scenarios is sufficient to
constitute “a cruel or unusual manner.”
7
Now Mississippi Code Section 97-3-7 (Rev. 2006).
8
If the jury found that Booker’s fists, used repeatedly under the circumstances,
constituted a dangerous weapon, then malice would have been implied. When a deadly
weapon is used, malice is implied. Wilson v. State, 574 So. 2d 1324, 1336 (Miss. 1991)
(citing Fairchild v. State, 459 So. 2d 793, 802 (Miss. 1984)). However, no malice is present
if the defendant was acting in the heat of passion. Id. Here, according to Booker’s version
of the incident, White attacked Booker. Coupled with the facts that White and Booker had
been at odds with each other in the days before the altercation, this alleged act of aggression
was sufficient to support a finding that Booker repeatedly struck White in the heat of passion
and not out of malice. See Jones v. State, 39 So. 3d 860, 866 (Miss. 2010) (citations omitted)
(defining heat of passion as a “state of violent and uncontrollable rage engendered by a blow
or certain other provocation given”)).
12
Booker, 2010 WL 2491461, at *4 (¶17).
¶25. We find that Booker’s striking White three times sufficiently presented a jury question
as to whether Booker’s actions were cruel or unusual. See Martin v. State, 354 So. 2d 1114,
1117-18 (Miss. 1978) (permitting jury instruction for manslaughter based on cruel and
unusual manner “where it was uncontroverted that the deceased [a child] was the victim of
a brutal beating”). Booker admitted that he had grabbed White, a sixty-one-year-old man in
less-than-good health, by the wrists, had pulled White towards him and had punched him.
He struck him, not once but three times on the side of the head. Uncontradicted physical
evidence showed that White died of blunt-force trauma to his head. Booker’s punches
separated blood vessels in White’s brain from his skull, causing White’s brain to bleed and
swell, resulting in his death.
¶26. Even based on Booker’s version of the incident, the jury reasonably could have found
that Booker did not act in necessary self-defense and was guilty of manslaughter, thus
making the Weathersby rule inapplicable.
2. Evidence Substantially Contradicting Booker’s Version of the Incident
¶27. On the other hand, evidence in the record substantially contradicts Booker’s claim of
self-defense and supports the manslaughter conviction. See Johnson, 987 So. 2d at 424
(stating that defendant’s version “if reasonable, must be accepted as true, unless substantially
contradicted in material particulars by . . . the physical facts . . . .”) (citations omitted).
¶28. After Booker’s counsel moved for a directed verdict at the close of the State’s case-in-
chief, the trial judge explained his reasons for denying Booker’s motion under Weathersby:
13
a prima facie case of murder has been made out, particularly in the Court’s
opinion, as to the nature and severity of the injuries from the photographs that
were taken.
....
The Weathersby rule is still alive and, of course, where the defendant and his
witnesses are the only witnesses, it must be contradicted in material particulars
by credible witness or witnesses, and the Court is of the opinion that the
medical personnel that opined that it would be unlikely for Mr. White to have
suffered the injuries like he has suffered and to have gotten back into that ATV
would have been unlikely contradicts the defendant’s version of what
happened and the material particulars. For that reason, the Court is compelled
to overrule the defendant’s motion to dismiss.
¶29. This Court has recognized the narrow context in which Weathersby applies. In Berry
v. State, 455 So. 2d 774, 776 (Miss. 1984), this Court stated “that it is a rare case which
meets the requirements of Weathersby.” Weathersby did not apply
. . . in Thornhill v. State, 561 So. 2d 1025, 1030-32 (Miss. 1989), [overruled
on other grounds by Bush v. State, 895 So. 2d 836, 844 n.2 (Miss. 2005)],
where defendant’s self-defense theory was eroded by the facts that (1) no glass
was found under the victim but was only on top of him and to his side,
somewhat undermining the story that the victim had broken the window in the
door himself; (2) the hammer was not found gripped in the victim’s hand and
no prints were on it; (3) there was no glass on the victim’s boots; and, (4) there
were no cuts on the victim’s hands or arms . . . .
Heidel v. State, 587 So. 2d 835, 839 (Miss. 1991) (emphasis added).
¶30. Weathersby does not require the State to offer evidence excluding the defendant’s
theory from the realm of possibility; rather, the State must offer evidence that substantially
contradicts the material particulars of the defendant’s version of the incident. Weathersby,
147 So. at 482. In making this decision, this Court must “determine whether there was
credible evidence that contradicted [the defendant’s] account of the [incident].” Wilson v.
State, 956 So. 2d 1044, 1048 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).
14
¶31. In Weathersby, the State presented evidence that, if credible, would have created an
issue for the jury to decide. Weathersby, 147 So. at 482. As articulated in Weathersby, the
State’s evidence did contradict the defendant’s theory about where the defendant was alleged
to have been standing during the incident:
The only distinct contradiction of appellant’s version of the killing was some
evidence by the state that the shot went through some growing corn in such a
manner as to have shown that the defendant could not have been at the point
where he said he stood and the deceased at the point where appellant placed
him. Other witnesses for the state corroborated in this particular the locations
assisted by the appellant. As we see it, under this particular record, these
differences are in detail and not in controlling substance. The appellant and his
wife, particularly the latter, appeared to have been considerably frightened as
the deceased, who had already been to the home of appellant a few moments
previously, at which time he threatened both of them with death. . . . Thus, as
would be expected, there . . . are some minor discrepancies in the testimony of
the husband and wife, which rather strengthens their testimony than weakens
it, because this evidences the absence of a previously prepared and agreed
story on their part.
Id. The State’s evidence did not substantially contradict the defendants’ version of the
incident, because this evidence did not contradict the defendants’ version of events in a
meaningful way – that is, this evidence pointed to only “minor discrepancies” in detail, easily
explained by the defendants’ obvious state of fear. Id. Accordingly, the Court in Weathersby
did not find the State’s evidence to “substantially contradic[t]” the defendants’ version of the
incident, and the defendants’ version of the events had to be regarded as true. Id.
¶32. Unlike in Weathersby, the State’s evidence in the record before this Court today does
not point simply to “differences . . . in detail” but to differences in “controlling substance”
that are not consistent with Booker’s version of the incident. Id. Specifically, evidence in the
15
record supports the State’s theory that Booker attacked White while White was seated in the
Rhino.
¶33. Pathologist Dr. Steven Hayne testified for the prosecution that, while White
“possibly” could have received such a beating and then walked to the Rhino, that this was
very unlikely:
[Defense]: Is it possible for Mr. White to have received a blow or blows and
received a concussion and still remained on his feet and gotten back into his
vehicle?
[Dr. Hayne]: I couldn’t exclude that, Counselor, but I think that would be very
unlikely. In these type of injuries, I would expect the person to suffer a
concussion, which you cannot see medically; but statistically, it’s far more
probable that the individual suffered a concussion which by definition a
person loses consciousness . . .
....
[Defense]: So he could have received a concussion, been out on his feet, not
gone down, regained consciousness, and gotten in his vehicle?
[Dr. Hayne]: It would be possible, Counselor. I couldn’t exclude that.
[Defense]: You could not exclude that, could you?
[Dr. Hayne]: But I would not favor that at all.
16
(Emphasis added.) Dr. Hayne testified that White possibly 9 could have received such blows
and gotten back into the Rhino; however, based on the physical facts of this case, Dr. Hayne
added that he “would not favor that at all.” (Emphasis added.) This expert testimony
provided that Booker’s version of the events was “very unlikely.” Accordingly, this expert
testimony, admissible under our rules of evidence, substantially 10 contradicted 11 Booker’s
version of the incident and created a question for the jury to resolve.
¶34. Photographs of the crime scene received into evidence and the location of White’s
glasses also substantially contradicted Booker’s version of the incident. White’s glasses were
found on the county road adjacent to the Rhino. Photos of the Rhino reveal that it had no
windows, making it reasonable to conclude that if Booker had struck White’s head on the left
9
The dissent takes the position that Dr. Hayne admitted, not stated, on cross-
examination that Booker’s version of events was a “distinct possibility.” The exchange
between defense counsel and Dr. Hayne, however, was ambiguous:
[Defense Attorney]: And do you believe in this particular case that Mr. White
would have had a moment of unconsciousness?
[Dr. Hayne]: Yes, sir.
[Defense Attorney]: And then been conscious again?
[Dr. Hayne]: That’s a possibility, Counselor. He could have remained
unconscious. That is certainly a distinct possibility.
[Defense Attorney]: But it’s also a distinct possibility he could have regained
consciousness?
[Dr. Hayne]: That’s possible, Counselor, for a very short period of time.
(Emphasis added.) What is crystal clear is that Dr. Hayne maintained that the scenario put
forth by Booker was very unlikely and not to be favored based on the facts of the case.
10
Essentially; without material qualification; in the main; in substance; materially; in
a substantial manner. Blacks’s Law Dictionary 326 (6th ed. 1990).
11
To disprove. To prove a fact contrary to what has been asserted by a witness.
Black’s Law Dictionary 1428-29 (6th ed. 1990).
17
side, that White’s glasses would have been propelled out of the Rhino’s right passenger side
and onto the adjacent county road. While this Court recognizes that no crime scene is perfect
and that medical intervention had been performed on White before a crime scene had been
established, the location of the glasses, adjacent to the Rhino, was consistent with a finding
that Booker had attacked White in the Rhino and, importantly, also was inconsistent with
Booker’s version of the incident.
¶35. Moreover, the jury reasonably could have found that the location of White’s hat on
the floor of the passenger side of the Rhino contradicted Booker’s version of the incident.
White’s son testified that White typically wore a hat and was wearing one when he went to
see Booker immediately before the fatal altercation.12 Booker stated that he had struck White
three times in the head after White had exited the Rhino. The location of the hat inside the
Rhino directly contradicts Booker’s version of the incident – namely that White ever had
exited the Rhino to engage in the altercation. If White had been outside the Rhino when the
altercation occurred, White’s hat, more likely than not, would have been knocked off outside
the Rhino. After receiving three blows to the head, common sense dictates that White would
not have had the wherewithal to put the hat back on his head before, as Booker alleges,
White sat back down in the Rhino.
¶36. Outside the jury’s presence and upon objection to the State’s eliciting testimony from
White’s son about the hat in the Rhino (based on an alleged discovery violation), Booker’s
defense attorney stated that this physical evidence contradicted Booker’s version of events:
12
Booker testified that he could not remember whether White had been wearing a hat
at the time of the incident.
18
[Defense Attorney]: Yes, sir. The defense would object, your Honor, on the
basis of the State trying to elicit testimony from this witness that his father’s
cap was found inside the Rhino for purposes of eliciting from this witness that
the father always wore a cap to try to physically contradict the defendant’s
version of the events . . . .
[Court]: Tell me how that contradicts the defendant’s version of how it
occurred. That they found the hat in the Rhino?
[Defense Attorney]: If this witness is going to claim daddy always wore a cap
and he never took the cap off . . . [t]hen the fact that the hat is outside or not
outside of the Rhino would physically contradict the defendant’s version of the
events, therefore, being in my opinion, the most important piece of physical
evidence the State of Mississippi could have . . . .
¶37. In sum, the degree and severity of the injuries inflicted upon White discount any
inference that the altercation between Booker and White amounted to no more than “a
garden-variety fist-fight.” Also, the fact that the victim was found unconscious in his Rhino
on Booker’s property; the location of the victim’s glasses; and the location of the victim’s
hat, considered, together, substantially contradict Booker’s version of the incident.
CONCLUSION
¶38. The learned trial judge correctly found the Weathersby rule to be inapplicable and
properly permitted this case to go to the jury. Having considered the rest of Booker’s
arguments before the Court of Appeals and found them to be without merit, we adopt the
Court of Appeals’ reasoning. Accordingly, we affirm the Court of Appeals’ judgment, which
affirmed the trial court’s judgment of conviction and sentence for the crime of manslaughter.
¶39. CONVICTION OF MANSLAUGHTER AND SENTENCE OF TWENTY (20)
YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS WITH TEN (10) YEARS SUSPENDED, TEN (10) YEARS TO
SERVE AND FIVE (5) YEARS OF POST-RELEASE SUPERVISION, WITH
CONDITIONS, AFFIRMED.
19
WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH, LAMAR AND PIERCE, JJ., CONCUR.
KITCHENS, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY
DICKINSON, P.J., AND CHANDLER, J. KING, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
KITCHENS, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶40. Because Chad Booker was entitled to a directed verdict of acquittal, I dissent.
¶41. In Weathersby v. State, 147 So. 481, 482 (Miss. 1933), this Court held that:
[i]t has been for some time the established rule in this state that where the
defendant or the defendant’s witnesses are the only eyewitnesses to the
homicide, their version, if reasonable, must be accepted as true, unless
substantially contradicted in material particulars by a credible witness or
witnesses for the state, or by the physical facts or by the facts of common
knowledge.
¶42. In a recent decision, this Court acknowledged that “[t]he Weathersby rule is alive and
well and living in the courtrooms of this state.” Johnson v. State, 987 So. 2d 420, 424 (Miss.
2008) (quoting Heidel v. State, 587 So. 2d 835, 839 (Miss. 1991)). “The Weathersby
principle is not to be casually applied, but when the facts warrant, it becomes efficacious.”
Dew v. State, 309 So. 2d 857, 857 (Miss. 1975) (citations omitted). Moreover, “[w]here the
Weathersby rule applies and the defendant’s version affords an absolute legal defense, the
defendant is entitled to a directed verdict of acquittal.” Green v. State, 631 So. 2d 167, 174
(Miss. 1994) (citing Blanks v. State, 547 So. 2d 29, 33 (Miss. 1989)). However, “where
the defendant’s story is materially contradicted, the Weathersby rule has no application and
the matter of conviction versus acquittal becomes a question for the jury.” Id. “Weathersby
. . . is nothing more than a particularized version of our general standards according to which
courts must decide whether in a criminal prosecution the accused is entitled to a judgment
20
of acquittal as a matter of law.” Johnson v. State, 987 So. 2d at 425 (quoting Jackson v.
State, 551 So. 2d 132, 136 (Miss. 1989)).
¶43. In Dew, the accused was tried for the murder of his wife. Dew, 309 So. 2d at 857.
Dew was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to serve eight years in the state
penitentiary. Id. At trial, Dew testified that no other individual had been present when he
accidentally shot and fatally wounded his wife. Id. Dew was the only person to testify to
the events leading up to his wife’s demise. Id. at 858. He said that he was in bed when his
wife returned home from an outing with friends, and that he believed she was intoxicated.
Id. Dew said that his wife was argumentative and that she had struck him several times
during the confrontation. Id. Because of his wife’s behavior, Dew said that he had
instructed her to go to her mother’s home until the next morning. Id. She refused and
attempted to strike Dew again. He blocked the blow, and she seized him by the neck and
scratched him. Id. Dew said that he had been able to push her away, but that she then had
picked up a pistol that was lying on the night stand and threatened to kill him. Id. During
the ensuing struggle over the gun, it accidentally discharged, according to Dew, and the
bullet struck his wife. Id. Dew said that he immediately had called for an ambulance and
notified the sheriff’s department of what had transpired. Id.
¶44. On appeal, this Court reversed Dew’s conviction and sentence, holding that the
Weathersby rule applied to his case, that Dew’s testimony had not been “controverted in its
material particulars by either the physical facts or those of common knowledge,” that the trial
court had erred when it had not sustained Dew’s motion for a directed verdict, and this Court
rendered judgment for Dew.
21
¶45. More recently, in Johnson, the accused had been visiting this state for the funeral of
his grandmother when he and several other individuals were asked to help Johnson’s aunt
move out of her apartment complex. Johnson, 987 So. 2d at 423. While Johnson was
helping his aunt move, Dennis Davis initiated several confrontations with Johnson prior to
the altercation that resulted in Davis’s death. Id. Johnson testified that he and Davis’s
girlfriend had been helping his aunt move out of her apartment, and that when they had
finished packing the apartment’s contents, Johnson and Davis’s girlfriend had begun
walking to a convenience store to purchase beer. Id. Johnson said that he did not feel
comfortable walking to the convenience store in the dark following the events that had
transpired with Davis throughout the day, so he decided to carry a knife with him. Id.
Johnson said that, as he and Davis’s girlfriend were walking to the store, Davis came toward
them quickly and struck the woman in the face with a dark object. Id. Johnson said that he
pled with Davis not to hit the woman again and then stepped between Davis and the woman.
Id. At that time, the woman walked away from Johnson and Davis. Id. Johnson testified
that Davis then had made a swinging motion toward him with a dark weapon in his hand.
Id. In response, Johnson stabbed Davis one time. Id. at 424. The woman had fled a short
distance away from Johnson and Davis and did not see the altercation. Id.
¶46. Following the stabbing, Johnson approached a nearby residence to ask the occupants
to call 911, but he received no response from the occupants of that residence. Id. Johnson
then went to his aunt’s apartment and called 911, seeking help for Davis. Id. Johnson was
indicted for the murder of Davis. Id. Johnson was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced
to serve twenty years in the custody of the Department of Corrections. Id. Johnson filed a
22
post-trial motion for a new trial or a judgment of acquittal notwithstanding the verdict, which
was denied. Id.
¶47. On appeal, this Court held that “Johnson’s reasonable eyewitness account, not
substantially contradicted in material particulars, coupled with the pertinent circumstances
which corroborated it . . . , collectively sustain a sufficient case of self-defense.” Id. at 426
(citing Weathersby, 147 So. at 482). Accordingly, Johnson’s version of events was required
to be accepted as true, and it provided an absolute legal defense to either murder or
manslaughter. Id. (citing Weathersby, 147 So. at 482; Green, 631 So. 2d at 174). Further,
having taken “the transcript of the evidence by the four corners, . . . the Weathersby rule is
clearly applicable, as the necessary elements for either a murder or manslaughter conviction
were lacking . . . . Johnson was entitled to a directed verdict of acquittal.” Id. (citing
Houston v. State, 78 So. 182, 183 (Miss. 1918); Blanks, 547 So. 2d at 33).
¶48. Chad Booker, like Dew and Johnson, was the only living witness to the homicide in
question. In addition to Booker’s testimony, numerous witnesses testified about Booker’s
demeanor from March 10 to March 12, 2007, and other witnesses testified that Booker had
a good reputation for veracity and peacefulness within the community.
¶49. Tyler Medlin, Booker’s passenger in the Ford Mustang on March 10, 2007, testified
that Booker was calm throughout the earlier exchange between David White and Booker on
that day, and that Booker had not threatened White, that he had not raised his voice to
White, and that he had told White to call the law if there was a problem with his rate of
speed.
23
¶50. Rickey Thrasher, the manager of the Discount Auto Parts store in Ripley, Mississippi,
testified that Booker had come into the store on March 12, 2007, at approximately 4:30 p.m.,
to talk about a paint problem on a 1960s model Ford pickup truck. Thrasher said that their
conversation had drifted from Booker’s paint problem to a general conversation about “how
you get along with folks.” Thrasher said that he and Booker had begun to talk about a
neighbor of Booker’s who had flagged Booker down over the weekend because the neighbor
had thought he was traveling too fast and that the vehicle was too loud. Booker never told
Thrasher that the neighbor of whom he spoke was David White. Thrasher said that Booker
had maintained a pleasant demeanor during their conversation, and that Booker never
appeared upset and never spoke ill of the neighbor. Thrasher further testified that he had
known Booker approximately twenty years, and that Booker was an honest man and a good
customer. Thrasher also testified that Booker had a good reputation for telling the truth and
that he had never heard anyone speak negatively of Booker.
¶51. After leaving the auto parts store, Booker went across the street to Southern Discount
Motors to see Phillip Nance. Booker testified that he and Nance were friends and that he
looked up to Nance. Booker said that he had expressed to Nance that he did not understand
why White had become so upset about him on Saturday. Nance gave a statement to Officer
John Hillhouse on May 3, 2007. Prior to trial, Nance died. At trial, Officer Hillhouse read
Nance’s statement into the record. In his statement, Nance said that Booker had come over
to show him the orange paint job on the Ford pickup truck, and that he and Booker had talked
about the truck and the superb paint jobs Booker was capable of producing. Nance said that
as Booker was leaving, he mentioned that White had flagged him down and reprimanded him
24
for driving too fast, and that Booker was puzzled about why White would have been so upset
about his driving. Nance said that Booker made no comments about getting even with White,
and he never threatened to harm White.
¶52. Booker testified that after he left Nance’s used-automobile dealership on March 12,
2007, he drove the orange Ford pickup truck to his home, parked it under his carport, then
drove his red Chevrolet Z-71 pickup truck from his house to his shop. Booker said that, after
he had parked his Chevrolet pickup truck at his shop, he went to his blue Nissan “garbage
truck” that was parked just outside the gate to his shop. Booker said that he had begun
picking up garbage and putting it into the back of the Nissan truck. While Booker was
picking up garbage, he saw David and Keith White driving on County Road 813. When he
saw the Whites approaching, he said he “spoke,” meaning that he had waved his hand in the
air as the Whites’ vehicle approached him. Booker said that Keith White spoke back by
waving his hand as they drove past Booker. Keith testified that both he and his father had
spoken to Booker as they had driven past him on County Road 813.
¶53. Booker said that, soon after the Whites had passed him on County Road 813, he had
seen White “coming in real fast in his Yamaha Rhino,” and that he had been confused about
why White was coming onto his property. Booker said that White parked the Rhino near the
Nissan truck, turned the Rhino off, got out of the Rhino, and said “Hey, I got [to] talk to
you.” Booker responded by saying “Mr. White, I don’t want any problems with you. Just
leave. Leave my property. I don’t want any problems with you.” White said, “[h]ell naw.
You’re going to talk to me.” Booker said that “[White] reached up to grab my collar, and
when he did, he went to punch me with his other hand; and I caught his wrist and twisted it
25
. . . and I punched him three times and turned him loose.” Booker said that “I turned him
loose and he stumbled and I remember him standing on his feet and going to his Rhino to get
back on it, and I turned around and I started walking down the road because I got scared and
wondered what was fixing to happen next. I was upset.” Booker said that he had not tried
to hurt White; rather, he had been trying to defend himself. Once Booker had learned of
White’s injuries, he voluntarily turned himself in to Tippah County sheriff’s deputies.
¶54. Booker and White were the only people present at the time of the altercation. No
other trial witness was able to testify regarding the events that had occurred outside Booker’s
shop on the evening of March 12, 2007. Additionally, Booker and White exhibited injuries
that were consistent with Booker’s testimony. Specifically, Booker’s hand had become
swollen and was beginning to bruise at the time he gave his statement, and White had an
injury on his right hand that was consistent with his having punched someone. Moreover,
the State offered the testimony of Dr. Steven Hayne, a pathologist, to support its theory of
the case; however, the witness admitted that Booker’s version of events could not be
excluded, and in fact was a “distinct possibility.” The following exchange took place
between the State and Dr. Hayne:
State: Based on your observation of Mr. White, would you expect that
a person in a standing position who received this amount of
force to the head could remain standing when receiving that
lick?
Hayne: It would be unlikely . . . unless he was supported by some
means. If there’s more than one blow, then I would expect the
person to fall unless supported.
However, the following exchange occurred between defense counsel and Dr. Hayne on cross-
examination:
26
Defense: . . . [M]y question to you is this: If we have testimony that Mr.
White got out of his vehicle and accosted the defendant, grabbed
him and swung at the defendant, and the defendant caught his
hand, the swing by Mr. White, and he grabbed Mr. White and
pulled him to him and hit him three times and released him, and
that Mr. White did not go down but Mr. White went back and
got in his vehicle, you can’t contradict that that occurred, can
you, if that’s what the proof shows?
Hayne: I cannot exclude that, Counselor, but again, I would not favor
that scenario.
Defense: But you weren’t there, were you?
Hayne: No, sir.
Defense: Okay. And your medical findings don’t exclude that, do they?
Hayne: They do not, but they would lean strongly against it.
Defense: But you can’t swear under oath it didn’t happen, can you?
Hayne: No, I cannot do that.
Defense: And people who have had concussions have walked around
before like in football, high school football, for instance?
Hayne: They have, but by definition, they’re going to have a momentary
period of unconsciousness by definition.
Defense: And you believe in this particular case that Mr. White would
have had a moment of unconsciousness?
Hayne: Yes, sir.
Defense: And then been conscious again?
Hayne: That’s a possibility, Counselor. He could have remained
unconscious. That is certainly a distinct possibility.
Defense: But it’s also a distinct possibility he could have regained
consciousness?
Hayne: That’s possible, Counselor, for a very short period of time.
Defense: Right. Regained lucidness, correct?
Hayne: I used the term lucid, yes.
Defense: Yes, sir. You found an injury on Mr. White?
Hayne: I found a bruise located on the back of the third finger of the
right hand.
...
Defense: Would that be consistent with throwing a blow?
Hayne: It would be consistent with it, Counselor.
Defense: And you believe that that injury occurred close in time?
Hayne: I would rule it at or about the time of death. Of course, there are
other explanations for that injury too.
Defense: Sure. But you couldn’t exclude it as Mr. White throwing a
punch, could you?
Hayne: I could not, sir.
27
¶55. At trial, Booker addressed the White family and apologized for what had happened
to David White. However, Booker maintained that he had acted in self-defense and had not
intended to hurt White. Further, Keith White and Charlotte White testified that they had
never had problems, be it violence or otherwise, from their neighbor, Chad Booker.
Moreover, numerous witnesses testified that Booker had not been angry or disrespectful to
White prior to the altercation, and that Booker had not expressed any desire to retaliate
against White for the events of Saturday, March 10, 2007.
¶56. The majority opined that the dispute between White and Booker on March 10, 2007,
had not ended when Booker drove back to his auto shop after being accosted by White;
rather, it carried on through the evening of March 10, 2007. Maj. Op. at ¶ 5. To support that
opinion, the majority points to allegations of Keith White, David White’s son, to show that,
after David White told Booker to slow down, Booker drove his red Chevrolet pickup truck
on County Road 813 in front of David White’s home approximately four times on the
evening of March 10, 2007, and that each time Booker passed White’s home, he would stop
at the end of White’s driveway, put the truck in neutral and rev the engine. Maj. Op. at ¶ 5.
Keith White further testified that he heard Booker yell “f— you” on the fourth time that
Booker drove past the White driveway. Maj. Op. at ¶ 5. Booker denied those allegations.
¶57. The majority also points to the testimony of Shade White, David White’s grandson,
to illustrate that the dispute between David White and Booker had not ended when Booker
went back to his shop after being confronted by David White on March 10, 2007. Maj. Op.
at ¶ 5. Shade White testified that, near 11:00 p.m. on March 10, 2007, he heard the engine
of a truck that he believed to be Booker’s revving up outside his bedroom window.
28
However, defense counsel elicited testimony from Shade White to demonstrate that he, in
fact, did not know whether the vehicle he had heard belonged to Booker, and he did not
know whether Booker was driving the vehicle that he had heard that night.
¶58. Even if Shade White had maintained that the truck that he had heard outside his
bedroom window on March 10, 2007, was Chad Booker’s and that Booker was actually
driving the vehicle, Booker had an alibi and an alibi witness whose testimony contradicted
that of Shade White. Booker’s alibi was that he was neither at home nor in the City of Ripley
at the time of the alleged annoyance outside of Shade White’s bedroom window. Amy Estes
testified that on March 10, 2007, she met Booker and Shanna Vuncannon at 8:00 p.m. in the
Wal-Mart parking lot in Ripley, Mississippi. Estes said that they left Ripley in Vuncannon’s
vehicle and went to the Ruby Tuesday’s restaurant in Corinth, Mississippi. Estes further
testified that she, Vuncannon, and Booker had left the Corinth restaurant at approximately
11:30 p.m., and that it was after 12:00 a.m. when they returned to Ripley.
¶59. Booker’s reasonable eyewitness account was “not substantially contradicted in
material particulars,” and the “pertinent circumstances corroborate” his version of events,
which would “collectively sustain a sufficient case of self-defense.” Johnson, 987 So. 2d
at 426. Therefore, Booker’s version of events was required to be accepted as true, and it
provided an absolute legal defense, namely self defense, to either murder or manslaughter.
Id. Moreover, having taken “the transcript of the evidence by the four corners, . . . the
Weathersby rule is clearly applicable, as the necessary elements for either a murder or
manslaughter conviction were lacking. Id. Accordingly, Booker was entitled to a directed
29
verdict of acquittal. The judgment of the Court of Appeals and the trial court’s conviction
and sentence should be reversed, and the case should be rendered in favor of Booker.
DICKINSON, P.J., AND CHANDLER, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.
30
Chad Booker v. State of Mississippi
Combined Opinion