PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 19-6412
CHARLES F. PLYMAIL,
Petitioner - Appellant,
v.
PATRICK MIRANDY,
Respondent - Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, at
Huntington. Robert C. Chambers, District Judge. (3:14-cv-06201)
Argued: May 5, 2021 Decided: August 10, 2021
Before NIEMEYER, WYNN, and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges.
Reversed by published opinion. Judge Richardson wrote the majority opinion, in which
Judge Niemeyer and Judge Wynn joined.
ARGUED: Mackenzie Herman, Henna Shah, John J. Korzen, WAKE FOREST
UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for Appellant.
Thomas T. Lampman, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF WEST VIRGINIA,
Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Mary Jasperse, Third-Year Law
Student, Kristen R. Kovach, Third-Year Law Student, Appellate Advocacy Clinic, WAKE
FOREST UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for
Appellant. Patrick Morrisey, Attorney General, Lindsay S. See, Solicitor General, Jessica
A. Lee, Assistant Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF
WEST VIRGINIA, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellee.
RICHARDSON, Circuit Judge:
Charles Plymail was convicted of sexual assault in 1993. The details of his
conviction are disturbing. What is also disturbing is how long it took for him to receive a
decision on his direct appeal: over twenty years. Plymail eventually filed a habeas petition
in the district court asserting that his incarceration was unconstitutional for three reasons:
(1) the delay of his appeal, (2) comments made by the trial judge that coerced the jury into
rendering a verdict, and (3) improper statements made by the prosecutor during closing
argument. The district court rejected his claims. But we find Plymail is entitled to habeas
relief based on the prosecutor’s improper statements. Since the State did not argue below
that the claim had been procedurally defaulted in state court, we review the claim de novo
and find the prosecutor’s statements exhorting the jury to protect women and send a
message to the community and to “sadomasochistic” persons rendered the trial so
fundamentally unfair as to deny Plymail due process of law. So we reverse.
I. Background
A. The trial
Plymail was indicted on one count of second-degree sexual assault, one count of
burglary, two counts of first-degree sexual assault, one count of first-degree sexual abuse,
and one count of malicious wounding. But these charges arose from separate allegations
of criminal conduct. The State proceeded to trial on only the second-degree-sexual-assault
charge involving Kathy Young. That trial turned on Plymail and Young’s dueling accounts
of their encounter.
2
Both sides agreed on some basic facts. In September 1992, Young met Plymail at
a bar and offered him a ride back to his apartment. Once there, they had consensual sex
twice. It is at this point that their stories diverge.
Young testified at trial that her consent ended when she said she was going home
but Plymail insisted that she stay. According to Young, Plymail became aggressive and
started to scare her, even slapping her with enough force to turn her head. Young claims
that Plymail forced her to perform oral sex, forced her into the bedroom, and started
touching her all over. When Plymail began to move into a position to force her to again
perform oral sex, Young kicked him and “started running [and] started yelling for help.”
J.A. 1719. Once Young broke free and escaped Plymail’s apartment, a neighbor heard
Young’s screams, let her into her apartment, wrapped her in a sheet, and called 911.
The neighbor testified about hearing noises in the apartment above her and
observing Young’s emotional state. The neighbor said that she heard Plymail explicitly
shouting for Young to get her clothes. After law enforcement arrived, Young went to the
hospital and was treated for minor contusions. Through the cross-examination of the
State’s witnesses, Plymail focused on inconsistencies in Young’s testimony, her refusal of
a rape kit at the hospital, and on details from the neighbor’s testimony that were not in the
written statement she gave to law enforcement.
Plymail’s story notably diverged from Young’s. According to Plymail, Young bit
him while they were having consensual sex. As a result, Plymail slapped her, which caused
her to leave angrily. Plymail recounted this to Officer Ball after he waived his Miranda
rights and showed Ball “a red mark” consistent with a bite mark on his chest. J.A. 1861.
3
A different neighbor also testified that he overheard a man that night shouting, “Get back
in here and get your clothes on” or “Get out of here—get your clothes on and get out of
here.” J.A. 1834. Plymail also called the emergency room doctor who examined Young
to testify about his observations of Young’s injuries and demeanor. After presenting their
dueling narratives, the parties rested and closing arguments began.
The prosecution’s initial closing argument focused on the evidence, burden of proof,
and credibility of the witnesses. And Plymail does not argue that this initial closing was
problematic. Defense counsel’s closing argument, however, discussed the parade of
alleged societal ills that would result from a guilty verdict. Defense counsel discussed the
difficulty of disproving rape charges: “A rape charge is very easy to make but it is the
most difficult to defend against.” J.A. 1959. After focusing on how easy it was for an
“angry, offensive” woman to harm “innocent . . . males,” defense counsel warned the men
in the jury: “This is dangerous, Gentleman. . . . it’s dangerous to even look at a woman
today because she can shout ‘Rape’ under any condition . . . and you have to disprove it
and it’s tough because there are only two people there and society tends to believe the
woman.” J.A. 1972.
Rather than object to the defense argument, the prosecutor used his twelve minutes
of rebuttal to counter counsel’s moral shaming with his own. The prosecutor warned the
jury of the existence of “trickster lovers” who disguise themselves to “your sons and
daughters” as well-intentioned individuals, but have a “sweet tooth . . . for masochistic,
sadomasochistic horror.” J.A. 1975. And it is these “trickster lovers,” the prosecutor
explained, that would be sent a message from the jury’s verdict. That message would either
4
be that the community would not condone such behavior or that the “sadomasochistic”
persons are free to do as they please. The prosecutor then left the jury with a final thought:
“[t]hink of the community” and deliver a verdict “for womankind, for all of us.” J.A. 1981.
After deliberating for two-and-a-half hours, the jury sent a note revealing that it was
deadlocked. This deadlock created concerns as the trial judge had repeatedly emphasized
that the trial was on a tight schedule, needing to conclude within two days. The judge
brought the jury out, and the foreperson informed the judge that the jury had not reached a
unanimous verdict. The judge then asked the foreperson what the numerical vote was,
without informing him of which way the vote was going. The foreperson responded “six-
four-two.” J.A. 1987. The judge then asked the jury if further deliberations would be
helpful, to which three jurors said it would. The judge then instructed the jury to go back
into the jury room and discuss whether they believed further deliberations would help them
reach a verdict.
About forty minutes after the judge sent the jury back to the jury room, they returned
a guilty verdict.
B. Direct appeal
Plymail filed a notice of intent to appeal in March 1994. What followed was an
ordeal spanning over 20 years, six lawyers, and multiple state courts. Many delays
stemmed from disagreements with the attorneys, difficulty contacting them, various courts
taking too long to rule on simple motions, and Plymail’s battle with ulcerative colitis.
Soon after noticing his appeal, Plymail had trouble contacting his first appointed
counsel. So he filed a pro se motion seeking to dismiss her and to extend the time to file
5
an appeal. When the trial court did not rule on Plymail’s motions, Plymail sought a writ
of mandamus to compel a ruling. The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals granted
mandamus relief and Plymail was assigned a public defender as his second lawyer.
Plymail’s first counsel was issued a public admonishment by the Disciplinary Board for
her representation of Plymail.
Plymail was then given an extension of time to file his appeal, but he was apparently
never made aware of the extension. All communication with his assigned public defender
stopped. Years later, Plymail learned that his assigned public defender left the office in
1997. And by 2002, Plymail began suffering from nonresponsive ulcerative colitis, which
led to several long hospital stays. Plymail became depressed and ultimately “gave up [his]
long and frustrating fight against the system.” J.A. 30. But in 2008, Plymail made one last
effort to appeal his conviction.
After having his assigned public defender (who was no longer a public defender)
removed, Plymail went through several more attorneys due to the attorneys’ lack of contact,
scheduling issues, and his battle with ulcerative colitis. Finally, in 2014 (twenty years after
his conviction), Plymail’s sixth appointed lawyer filed an opening brief. Unsatisfied with
that opening brief, Plymail filed his own pro se reply brief.
With his appeal finally before the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, the
court affirmed Plymail’s convictions in 2015. The court first rejected Plymail’s argument
that the undue delay in adjudicating his appeal required overturning his conviction. The
court found that some of the delay was attributable to Plymail’s “accusatory, abrasive, and
belligerent attitude” and to Plymail’s illness, which rendered him unavailable for several
6
years. J.A. 923–24. The court also found that the delay did not prejudice him because his
appeal lacked merit.
The court next rejected Plymail’s argument that the trial court coerced the jury into
reaching a verdict. Recognizing that the trial court made several comments about the
timing of the trial, the court determined that the trial court’s statements about its desire to
finish the trial in two days were conversational and polite. So it found the comments did
not coerce the jury. The court then found that the trial court’s instructions to the deadlocked
jury were not objected to, waiving any claim about their coercive effect. And the court
held that the waived instructional claim did not amount to plain error as it created no
miscarriage of justice.
Finally, the court found Plymail waived his claim about the prosecutor’s closing
argument. The court noted that the State “dispute[d] that the prosecutor’s comments
amounted to plain error as these comments did not cause a ‘miscarriage of justice’ and
further did not seriously affect the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of petitioner’s
trial.” J.A. 930. But after noting that argument, the court made no conclusion about
whether the plain-error standard of review was satisfied.
C. Federal habeas proceedings
Plymail petitioned the district court for habeas relief under § 2254 in January 2014.
Relevant now, he sought relief based on the appellate delay, judicial coercion, and the
prosecutor’s improper comments. After this petition spent several more years passing back
and forth between the district court and the Fourth Circuit, Plymail filed a partial motion
for summary judgment on his claim that the delay in adjudicating his direct appeal violated
7
his due process rights. The State cross-moved for summary judgment on all of Plymail’s
claims. The district court granted the State’s motion for summary judgment and dismissed
Plymail’s petition. Plymail timely appealed and we have jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291; 28 U.S.C. § 2253.
II. Discussion
A. Jurisdiction
Before addressing the merits, we must address our jurisdiction to consider Plymail’s
petition. At oral arguments, the parties informed this Court that Plymail is no longer
incarcerated for the sexual-assault charge that forms the basis of his current habeas petition.
It appears that he was released from incarceration on that charge but remains in custody
awaiting trial on a separate set of charges.
We consider whether we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 and then
separately whether the case has become moot. See Carafas v. LaVallee, 391 U.S. 234,
237–39 (1968). Looking first to § 2254(a), we may only “entertain an application for a
writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State
court only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or
treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a) (emphases added). A reasonable reader
might think we lack jurisdiction over a habeas petition when the petitioner is
unconditionally released from custody. But we generally consider whether jurisdiction
exists at the time an action is filed. So “once the federal jurisdiction has attached in the
District Court, it is not defeated by the release of the petitioner prior to completion of
proceedings on such application.” Carafas, 391 U.S. at 238. Thus, because Plymail was
8
“in custody” when he petitioned for habeas relief, we are not relieved of jurisdiction under
§ 2254 because of his subsequent release from prison.
Having found that the district court had jurisdiction when the petition was filed, we
turn to whether Plymail’s release renders the case moot. “A case becomes moot—and
therefore no longer a ‘Case’ or ‘Controversy’ for purposes of Article III—‘when the issues
presented are no longer ‘live’ or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the
outcome.’” Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc., 568 U.S. 85, 91 (2013) (quoting Murphy v. Hunt,
455 U.S. 478, 481 (1982)). Because habeas corpus proceedings challenge a prisoner’s
detention, a logical assumption is that the release of a prisoner from detention renders a
habeas petition moot. See Lawrence v. Branker, 517 F.3d 700, 717 (4th Cir. 2008)
(petitioners may obtain habeas relief only when they are “in custody in violation of the
Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States”) (quoting 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(a)).
But the Supreme Court has instructed otherwise. The existence of certain “collateral
consequences” to the petitioner’s conviction prevents a habeas petition from becoming
moot. Carafas, 391 U.S. at 237–38. The mere “possibility of consequences collateral to
the imposition of sentence is sufficiently substantial to justify our dealing with the merits.”
Pollard v. United States, 352 U.S. 354, 358 (1957). And the Court presumes that collateral
consequences exist. See Sibron v. State of N.Y.¸ 392 U.S. 40, 55 (1968). As we stand
today, “the possibility that the conviction would be used to impeach testimony [a
petitioner] might give in a future proceeding and the possibility that it would be used to
subject him to persistent felony offender prosecution if he should go to trial on any other
felony charges in the future” defeat mootness. Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 391 n.4
9
(1985). And at least based on the meager information we now have on appeal, Plymail
faces prosecution for a different crime. So despite some criticism of this approach, see
Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 8–12 (1998), we can only conclude that this case is not
moot. Because it is possible that Plymail’s sexual-assault conviction could be used in the
pending proceeding or to enhance his sentence if convicted, we find that this case is not
moot.
B. Prosecutor’s closing argument
Plymail argues that the prosecutor’s closing statement violated due process and that
this Court should review this claim de novo, that is, without the normal deference we give
state-court judgments under § 2254. Finding de novo review appropriate, we reverse.
1. Standard of review
Our standard of review is often critical in habeas cases brought by state-court
prisoners. This case is no exception.
We begin with the typical standards by which federal courts review a state-court
prisoner’s habeas claims. “[H]abeas corpus is a ‘guard against extreme malfunctions in
the state criminal justice systems,’ not a substitute for ordinary error correction through
appeal.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102–03 (2011) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 332 n.5 (1979)). A federal court therefore “may grant a writ of habeas corpus
only if the state court decision ‘was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application
of, clearly established Federal law’ or ‘was based on an unreasonable determination of the
10
facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.’” Winston v. Kelly,
592 F.3d 535, 543–44 (4th Cir. 2010) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)). 1
Those typical standards, however, have exceptions. One is when a state court does
not adjudicate the merits of a claim properly before it. Federal courts “bypass § 2254(d)’s
limitations on relief when a state court has refused to ‘adjudicate’ a procedurally proper
claim ‘on the merits.’” Valentino v. Clarke, 972 F.3d 560, 576 (4th Cir. 2020) (quoting §
2254(d)). In such a case, a federal court reviews the claim de novo. See Gordon, 780 F.3d
at 202.
But to review this claim de novo, the state court must have failed to review a claim
that was properly before it. Because when the state court finds a claim procedurally
defaulted, we will not review its merits under any standard unless the petitioner establishes
both cause for the default and prejudice. See Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1, 9 (2012). Nor
do we second-guess the state court’s application of its own procedural rules, absent an
extraordinary case involving a fundamental miscarriage of justice. See Sharpe v. Bell, 593
F.3d 372, 377 (4th Cir. 2010). But this rule limiting our review of procedurally defaulted
claims “is not a jurisdictional one.” Yeatts v. Angelone, 166 F.3d 255, 260–61 (4th Cir.
1999); see also Royal v. Taylor, 188 F.3d 239, 247 (4th Cir. 1999) (“Procedural default
must be pled as an affirmative defense and the Commonwealth is ‘obligated to raise
procedural default as a defense, or [it will] lose the right to assert the defense thereafter.’”
(quoting Gray v. Netherland, 518 U.S. 152, 166 (1996))). So when the State fails to assert
On appeal, we review a district court’s dismissal of a habeas petition de novo.
1
Gordon v. Braxton, 780 F.3d 196, 200 (4th Cir. 2015).
11
procedural default as a defense, it waives that argument, and we must consider the
petitioner’s unexhausted claim de novo. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) (deference applies only
to cases decided on the merits); see also Gordon, 780 F.3d at 202; Wright v. Angelone, 151
F.3d 151, 156–57 (4th Cir. 1998).
Here, the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals did not adjudicate Plymail’s
prosecutorial misconduct claim on the merits. Instead, it held that the claim had been
waived because Plymail failed to object to the prosecutor’s comments at trial. And while
the court noted the State argued that plain error did not apply, the court made no finding
on that claim. Cf. Daniels v. Lee, 316 F.3d 477, 487 & n.8 (4th Cir. 2003). So this is a
clear case of procedural default.
Ordinarily, that would be the beginning of the end of the petitioner’s case. If the
State then relied on the procedural default before the district court, the habeas petition
would be dismissed. But here the State did not raise the procedural default in front of the
district court. 2 The State merely noted that the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals
found Plymail waived the prosecutorial misconduct claim. Lacking from the State’s
argument was any suggestion that the district court was therefore barred from considering
the claim.
Had the State argued procedural default before the district court, we would be barred
from considering the merits of this claim. See Martinez, 566 U.S. at 9. And had the West
Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals resolved this claim on the merits, we would have to
2
We need not decide whether this was a mistake or an exercise of executive
discretion to permit consideration of this claim.
12
review this claim under the deferential § 2254(d) standard of review. See Winston, 592
F.3d at 543–44. But neither occurred here. So we review Plymail’s claim de novo, asking
only if there was constitutional error. See Hudson v. Hunt, 235 F.3d 892, 895 (4th Cir.
2000). 3
2. Merits
Consistent with the great power they possess, we expect prosecutors to wield their
authority in accordance with our finest values and traditions. See In re Stevens, 956 F.3d
229, 234 (4th Cir. 2020). But when we review the actions of state prosecutors, the scope
of our review is narrow, as we lack any broad supervisory power. Donnelly v.
DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 642 (1974). We may only consider whether the state
prosecutor has committed a due process violation. Id. And so we may grant relief here
only if the prosecutor’s remarks were so improper as to deny Plymail a fundamentally fair
trial. Id. at 645. Clearing this high bar requires two findings: first, that the remarks were
plainly improper, and second, that the remarks so prejudiced Plymail’s substantial rights
that he was denied a fair trial. United States v. Saint Louis, 889 F.3d 145, 156 (4th Cir.
2018); see also id. at 642–43, 645; Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181 (1986).
As to whether the rebuttal argument was improper, prosecutors must seek
convictions based on the evidence as it applies to the elements of the offense. While we
3
While we may raise procedural default on our own where “overriding interests of
comity and judicial efficiency [] transcend the interests of the parties,” Yeatts, 166 F.3d at
261, we decline to do so here.
13
do not expect emotionless prosecutors to present antiseptic arguments, they may not seek
a conviction based on prejudice or passions.
Prosecutors violate this edict when they stray beyond the defendant’s crimes and
ask the jury to convict in order to “send a message to the community.” United States v.
Runyon, 707 F.3d 475, 514 (4th Cir. 2013); see also United States v. Pupo, 841 F.2d 1235,
1240 (4th Cir. 1988) (en banc). Such exhortations improperly invite the jury to focus on a
larger social objective beyond the defendant and his crimes. Runyon, 707 F.3d at 514–15;
Pupo, 841 F.2d at 1240; see also United States v. Monaghan, 741 F.2d 1434, 1441 (D.C.
Cir. 1984) ( “A prosecutor may not urge jurors to convict a criminal defendant in order to
. . . deter future lawbreaking. . . . The amelioration of society’s woes is far too heavy a
burden for the individual criminal defendant to bear.”). So too do prosecutors step over
the line when they ask jurors to place themselves in the victim’s shoes. See United States
v. Hall, 979 F.3d 1107, 1119 (6th Cir. 2020); Gov’t of the Virgin Is. v. Mills, 821 F.3d 448,
458 (3d Cir. 2016); United States v. Palma, 473 F.3d 899, 902 (8th Cir. 2007).
Even so, “[i]solated passages of a prosecutor’s argument” often fail to violate due
process. See Donnelly, 416 U.S. at 646. But the prosecutor here focused the rebuttal
argument on sending a message to the community and protecting the jurors’ own children
from sexual assault.
After claiming the presumption of innocence had been “ripped” from Plymail and
disparaging the defense attorney, the prosecutor explained that the jury was in “an era of
modern women.” J.A. 1974–75. And while the prosecutor claimed “not [to] be in this
era,” he said this era involved “single women” who “go out to bars and cafes and meet
14
men.” Id. Then the prosecutor tied this era to the jury’s own sons and daughters. He asked
the jury to imagine that their children will go off to Marshall and to other universities and
“they will go to bars and cafes and groupings and they will meet men.” Id. Men, the
prosecutor continued, they think are “nice” and “soft” and “sweet” but who are really
“trickster lovers.” Id. And the prosecutor revealed how “privileged” he was to “bring this
to the attention of the community to protect, to protect our sons and our children and the
single women and the adult women and the modern women.” Id.
Having laid out a powerful and objectionable exhortation, the prosecutor continued:
“This sweet tooth of his for masochistic, sadomasochistic horror cannot be allowed to
escape.” Id. He then responded to the defense counsel’s own objectionable closing-
argument claim that rape cases were easy to bring. Based on outside-the-record “statistics,”
the prosecutor claimed that “seventy percent of rapes go free” without charges. J.A. 1976.
Rape charges, he claimed, were “not easy to make” because the victim has to testify in
public with all its burdens while “all the rights go to the defendant.” Id.
Only then did the prosecutor turn to providing reasons to believe the victim’s
testimony: the oath she took in court, the consistency of her statements, the lack of a motive
to put herself through the ordeal, no evidence of animosity, and so on. Though he describes
himself as a “dispassionate prosecuting attorney,” he then claims to be “emotionally upset”
that Plymail would make up a story about the victim biting him. J.A. 1977. And he again
returned to broader, societal themes: “[D]oesn’t a woman have a right at some point in her
life to control her body when she’s with a man?” J.A. 1978. To respond to this
15
inappropriate rhetorical question, the prosecutor expounded on the West Virginia spousal
law that gives a wife the right to refuse sex.
Even then, the prosecutor was not done with the broader societal message that he
felt must be sent in this “crucial case, very important case for the people, for yourselves,
for the community.” J.A. 1979. The jury would, he again emphasized, “be sending a
message” with its verdict. Id. And the jury “must think about the message.” Id. If their
verdict was not guilty, they would “send a message so loud and clear to men on dates who
have the tendency of the sweet tooth of sadomasochism to say, ‘I have got you now.’” J.A.
1981. He then closed, staying on message: the jury’s verdict should be “guilty . . . for all
of us, for womankind, for all of us.” Id.
Reviewing this closing, even twenty-five years later and on the cold record, leaves
us with no doubt of its power. Who is against “womankind”? Who seeks to grant a license
to those with “the sweet tooth of sadomasochism” to have their way with our daughters as
they enter college? Who wishes to send a message to the community that men may have
their way with women, that rapists may go free, that women will not be protected?
For the same reason it was powerful, it was highly improper. These appeals to the
jury violated the fundamental fairness due to every criminal defendant. A criminal trial is
about the evidence of the defendant’s actions. Not all of womankind. Not a license for
our own daughters to be abused by those with “the sweet tooth of sadomasochism.” Not
societal messages of any sort.
16
But even plainly improper statements fail to establish a due process violation unless
they so prejudiced Plymail’s substantial rights such that he was denied a fair trial. Darden,
477 U.S. at 181. 4
The palpable power of these statements before a jury goes a long way to show this
prejudice. The prosecutor asked the jury to ignore its fundamental role: determining the
defendant’s guilt based solely on the evidence and applicable rules of law. United States
v. Fisher, 10 F.3d 115, 121 (3d Cir. 1993). These comments repeatedly asked the jury to
discard the tools given by the court and instead convict based on the prospective sins of
others.
And beyond the power of the statements themselves, the prosecutor’s exhortations
took on particular import in this case, where only limited evidence existed. As date-rape
cases often are, this was a he-said-she-said case, a battle of credibility between the accuser
and the accused. See Katherine K. Baker, Sex, Rape, and Shame, 79 BOS. UNIV. L.J. 663,
690 (1999) (“Unlike stranger rapes, date rape trials are nothing but credibility contests.
There is no fruit of the crime to be produced, no weapon to be traced and no mistaken
identity. Everyone concedes that both parties were there, that there was no weapon and
We sometimes refer to an array of factors to help identify when a prosecutor’s
4
remarks violated due process. See United States v. Wilson, 135 F.3d 291, 299 (4th Cir.
1998) (“‘(1) the degree to which the prosecutor’s remarks have a tendency to mislead the
jury and to prejudice the accused; (2) whether the remarks were isolated or extensive; (3)
absent the remarks, the strength of competent proof introduced to establish the guilt of the
accused; [] (4) whether the comments were deliberately placed before the jury to divert
attention to extraneous matters’ . . . (5) whether the prosecutor’s remarks were invited by
improper conduct of defense counsel . . . and (6) whether curative instructions were given
to the jury” (quoting United States v. Adam, 70 F.3d 776, 780 (4th Cir. 1995))).
17
that intercourse did take place. The only question is whether she consented. . . . Given how
easily the sexual acts could be consensual in these cases, it is very hard for the prosecution
to remove all reasonable doubt that they were not.”). But this case was even closer, as
everyone agreed consensual sex occurred before the assault. There was no forensic
evidence, no physical evidence, and no eyewitness testimony. So it was no surprise that
the jury reported after some deliberation that they could not reach a unanimous verdict.
Only after the court encouraged further deliberations did the jury reach a unanimous
verdict. 5
The State seeks to overcome the prejudice of these statements by claiming the
prosecutor was merely responding to the improper arguments made by defense counsel.
Defense counsel too must “confine arguments to the jury within proper bounds.” United
States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 8 (1985). And defense counsel undoubtably violated his
professional obligations in warning jurors of the danger men face from fabricated rape
accusations. See J.A. 1959 (stating innocent men can be imprisoned for the rest of their
lives by angry women seeking revenge for a man’s innocent actions); J.A. 1972 (noting the
dangers of even looking at women because they can shout rape for a mere passing glance
and society tends to believe the accusations of women).
5
And even this unanimous verdict is the subject of criticism as Plymail argues that
the trial judge coerced the jury into rendering a verdict by continually pressuring the jury
to reach a verdict in two days, see J.A. 1604–05, 1631, 1759, 1797, 1810, 1885–86, and by
giving a coercive jury charge, J.A. 1988–89. We need not independently address this
claim, noting only that the jury’s hesitation to convict Plymail reflects the strength of the
State’s case.
18
But two wrongs do not make a right. Defense counsel’s misconduct does not grant
the prosecutor a “license to make otherwise improper arguments.” Young, 470 U.S. at 12.
A prosecutor must object to improper arguments, not merely respond in kind. Id. But we
do consider the context of the prosecutor’s misconduct in evaluating its prejudice against
the defendant. See id. (stating that because “the Court must consider the probable effect
the prosecutor’s response would have on the jury’s ability to judge the evidence fairly . . .
the defense counsel’s conduct, as well as the nature of the prosecutor’s response, is
relevant” to finding prejudice). So in weighing “the impact of the prosecutor’s remarks,”
we “must also take into account defense counsel’s opening salvo.” Id.
Even considering defense counsel’s improper argument, however, the prosecutor
overreached. The prosecutor went well beyond any reasonable attempt to “right the scale”
that defense counsel’s comments improperly tipped. Id. This prosecutor’s plea to convict
based on considerations extraneous to the evidence was neither responsive nor proportional
to the defense counsel’s comments.
Given the evidence presented, the prosecutor’s powerful, extensive, and plainly
improper statements “so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting
conviction a denial of due process.” Donnelly, 416 U.S. at 643. 6
6
Plymail separately claims the twenty-year delay on direct appeal violated his right
to due process and warrants habeas relief. But the only means for a habeas petitioner to
obtain relief from a state court judgment is a finding that the petitioner “is in custody in
violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a).
The petitioner, therefore, must be in custody “as a result of” the challenged state appellate
court decision for habeas relief to be available. Wright, 151 F.3d at 159 (dismissing a
petition for habeas relief which asserted that the state court denied petitioner equal
(Continued)
19
* * *
“Court proceedings are held for the solemn purpose of endeavoring to ascertain the
truth which is the sine qua non of a fair trial. Over the centuries Anglo-American courts
have devised careful safeguards by rule and otherwise to protect and facilitate the
performance of this high function.” Estes v. State of Tex., 381 U.S. 532, 540 (1965). The
prosecutor’s comments cut against this very purpose, fixating the jury on matters
extraneous to the truth of this case, and “so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the
resulting conviction a denial of due process.” Donnelly, 416 U.S. at 643. We thus find the
district court erred in granting summary judgment on Plymail’s claim that improper
statements made by the prosecutor during closing argument violated his right to due
process.
REVERSED
protection because the petitioner was not “currently detained as a result of a decision of
the” state court). As Plymail is otherwise entitled to relief, we need not comment on
whether the delay resulted in his custody (or when appellate delay might violate due
process and prejudice the petitioner).
20