IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 17-1356
Filed March 6, 2019
CHURCH CROP INSURANCE SERVICES, INC.,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
GEMCAP LENDING I, LLC,
Third-Party Interpleader Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Robert B. Hanson
(motion for summary judgment) and Eliza J. Ovrom (trial), Judges.
A third-party creditor appeals the grant of declaratory judgment in favor of
the plaintiff in this interpleader action. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Larry J. Brock of Brock Law Office, Washington, for appellant.
Sarah K. Franklin and Sarah E. Crane (until withdrawal) of Davis, Brown,
Koehn, Shors & Roberts, PC, Des Moines, for appellee.
Heard by Tabor, P.J., Bower, J., and Carr, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2019).
2
CARR, Senior Judge.
GemCap Lending I, LLC (GemCap) appeals the district court’s grant of
declaratory judgment in favor of Church Crop Insurance Services, Inc. (Church
Crop). The district court found Crop USA Insurance Agency, Inc. (Crop USA), as
a debtor of GemCap, could not pledge as security funds representing commissions
it owed to Church Crop. The court ordered the release of the disputed funds to
Church Crop. Although we do not fault Church Crop for feeling proprietary about
the funds, we think the relevant contracts and Article 9 jurisprudence compel a
different result. We find Crop USA had rights in the disputed funds and could
legally pledge the funds as security. Therefore, we reverse and remand for further
proceedings.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
Church Crop sells federal crop insurance1 and other crop insurance
products. In order to sell crop insurance, Church Crop entered into an
1
The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has provided the following background on federal
crop insurance:
In 1938, Congress enacted the Federal Crop Insurance Act [7
U.S.C. sections 1501 to 1524] to “improv[e] the economic stability of
agriculture” by establishing a federal crop insurance program. 7 U.S.C.
§ 1502(a). To implement the program, Congress created the Federal Crop
Insurance Corporation [(FCIC)], a wholly owned government corporation
within the United States Department of Agriculture. Id. § 1503; 7 C.F.R.
§ 400.701. In 1996, Congress created the Risk Management Agency
[(RMA)], which administers the federal crop insurance program on behalf
of the FCIC. We refer to the FCIC and the RMA jointly as the FCIC.
3
“Independent Agent Contract” with Crop USA in 2010.2 Under the “Independent
Agent Contract,” Church Crop is authorized to solicit applications for insurance
coverage for certain insurers contracted with Crop USA. Crop USA in turn is
obligated to pay commissions to Church Crop based on premiums generated when
these applications result in placement of a policy. Thereafter, Crop USA entered
into a “Sales Agent–Company Agreement” with Diversified Crop Insurance
Services (Diversified). As a result of these agreements, Church Crop was
authorized to write crop insurance policies with Diversified through Crop USA,
Diversified was required to pay compensation to Crop USA for these policies, and
Crop USA was required to pay the appropriate commissions to Church Crop.
Angela Church, president of Church Crop, testified Crop USA paid all commissions
due to Church Crop for 2011 and 2012 and part of the commissions due for 2013.
GemCap makes asset-based loans to small-to-medium-sized businesses.
In 2011, GemCap and Crop USA entered into a “Loan and Security Agreement.”3
The FCIC contracts with approved private insurance companies to
offer crop insurance policies to eligible farmers. 7 U.S.C. § 1502(b)(2).
Under the program, farmers purchase policies from the designated private
insurance companies, and insurance agents receive commissions for the
policies they write for those companies. Those companies are in turn
reinsured by the FCIC in accordance with the terms of a standard
reinsurance agreement [(SRA)]. Thus, when a farmer incurs a loss to an
insured crop, the farmer files a claim with the private insurance company.
The insurance company assesses the amount of the loss, pays the farmer’s
claim for damage, and then seeks reimbursement from the FCIC. The FCIC
reimburses the company for all or part of the amount paid to the farmer,
depending on the particular arrangement set forth in the SRA. The FCIC
also subsidizes a portion of the premiums paid by the insured farmers.
U.S. v. Hawley, 619 F.3d 886, 888–89 (8th Cir. 2010).
2
The “Independent Agent Contract” states it “shall be construed in accordance with the
laws of the State of Idaho.”
3
The “Loan and Security Agreement” states it “SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND
CONSTRUED AND INTERPRETED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF THE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA.”
4
Under the agreement, GemCap agreed to lend money to Crop USA. As collateral,
Crop USA agreed to convey to GemCap “a first priority continuing security interest
in and Lien upon all now owned and hereafter acquired property and assets of
[Crop USA] and the Proceeds and products thereof.” GemCap and Crop USA
subsequently entered into an “Amended and Restated Loan and Security
Agreement,” which granted GemCap a security interest in the same property. Crop
USA also authorized GemCap to withdraw funds from all of its deposit accounts.
As part of their agreements, Diversified paid commissions and certain subsidies
into an account—called a “blocked account”—under the control of Gemcap. To
this end, Crop USA executed a “BLOCKED ACCOUNT CONTROL
AGREEMENT,” instructing the depository bank that GemCap has a security
interest in and “sole dominion and control” of the blocked account.
At trial, Ray Johnson Taylor, president of Crop USA, testified sales of crop
insurance policies “occur long before the receipt of the commissions,” and Crop
USA entered into the agreements with GemCap as “a financing arrangement for
that interim period.” Taylor explained between that, as Crop USA had done with
previous lenders, Crop USA would draw from its line of credit with GemCap to pay
its obligations: “Pay bills, pay commissions, pay salaries,” including its contractual
obligations with Church Crop and its other sales agents. He agreed with counsel
that the blocked-account agreement meant “monies that were due from Diversified
to Crop USA under its contract were paid by wire transfer by Diversified into a
controlled account, controlled by GemCap,” and “GemCap was entitled to take all
funds that were wire-transferred into the blocked accounts.”
5
In 2013, GemCap issued a notice of default to Crop USA, claiming Crop
USA had violated several of its obligations under the loan, including failing to make
required payments, using loan funds for unauthorized purposes, and
misrepresenting material facts. After providing notice of its right to accelerate the
loan, GemCap filed suit against Crop USA and several other defendants in
California federal district court asserting breach of the loan agreement and other
claims. See Gemcap Lending I LLC v. Crop USA Ins. Agency Inc., CV 13-05504
SJO (MANx), 2015 WL 12746212, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 17, 2015). The court soon
issued a temporary restraining order followed by a preliminary injunction, both
barring Diversified from distributing any proceeds potentially owed to Crop USA or
its agents or subagents during the action. See id. In 2014, GemCap reached a
confidential settlement with some of the defendants. See id. at 3. GemCap then
sought release of the enjoined funds, which the court denied on multiple occasions.
See id. On August 17, 2015, the court determined it could not identify the lawful
recipients of the enjoined funds in the action before it, and it dissolved the
preliminary injunction without ordering Diversified to release the enjoined funds.
See id. at *7–8.
On October 3, 2014, during the California litigation, Church Crop filed a
petition in Iowa district court against Crop USA and Diversified seeking a
temporary injunction—which the court granted—preventing the defendants from
transferring any funds representing the commissions owed to it. Church Crop then
filed a petition for declaratory judgment, asking the court to determine its unpaid
commissions are neither the property of Crop USA nor subject to any
encumbrances by GemCap. Diversified filed a counterclaim, cross-claim, and
6
third-party interpleader petition naming Chuch Crop, GemCap, and Crop USA and
requesting a determination of the rights of the parties with respect to certain funds
in its possession. Diversified later filed a motion for leave seeking to place with
the court “$545,767.31 in commissions and underwriting gains, after accounting
for all premium and other contractually permitted or required offsets, payable to
Crop USA as a result of policies placed through Crop USA by [Church Crop] for
crop year 2013” (the Diversified funds). The court granted Diversified’s motion to
deposit the funds, and trial was held May 3 and 4, 2017. On June 21, the court
issued its “Ruling and Order” finding Crop USA had no rights in the Diversified
funds. Therefore, the court found GemCap could not encumber the commissions,
and it released the Diversified funds to Church Crop. GemCap now appeals.
II. Standard of Review
At the outset, the parties disagree about the standard of review. Our “review
of a declaratory judgment action depends upon how the action was tried to the
district court.” Van Sloun v. Agans Bros., Inc., 778 N.W.2d 174, 178 (Iowa 2010).
“To determine the proper standard of review, we consider the ‘pleadings, relief
sought, and nature of the case [to] determine whether a declaratory judgment
action is legal or equitable.’” Id. (quoting Passehl Estate v. Passehl, 712 N.W.2d
408, 414 (Iowa 2006)).
Multiple factors indicate this case was tried at law below. The outcome
depends on the interpretation of contracts and statutes. See id. at 179. The court
ruled on objections at trial. See id. The court issued a “Ruling and Order” and not
a “Decree.” See id. at 178. Therefore, we find the case was tried at law. See id.
We review cases tried at law for errors at law. See id. at 179. “Under this standard
7
of review, the trial court’s findings carry the force of a special verdict and are
binding if supported by substantial evidence. We are not, however, bound by the
trial court’s legal conclusions.” Id.
III. Analysis
The district court framed the issue before it as “whether Crop USA could
legally pledge as security all payments received from Diversified, which included
the commissions owed to Church Crop, under the California Uniform Commercial
Code.” California Commercial Code section 9203 (2013) places several
requirements and conditions on the attachment and enforceability of a security
interest. One of those requirements is, “The debtor has rights in the collateral or
the power to transfer rights in the collateral to a secured party.” 4 Cal. Com. Code
§ 9203(b)(2); see also id. § 9203 cmt. 6 (“[I]n accordance with basic personal
property conveyancing principles, the baseline rule is that a security interest
attaches only to whatever rights a debtor may have, broad or limited as those rights
may be.”). The Code “does not define the term ‘rights in the collateral.’” In re
Coupon Clearing Serv., Inc., 113 F.3d 1091, 1103 (9th Cir. 1997). However,
“[w]here a debtor has rights to collateral beyond naked possession, a security
interest may attach to such rights.” Id.; see also Larry Lawrence, Lawrence’s
Anderson on the Uniform Commercial Code § 9-203:205 (3d ed.) (“The fact that
the owner of property is subject to a duty to a third person with respect to the
property does not negate the existence of the owner’s rights in the property. It
merely means that the rights are less than full title.”).
4
Iowa, having enacted the Uniform Commercial Code, has a similar statute. See Iowa
Code § 554.9203(2)(b) (2013).
8
Beyond question, Church Crop had a contract right to be paid commissions
they earned writing policies with Diversified through Crop USA, and Crop USA was
contractually obligated to pay commissions to Church Crop. However, as the
district court stated, the issue is “whether Crop USA could legally pledge as
security all payments received from Diversified.” We find Crop USA could do so.
Church Crop has not shown any statute or rule denying Crop USA rights to
payments coming directly from Diversified or otherwise preventing it from granting
a security interest in such funds. No contract exists between Church Crop and
Diversified that could deny Crop USA rights to payments from Diversified. The
“Sales Agent—Company Agreement” between Diversified and Crop USA is silent
on Church Crop or any other agent of Crop USA, and the only payments from
Diversified this agreement addresses is the “Agency Compensation” payable to
Crop USA. The “Independent Agent Contract” between Church Crop and Crop
USA does not affect the rights of payments coming directly from Diversified, and it
explicitly makes Crop USA solely responsible for commissions to Church Crop:
So long as this contract remains in full force and effect, [Crop
USA] will pay commissions on premiums received by the Insurer and
recorded by us on coverage issued from applications procured by
you in accordance with the attached Commission Schedule, and
subject to the provisions of this contract. Commission payments
shall be calculated at the percentage rates listed in your Commission
Schedule. The Commission Schedule may be supplemented or
amended by us from time to lime.
The commissions payable under this contract shall be
compensation in full for all applications written by [Church Crop], for
all services performed by [Church Crop], and for all expenses
incurred. It is expressly understood that [Crop USA is] solely
responsible for all commissions to which [Church Crop] may be
entitled pursuant to this contract and that the Insurers represented
by [Crop USA] and listed in the attached Commission Schedule have
no obligation to [Church Crop] for any commissions, expense
9
allowances, or any other form of compensation whatsoever for
[Church Crop’s] performance under the terms of this contract.
(Emphasis added.)
Church Crop points to language from the “Independent Agent Contract”
stating its commissions are paid “on premiums received by the Insurer.” The
district court found this language recognized Crop USA was a mere intermediary
that passed commissions from Diversified to Church Crop. Such an interpretation
ignores language in the next paragraph stating “that [Crop USA is] solely
responsible for all commissions to which [Church Crop] may be entitled.” This
language directly contradicts any interpretation that Crop USA was only a conduit
for commissions from Diversified. When reading the contract as a whole, the
language requiring Crop USA to “pay commissions on premiums received by the
Insurer” reflects its obligation to pay commissions based on the compensation
schedule and calculated using the amounts of premiums Diversified received.
Church Crop notes a California court has found a debtor had no interest in
its account to grant a security interest where a claimant can trace the funds back
to proceeds that were due it. Oxford St. Props., LLC v. Rehab. Assocs., LLC, 141
Cal. Rptr. 3d 704, 713 (Cal. Ct. App. 2012). However, there the court also found
the debtor had no right to pledge the disputed proceeds as security because the
security agreement with the creditor was never intended to cover the disputed
proceeds. Id. As explained above, no statute, rule, or contract denies Crop USA
rights to the Diversified funds. Additionally, while the “Sales Agent—Company
Agreement” requires Crop USA to “maintain a monthly account of [Church Crop’s]
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commissions,” the Diversified funds at issue here come directly from Diversified
and not from a separate account of commissions for Church Crop.
Church Crop asserts additional evidence indicates the parties intended for
it to have the sole right to funds representing its commissions that come directly
from Diversified. We only consider additional evidence if the contract is
ambiguous. See Knipe Land Co. v. Robertson, 259 P.3d 595, 601 (Idaho 2011)
(“Where a legal instrument is found to be unambiguous the legal effect must be
decided by the district court as a matter of law; it is only when the instrument is
found to be ambiguous that evidence as to the meaning of that instrument may be
submitted to the finder of fact.”). We find no ambiguity in the contracts as to the
parties’ rights to the Diversified funds. Therefore, we need not consider this
additional evidence. See id.
Even if we were to consider the additional evidence, it would not change
our opinion. Diversified prepared a series of commission recaps for Church Crop,
showing the amount of commissions owed to Church Crop for crop year 2013.
While these recaps show Diversified knew how much in premiums Church Crop
generated and how much in commissions these premiums generated, the recaps
do not indicate Diversified owed the commissions directly to Church Crop. While
Angela Church testified she believed Diversified was required by law to track agent
commissions, nothing in the record explains why Diversified provided these
commission recaps to Church Crop.5 As such, the commission recaps are not
5
We note the commission recaps are dated October 27, 2014, less than one month after
Church Crop filed its petition for a temporary injunction, and more than a year after Crop
USA defaulted on its GemCap obligations.
11
inconsistent with Crop USA having rights to pledge payments from Diversified as
security.
We also note the record includes a letter from Crop USA to Diversified dated
November 21, 2011. The letter notifies Diversified of the financing arrangement
between Crop USA and GemCap, including the grant of a security interest to
GemCap of “all payments, proceeds and other sums to which” Crop USA is entitled
under the Sales Agency—Company Agreement between Crop USA and
Diversified. The letter asks Diversified to acknowledge that granting a security
interest in these payments “does not constitute a default by” Crop USA under their
agreement. The accounting manager for Diversified “[a]cknowledged and agreed
to” the letter by signing it without addendum. The fact Crop USA sought, and
Diversified granted, permission to pledge payments from Diversified as a security
interest supports our conclusion that Crop USA had rights in these payments and
was not merely acting as a conduit for Church Crop’s commissions.
Finally, the district court noted the complaint GemCap filed in federal district
court, in which it asserted the role of Crop USA in the crop insurance system “is to
collect premiums and to ensure [Crop USA’s] agents confirm policyholders make
the premium payments from the sale of policies and distribute appropriate
commissions to the selling agents, charging a fee for doing so.” The district court
believed this passage amounts to GemCap recognizing Crop USA was only a
conduit for its agents’ commissions. We cannot assign such a broad effect to this
language, and we do not view this passage as inconsistent with Crop USA having
rights to payments from Diversified. GemCap filed this complaint July 30, 2013,
well before GemCap and Church Crop entered into any legal action with each
12
other. Because GemCap filed its federal complaint before it would have reviewed
the “Independent Agent Contract” between Crop USA and Church Crop, it could
not have fully understood the legal relationship between Crop USA and Church
Crop when it filed the federal complaint.
While both parties advance other issues, the only question properly before
us is whether Crop USA had the “rights in the collateral” needed to grant a security
interest. See Cal. Com. Code § 9203(b)(2). We find Crop USA had such rights in
the Diversified funds; Crop USA was more than a mere intermediary holding
possession without title. See id.; see also Coupon Clearing Serv., Inc., 113 F.3d
at 1103 (finding the debtor had rights in the disputed funds “that went beyond
naked possession, including the rights to receive and retain the [funds], to
commingle the [funds] with its general operating funds, to use the [funds] in its
operations and to apply the [funds] to any payments made” to claimants). Having
concluded, we think in error, that Crop USA did not have rights in the collateral
sufficient to grant a security interest, the trial court did not reach the other two
elements necessary to prove the Gemcap security interest attached to the
Diversified funds in the hands of Crop USA. See Bank of the W. v. Commercial
Credit Fin. Servs., Inc., 852 F.2d 1162, 1166 (9th Cir. 1988) (Noting elements of
attachment). We confine our opinion to the question presented. We express no
opinion about attachment, perfection (including its necessity), or the relative
priorities of the parties in the fund on deposit with the court.
IV. Conclusion
Crop USA had rights in the funds coming directly from Diversified and
representing commissions owed to Church Crop, and it could legally pledge these
13
payments as security. Therefore, we reverse the district court’s grant of
declaratory judgment and remand for further proceedings.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Church Crop Insurance Services, Inc. v. GemCap Lending I, LLC
Combined Opinion