The plaintiffs, the Ohio-based Cleveland Browns Football Co. and the National Football League Properties, Inc., appeal the dismissal, under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(B)(2), of their trademark infringement action against the Hawaii-Pacific Apparel Group, Inc. The district court’s order was based on lack of personal jurisdiction over the defendant, a Hawaii corporation with its principal place of business in California. Specifically, the dispute involved the trademark “Dawg Pound,” which had been registered by the Cleveland Browns and which the defendant had used on some of the clothing that it manufactured and sold to such national retailers as K-Mart, Wal-Mart, and Sears. Although the national chains sold the defendant’s products in Ohio, the record showed that Hawaii-Pacific did not ship goods directly into Ohio, had no contracts with Ohio companies, and had no control over distribution of the goods after delivery to the retail sellers. The plaintiffs nevertheless asserted that the defendant’s sale of goods to major retailers, who then sold them in Ohio, constituted a sufficient basis on which to exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendant.
In ruling on the defendant’s 12(B)(2) motion, the district judge correctly analyzed the facts under Ohio’s long-arm statute and, having determined that the plaintiffs had failed to establish jurisdiction under Ohio Rev.Code § 2307.382, found it unnecessary to address the constitutional due process questions raised by a challenge of this nature. Reviewing the court’s determination de novo, we find no error. The plaintiffs complain on appeal that the district court ruled prematurely, without permitting sufficient discovery or holding an evidentiary hearing. However, under Serras v. First Tenn. Bank Nat’l. Assoc., 875 F.2d 1212, 1213-14 (6th Cir. 1989), a district court has discretion to decide a 12(B)(2) motion on affidavits alone, to permit discovery in aid of a ruling, or to conduct an evidentiary hearing to resolve any apparent factual questions. And although the decision to follow one method rather than another may affect the burden of proof that the plaintiff bears to establish jurisdiction, as suggested by Serras, 875 F.2d at 1214, we conclude that in this case, the record on de novo review fails to establish personal jurisdiction even if the applicable standard requires the plaintiffs to make only a prima facie showing.