142 T.C. No. 22
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
CLIFFORD A. ABRAHAMSEN AND SOLE K. ABRAHAMSEN, Petitioners v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 20466-11. Filed June 9, 2014.
I.R.C. sec. 893 excludes from gross income and exempts from
taxation income received by an employee of a foreign government or
international organization if certain conditions are met. The I.R.C.
sec. 893 exemption can be waived, and it must be waived by a person
who wishes to become a permanent resident of the United States. The
exemption does not apply to income received by a permanent resident
after filing the waiver. Sec. 1.893-1(b)(5), Income Tax Regs.
P-W entered the United States in 1983 to work for Finland’s
Permanent Mission to the United Nations (Mission) in New York.
She left the Mission to work for a bank and, while employed there,
obtained U.S. permanent resident status. As a condition of obtaining
that status she executed, in 1992, a waiver of rights, privileges,
exemptions, and immunities otherwise available to her by virtue of
her occupation. In 1996 she recommenced employment with the
Mission and remained employed by the Mission throughout the years
at issue.
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Ps did not report as income the wages the Mission paid to P-W
during 2004-09. Ps claim that her wages were exempt from taxation
pursuant to I.R.C. sec. 893, the U.S.-Finland tax treaty, the Vienna
Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations, and the International Organizations Immunities
Act.
1. Held: I.R.C. sec. 893 does not apply to wages P-W received
from the Mission during 2004-09 because she had previously
executed a valid waiver of rights, privileges, exemptions, and
immunities.
2. Held, further, neither the U.S.-Finland tax treaty, the Vienna
Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations, nor the International Organizations Immunities
Act provides an income tax exemption to permanent U.S. residents
working in nondiplomatic positions for international organizations.
Stephen M. Rosenberg and Richard B. Feldman, for petitioners.
Jane J. Kim, for respondent.
OPINION
LAUBER, Judge: This case is before the Court on the parties’ cross-
motions for summary judgment under Rule 121.1 The issues for decision are:
1
Unless otherwise indicated, all statutory references are to the Internal
Revenue Code in effect for the tax years at issue, and all Rule references are to the
Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
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(1) whether Ms. Abrahamsen’s wages for 2004-09 are exempt from Federal
income tax; and (2) whether petitioners are liable for section 6662 accuracy-
related penalties. Petitioners resided in New York when they petitioned the Court.
Background
In 1983 Ms. Abrahamsen, a Finnish citizen, came to New York to work for
Finland’s Permanent Mission to the United Nations (Mission). The Mission is
Finland’s official diplomatic delegation to the United Nations. Ms. Abrahamsen
entered the U.S. on a G-1 visa, which is issued to government officials and em-
ployees entering the U.S. as “nonimmigrants” to work for organizations such as
the United Nations. See 8 U.S.C. sec. 1101(a)(15)(G)(i) (2006); 22 C.F.R. sec.
41.12 (1983). She was employed by the Mission in an administrative support role.
Ms. Abrahamsen left the Mission in 1985 and began working for the New
York branch of Kansallis-Osake-Pankki (Kansallis), a Finnish bank. She
apparently held an E-1 visa while initially employed with Kansallis. An E-1 visa
is known as a “treaty trader” visa and, like a G-1 visa, treats its holder as a
“nonimmigrant” for immigration law purposes. See 8 U.S.C. sec. 1101(a)(15)(E);
22 C.F.R. sec. 41.12. Ms. Abrahamsen was employed by Kansallis from 1985 to
1996.
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On January 29, 1992, Ms. Abrahamsen obtained permanent resident status
in the United States. As a condition of obtaining that status, she executed U.S.
Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Form I-508, Waiver of Rights,
Privileges, Exemptions and Immunities. By signing Form I-508, Ms. Abrahamsen
acknowledged that she was then employed in an occupation under which she had
nonimmigrant status and declared that she desired “to acquire and/or retain the
status of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence.” She affirmed by
signing this form that she agreed to “waive all rights, privileges, exemptions and
immunities which would otherwise accrue to [her] under any law or executive
order by reason of [her] occupational status.”2
Ms. Abrahamsen recommenced employment with the Mission apparently
during the spring of 1996. She worked for the Mission in various capacities
including secretary (May 1996--May 2004), adviser (May 2004--April 2009), and
attaché (April 2009--present). The United Nations did not notify the United States
2
There is some uncertainty concerning the type of visa Ms. Abrahamsen
held at various times. Petitioners say that she entered the United States on a G-1
visa, whereas respondent says that she had an E-1 visa by the time she obtained
permanent resident status. Quite possibly both parties are correct; in any event,
her immigration status during these earlier years is immaterial to our analysis. The
parties agree that she was a permanent resident during the tax years at issue, and
the Form I-508 that she signed in 1992 would waive her nonimmigrant rights
regardless whether she previously held a G-1 or an E-1 visa.
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that she was holding a diplomatic title during the years at issue, and her name did
not appear on the List of Officers Entitled to Diplomatic Privileges and
Immunities that is maintained by the U.S. Mission to the United Nations.
Petitioners did not report as income for 2004-09 the wages that Ms. Abra-
hamsen received from the Mission. After examining petitioners’ returns, the
Internal Revenue Service (IRS or respondent) mailed petitioners timely notices of
deficiency for 2004-09. These notices increased petitioners’ income by including
Ms. Abrahamsen’s wages from the Mission and determined a section 6662
accuracy-related penalty for each year. Petitioners timely petitioned this Court
seeking redetermination of the deficiencies and penalties.
The parties have filed cross-motions for summary judgment. Petitioners
contend that Ms. Abrahamsen’s wages from the Mission were exempt from taxa-
tion pursuant to section 893 and provisions of international law. Respondent
contends that Ms. Abrahamsen’s wages are taxable and that petitioners are liable
for accuracy-related penalties.
Discussion
I. Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is intended to expedite litigation and avoid unnecessary
and expensive trials. See FPL Grp., Inc. & Subs. v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 73,
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74 (2001). Either party may move for summary judgment upon all or any part of
the legal issues in controversy. Rule 121(a). A motion for summary judgment or
partial summary judgment will be granted only if it is shown that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and that a decision may be rendered as a
matter of law. See Rule 121(b); Elec. Arts, Inc. v. Commissioner, 118 T.C. 226,
238 (2002). The moving party bears the burden of proving that there is no genu-
ine dispute as to any material fact, and the Court views all factual materials and
inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Dahlstrom v.
Commissioner, 85 T.C. 812, 821 (1985).
We agree that summary judgment is appropriate as to the taxability of Ms.
Abrahamsen’s wages, and we will grant respondent’s motion and deny petitioners’
motion insofar as it relates to this issue. With respect to the penalties, petitioners
contend that they reasonably and in good faith relied upon the advice of tax
professionals to complete their returns. We conclude that petitioners’ ability to
satisfy the section 6664(c)(1) “reasonable cause” exception to the accuracy-related
penalty presents a triable issue that precludes summary judgment. We will
therefore deny both motions for summary judgment insofar as they concern the
penalties.
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II. Taxability of Wages
Alien individuals who are lawful permanent residents of the United States
are treated as “resident aliens” of the United States. Sec. 7701(b)(1). “Resident
aliens, like other individual taxpayers, must include compensation for services,
such as wages, in their gross income.” Harrison v. Commissioner, 138 T.C. 340,
343 (2012). Because Ms. Abrahamsen was a resident alien during the tax years at
issue, her wages would be included in gross income under general principles.
Petitioners contend that her wages were exempt from Federal income tax under
section 893 or provisions of international law.
A. Section 893
Section 893 excludes from gross income (and exempts from taxation) in-
come received by an employee of a foreign government or international organiza-
tion as compensation for official services performed for that entity. To qualify for
this exemption, the individual must not be a U.S. citizen; the services performed
must be similar to services performed by U.S. Government employees abroad; and
the foreign government must provide a corresponding exemption to U.S. Govern-
ment employees performing similar services in that country. Sec. 893(a).
The exemption afforded by section 893 can be waived, however, and a non-
resident alien must waive it if she wishes to become a permanent resident of the
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United States. See 8 C.F.R. sec. 245.1(b)(9) (1992). To waive this exemption, an
individual executes and files with the Attorney General the relevant waiver form
specified in the Immigration and Nationality Act, Pub. L. No. 82-414, sec. 247(b),
66 Stat. at 218 (1952) (current version at 8 U.S.C. sec. 1257(b) (2012)). See sec.
1.893-1(b)(4), Income Tax Regs. The required form is USCIS Form I-508. The
exemption from taxation provided by section 893 does not apply to income that an
individual receives after filing Form I-508. See sec. 1.893-1(b)(5), Income Tax
Regs.
Petitioners originally argued that Ms. Abrahamsen had not waived her
section 893 exemption even though such a waiver was required in order to secure
the “permanent resident” status she acquired in 1992. However, respondent has
produced a copy of the Form I-508 that Ms. Abrahamsen executed on January 29,
1992, in connection with obtaining that status. Petitioners do not dispute that this
form is genuine or that the signature on the form is Ms. Abrahamsen’s.
Petitioners nevertheless argue that the waiver should not be enforced given
what they term “the unique facts of this case.” We do not find the facts petitioners
recite to be unique. Petitioners claim that English is Ms. Abrahamsen’s second
language; that she signed the waiver more than 20 years ago; that Form I-508 was
difficult to understand; and that she did not appreciate the long-term effects of
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signing the waiver. We expect that many foreign nationals seeking permanent
resident status in the United States could advance similar arguments. If such
arguments were sufficient to nullify the Forms I-508 they signed, the carefully
constructed waiver procedure set forth in the regulations would become the
exception rather than the rule.
More importantly, petitioners cite no statute or judicial precedent to support
their assertion that we can ignore a validly executed waiver. We accordingly
conclude that the waiver was effective as of January 29, 1992. All income that
Ms. Abrahamsen received from the Mission after that date is ineligible for the
section 893 exemption and is subject to Federal income tax unless some other ex-
emption applies. See Ying v. Commissioner, 99 T.C. 273, 293 (1992) (taxpayer
“became ineligible for the benefits under section 893 when he filed his waiver
under section 247(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act”), aff’d in part, rev’d
in part, 25 F.3d 84 (2d Cir. 1994).
B. U.S.-Finland Tax Treaty
Petitioners alternatively contend that Ms. Abrahamsen’s wages from the
Mission are tax exempt pursuant to the U.S.-Finland income tax treaty. See
Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation With Respect to Taxes on
Income, U.S.-Fin., Sept. 21, 1989, Tax Treaties (CCH) para. 2945 (Treaty).
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Specifically, petitioners contend that tax exemption is afforded by article 19 of the
Treaty, which concerns remuneration received for “Government Service.”
Article 1, paragraph 3 of the Treaty contains a “saving clause” that over-
rides certain of its other provisions. This saving clause provides that “[n]otwith-
standing any provision of the [Treaty] except paragraph 4, a Contracting State may
tax a person who is treated as a resident under its taxation laws.” Treaty, Tax
Treaties (CCH) para. 2945.01, at 73,011. Article 1, paragraph 4 states that
benefits conferred under article 19, dealing with government service, are
unaffected by the saving clause, but only in the case of “individuals who are
neither citizens of, nor lawful permanent residents in, that State.” Ibid.
During the years at issue Ms. Abrahamsen was a “lawful permanent resident
in” the United States, and the exclusion set forth in article 1, paragraph 4, does not
apply. The saving clause is thus operative, and it authorizes the United States to
tax any person “who is treated as a resident under its taxation laws.” As a
permanent resident, Ms. Abrahamsen was a “resident” for U.S. tax purposes. See
sec. 7701(b)(1)(A)(i). Thus, regardless whether her compensation from the
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Mission was derived from “Government Service” within the meaning of article 19,
her wages were subject to Federal income tax under the saving clause.3
C. Diplomatic Status
Petitioners argue that Ms. Abrahamsen’s wages were exempt from taxation
pursuant to other provisions of international law. Central to these arguments is the
assertion that Ms. Abrahamsen held diplomatic status for the years at issue.
Petitioners provide no support for this assertion. Rather, they simply describe her
duties and conclude that her “position with the Mission is clearly diplomatic in
nature.”
The evidence respondent provided shows this assertion to be incorrect, at
least for U.S. tax purposes. During the relevant period Ms. Abrahamsen was em-
ployed by the Mission as either an adviser or an attaché. The United Nations did
not notify the United States that she held a diplomatic title with regard to either
position, and her name did not appear on the List of Officers Entitled to Diplo-
matic Privileges and Immunities maintained by the U.S. Mission to the United
3
The Treaty was amended in 2006. See 2006 Protocol to the 1989 U.S.-Fin.
Income Tax Treaty, May 31, 2006, Tax Treaties (CCH) para. 2946. This amend-
ment, which applies to petitioners’ Federal income tax liabilities for 2008-09, see
id. art. IX, does not affect the analysis. Under the 2006 amendment, the United
States may tax Ms. Abrahamsen as a “resident.” See id. arts. I and II. Because she
was a U.S. permanent resident during 2008-09, she is covered by the saving
clause. See id. art. I(4) and (5).
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Nations. Concluding as we do that Ms. Abrahamsen did not have diplomatic
status or rank, we address petitioners’ arguments briefly.
Petitioners posit that article 34 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations (VCDR) exempts Ms. Abrahamsen’s wages from taxation. Convention
on Diplomatic Relations and Optional Protocol on Disputes, U.S.-Vienna, Apr. 18,
1961, 23 U.S.T. 3227. However, article 34 applies only to a “diplomatic agent.”
Article 1 of the VCDR defines a “diplomatic agent” as a “head of the mission or a
member of the diplomatic staff of the mission.” “Diplomatic staff” is defined to
mean “the members of the staff of the mission having diplomatic rank.” Because
Ms. Abrahamsen did not have diplomatic rank, she was not a “diplomatic agent”
under the VCDR, and article 34 therefore did not exempt her wages from
taxation.4
Petitioners next argue that Ms. Abrahamsen’s wages are exempt from tax
pursuant to the International Organizations Immunities Act (IOIA). See 22 U.S.C.
4
There is no merit to petitioners’ suggestion that article 49 of the Vienna
Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR) exempts Ms. Abrahamsen’s wages
from U.S. tax. The VCCR does not apply to the Mission. See City of New York
v. Permanent Mission of India to United Nations, 533 F. Supp. 2d 457, 460
(S.D.N.Y. 2008) (holding that “[t]he tax status of the consular portions of the
premises is controlled by Article 32 of the Vienna Convention on Consular
Relations” and that “[t]he tax status of the U.N. Mission portions of the premises
is controlled by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations”), rev’d on other
grounds, 618 F.3d 172 (2d Cir. 2010).
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sec. 288d (2006). Even if the IOIA applied to Ms. Abrahamsen, which respondent
disputes, the law does not confer the benefits petitioners claim. Under the IOIA,
employees of foreign governments and international organizations are “immune
from suit and legal process relating to acts performed by them in their official
capacity and falling within their functions as such representatives, officers, or
employees.” 22 U.S.C. sec. 288d(b). This case arises from Ms. Abrahamsen’s
earning income within the United States as a permanent resident of the United
States. She is not being subjected to liability for any act performed in her official
capacity, and the earning of income is not part of her official function as a
representative of Finland to the United Nations. Therefore, the IOIA does not
exempt her wages from Federal income tax. See United States v. Coplon, 84 F.
Supp. 472, 474 (S.D.N.Y. 1949) (IOIA “does not confer general diplomatic status
immunity” but confers immunity on U.N. officers and employees only “for the
category of acts performed by them in their official capacity and falling within
their functions as such officers or employees”); sec. 1.893-1(b)(3), Income Tax
Regs. (quoting the relevant provisions of the IOIA, including that “[n]o person
shall, by reason of the provisions of this title, be considered as receiving
diplomatic status * * * other than such as are specifically set forth herein”).
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III. Penalties and Interest
Petitioners argue that, even if Ms. Abrahamsen’s income is subject to tax,
the Court should “vacate assessed penalties and interest.” As noted earlier, we
will deny both parties’ motions for summary judgment insofar as they address
petitioners’ liability for the section 6662(a) penalty. It is well settled that this
Court’s deficiency jurisdiction generally does not extend to statutory interest.
Lincir v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 293, 297 (2000), aff’d, 32 Fed. Appx. 278 (9th
Cir. 2002). Section 6404(h)(1), which gives us jurisdiction of actions brought
within 180 days after the IRS mails the taxpayer a final determination not to abate
interest, has no application here.
IV. Conclusion
Because petitioners have not shown that Ms. Abrahamsen’s wages are
exempt from taxation, they must be included in petitioners’ gross income for the
years at issue. We will therefore grant respondent’s motion and deny petitioners’
motion insofar as they relate to this issue. Finding there to be a genuine dispute of
material fact as to whether the reasonable cause exception to the section 6662
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accuracy-related penalty applies, we will deny both parties’ motions for summary
judgment insofar as they address that point.
An appropriate order will be issued.