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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee :
:
v. :
:
COREY ALLEN WALTON, :
:
Appellant : No. 1033 MDA 2013
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence entered on April 29, 2013
in the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County,
Criminal Division, No. CP-06-CR-0000367-2013
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., OTT and MUSMANNO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.: FILED AUGUST 27, 2014
imposed following his convictions of possession of a controlled substance,
possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance, and possession of
drug paraphernalia. See 35 P.S. §§ 780-113(a)(16), (30), (32). We vacate
the sentence and remand for re-sentencing.
The trial court set forth the relevant factual history in its Opinion as
follows:
On December 20, 2012, Berks County probation officers
conducted a residential search pursuant to a field contact at
During their search, the officers found 31 individual baggies
containing vegetable matter later confirmed to be marijuana, as
well as other drug packaging materials and paraphernalia
including a digital scale and a glass pipe. The total amount of
marijuana found was determined to be 18.2 grams. Officers also
found 15 rounds of ammunition, a small knife, and a bottle of
prescription pills with a missing label.
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residence. After probation officer
have two girls pregnant, Christmas is five days away and I have
[Walton was charged with various crimes and the matter
proceeded to a jury trial.] At the conclusion of the
for [the trial c]ourt to give certain jury instructions which he had
previously filed with the clerk of courts one regarding the
possession and possession with intent charges, and one with
regard to the corpus delicti rule. After entertaining brief
to [the trial c
and [the trial court] noted his objection for the record.
The jury rendered a guilty verdict as to all counts. [The trial
court] sentenced [Walton,] the same day, to the statutory
maximum sentence of 2½
[possession with intent to deliver] charge, and one year [of]
probation on the drug paraphernalia charge.[1]
Trial Court Opinion, 10/1/13, at 2 (citations omitted, footnote added).
Walton filed a timely Post-Sentence Motion, which the trial court
denied. Walton filed a timely Notice of Appeal. The trial court ordered
Walton to file a Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(b) concise
1
The trial court did not impose a sentence for the possession of a controlled
substance conviction.
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statement. Walton filed a timely Concise Statement and the trial court
issued an Opinion.2
On appeal, Walton raises the following questions for our review:
A. Whether the Commonwealth was precluded from charging
guilty of 35 [P.S.] § 780-113(a)(30) when the language of 35
[P.S.] § 780-113(a)(31) supersedes and specifically
proscribes the conduct in question[?]
B.
possession with intent to distribute but not sell instruction in
accordance with 35 [P.S.] § 780-113(a)(31), which
constitutes reversible error because the jury did not have an
opportunity to consider whether [Walton] possessed the
marijuana with the intent to distribute it but not sell it and a
new trial is warranted[?]
C. Whether the trial court erred in denying
corpus delicti jury instruction request[,] which constituted
reversible error because the jury did not have the opportunity
to consider whether the Commonwealth had proved the
corpus beyond a reasonable doubt and [a] new trial is
warranted[?]
D. Whether the trial court imposed an illegal sentence in
the mandatory minimum provisions of 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6317,
where such determination was not determined or found to be
present by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt[?]
Brief for Appellant at 5-6 (issues renumbered for ease of disposition).
In his first claim, Walton contends that the Commonwealth was
precluded from charging him with possession with intent to deliver a
controlled substance because of the superseding language found in 35 P.S.
2
Reconsideration, our Court granted panel reconsideration on July 23, 2014.
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§ 780-113(a)(31),3 possession of a small amount of marijuana. Brief for
Appellant at 26-28; see also id. at 23.
Here, Walton did not raise this argument before the trial court or in his
Rule 1925(b) Concise Statement. Thus, Walton has waived this argument
on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii); Pa.R.A.P. 302(a).
In his second claim, Walton contends that the trial court erred in
denying his proposed jury instruction with regard to the possession with
intent to deliver charge. Brief for Appellant at 20-23. Walton argues that
the trial court improperly failed to instruct the jury on the lesser-included
offense of possession of a small amount of marijuana under 35 P.S. § 780-
113(a)(31). Brief for Appellant at 21-22. Walton asserts that the jury could
have found him not guilty of possession with intent to deliver marijuana and
guilty of possession of a small amount of marijuana with the intent to
distribute but not sell it. Id. at 22, 23. Walton points out that, consistent
with section 780-113(a)(31), he possessed 18.2 grams of marijuana and the
3
35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(31) prohibits the following:
(31) Notwithstanding other subsections of this section, (i) the
possession of a small amount of marihuana only for personal
use; (ii) the possession of a small amount of marihuana with the
intent to distribute it but not to sell it; or (iii) the distribution of a
small amount of marihuana but not for sale.
For purposes of this subsection, thirty (30) grams of marihuana
or eight (8) grams of hashish shall be considered a small amount
of marihuana.
35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(31).
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drugs were packaged
Id. at 22. Walton claims that the Commonwealth did not present any
evidence demonstrating that he intended to deliver the marijuana. Id.
Our standard of review when considering the propriety of a jury
instruction is as follows:
In examining the propriety of the instructions a trial court
presents to a jury, our scope of review is to determine whether
the trial court committed a clear abuse of discretion or an error
of law which controlled the outcome of the case. A jury charge
will be deemed erroneous only if the charge as a whole is
inadequate, not clear or has a tendency to mislead or confuse,
rather than clarify, a material issue. A charge is considered
adequate unless the jury was palpably misled by what the trial
judge said or there is an omission which is tantamount to
fundamental error. Consequently, the trial court has wide
discretion in fashioning jury instructions. The trial court is not
required to give every charge that is requested by the parties
and its refusal to give a requested charge does not require
reversal unless the appellant was prejudiced by that refusal.
Commonwealth v. Baker, 963 A.2d 495, 507 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citation
omitted).
The trial court is required to instruct the jury as to the applicable law
of the case. Commonwealth v. Daniels, 963 A.2d 409, 430 (Pa. 2009).
-]included offense if there is some
disputed evidence concerning an element of the greater charge or if the
undispute
Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 614 A.2d 1198, 1201 (Pa. Super. 1992)
the jury on the lesser-included offense unless the evidence could support a
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conviction on the lesser offense. There is no duty on a trial judge to charge
Commonwealth v.
Wilds, 362 A.2d 273, 278 (Pa. Super. 1976) (quotation marks omitted).
The evidence of record established that Berks County probation
20, 2012. N.T., 4/29/13, at 21-22, 30. As a result of the search, the
officers discovered a digital scale, which is oftentimes used to weigh
marijuana, and a bag containing 31 smaller baggies of marijuana. Id. at
25-27, 29, 33-34, 40, 42, 49. The officers also found a marijuana pipe,
other unused packaging material and a bottle of prescription pills that had
no label. Id. at 23-24, 26, 34-35, 40-41, 43. After the officers found the
marijuana, Walton repeatedly stated, without prompting from the officers:
two girls pregnant, Christmas is five days away, and I have to pay my bills
Id. at 28; see also id. at 37, 44.
narcotics packaging, testified that Walton possessed the marijuana with the
intent to deliver based upon the packaging, the new and unused packaging
Id. at 51-61, 64, 66; see
also id
Department testified that the marijuana was packaged in a manner common
for sale). Smith stated that the marijuana, as packaged, had a street value
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of $155; however, the marijuana, in bulk form, would have been worth $60-
$80. Id. at 58; see also id. (wherein Smith testified that the marijuana
was not for personal consumption, as a user would not buy 31 individual
We are cognizant that the crime of possession of a small amount of
marijuana is a lesser-included offense of possession with the intent to
deliver marijuana. Wilds, 362 A.2d at 278-79; see also Commonwealth
v. DeLong, 879 A.2d 234, 237 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2005) (stating that simple
possession of a controlled substance is a lesser-included offense of
possession with the intent to deliver a controlled substance). However,
based upon the evidence presented at trial, the trial court correctly refused
to provide the charge to the jury on the offense of possession of a small
residence, Walton did not present any evidence to demonstrate that he
possessed the marijuana in question only for personal use. Indeed, the
evidence, including the manner of the packaging, the digital scale, the
ements
demonstrate that Walton possessed the marijuana with the intent to deliver.
See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Ratsamy, 934 A.2d 1233, 1235-38 (Pa.
2007) (concluding that appellant possessed crack cocaine with intent to
deliver where he possessed a large quantity of unused zip-lock bags, and an
expert testified
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possession of the crack cocaine, including the amount and the form of the
drug, established that he intended to distribute the crack cocaine);
Commonwealth v. Carpenter, 955 A.2d 411, 415 (Pa. Super. 2008)
consistent with personal use, the presence of the drug paraphernalia in
als, unequivocally
omitted). Thus, the evidence is not capable of more than one rational
inference and the trial court properly refused to instruct the jury on the
possession of a small amount of marijuana offense. See Commonwealth
v. Ferrari, 593 A.2d 846, 850 (Pa. Super. 1991) (stating that an instruction
on a lesser-
record would permit the jury to find, rationally, the defendant guilty of the
lesser[- see also Hawkins,
In his third claim, Walton contends that the trial court committed
reversible error in failing to give his corpus delicti instruction. Brief for
Appellant at 24, 25.
The corpus delicti rule is designed to guard against the
hasty and unguarded character[,] which is often attached to
confessions and admissions and the consequent danger of a
conviction where no crime has in fact been committed. The
corpus delicti rule is a rule of evidence. Our standard of review
on appeals challenging an evidentiary ruling of the trial court is
limited to a determination of whether the trial court abused its
discretion. The corpus delicti rule places the burden on the
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prosecution to establish that a crime has actually occurred
before a confession or admission of the accused connecting him
to the crime can be admitted. The corpus delicti is literally the
body of the crime; it consists of proof that a loss or injury has
occurred as a result of the criminal conduct of someone. The
criminal responsibility of the accused for the loss or injury is not
a component of the rule. The historical purpose of the rule is to
prevent a conviction based solely upon a confession or
admission, where in fact no crime has been committed. The
corpus delicti may be established by circumstantial evidence.
Establishing the corpus delicti in Pennsylvania is a two-step
process. The
statement to be admitted, the Commonwealth must prove the
corpus delicti by a preponderance of the evidence. In order for
the statement to be considered by the fact finder, the
Commonwealth must establish the corpus delicti beyond a
reasonable doubt.
Commonwealth v. Hernandez, 39 A.3d 406, 410-11 (Pa. Super. 2012)
(citation, quotation marks, and emphasis omitted).
Walton argues that the instruction was warranted because an
important piece of evidence in deciding whether he possessed the marijuana
with the intent to deliver was his statements to the officers at the time of
the search. Brief for Appellant at 25. Walton asserts that the jury may not
have found him guilty of possession with intent to deliver without this
statement. Id. While Walton concedes the statement was properly
admitted into evidence, he claims the statement should not have been
considered because the Commonwealth did not prove the corpus delicti
beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 25-26.
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evidence to demonstrate that Walton possessed the marijuana with the
cumulative in nature, and did not form the sole basis of his convictions.
Based upon the above-noted evidence, Walton was not convicted solely on
the basis of an uncorroborated admission and therefore, no violation of the
corpus delicti rule occurred.4
In his final claim, Walton contends that the trial court imposed an
illegal sentence by invoking the mandatory minimum provisions of 18
Pa.C.S.A. § 6317, Drug-free school zones.5 Brief for Appellant at 13.
Walton asserts that pursuant to Alleyne v. United States, 133 S.Ct. 2151
(2013), any fact that increases the mandatory minimum sentence for a
crime is an element that must be submitted to the jury and found beyond a
reasonable doubt. Brief for Appellant at 13-15, 17-20. Walton argues that
the jury did not make a specific finding of whether the drugs were found
within 1,000 feet of a school. Id. at 15-16, 17. Walton claims that because
the trial court made the school zone factual determination at sentencing, his
sentence was illegal and, accordingly, the case should be remanded for re-
sentencing. Id. at 20.
4
We also note the trial court instructed the jury that the Commonwealth
must prove that Walton committed the charged crimes beyond a reasonable
doubt. N.T., 4/29/13, at 86-93.
5
The mandatory minimum sentence under section 6317 is two years in
prison. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6317(a).
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Initially, we note that a mandatory minimum sentencing claim that
invokes the reasoning of Alleyne implicates the legality of the sentence.
Commonwealth v. Munday, 78 A.3d 661, 664 (Pa. Super. 2
challenge to the legality of the sentence may be raised as a matter of right,
is non-waivable, and may be entertained so long as the reviewing court has
Commonwealth v. Robinson, 931 A.2d 15, 19-20 (Pa.
Super. 2007) (en banc).
Aft
United States decided Alleyne and expressly held that any fact increasing
the mandatory minimum sentence for a crime is considered an element of
the crime to be submitted to the jury and found beyond a reasonable doubt.
Alleyne, 133 S.Ct. at 2155-56, 2163. Alleyne decision, therefore,
renders those Pennsylvania mandatory minimum sentencing statutes that do
not pertain to prior convictions constitutionally infirm insofar as they permit
a jud
Commonwealth v. Watley, 81
A.3d 108, 117 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en banc) (footnote omitted); see also id.
at 117 n.4 (wherein this Court lists the statutes, including section 6317, that
are unconstitutional due to the Alleyne decision).
Instantly, no evidence was presented at trial as to whether Walton
committed the offense of possession with intent to deliver within 1,000 feet
of a school. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6317(a). As such, the trial court erred by
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deciding this point at sentencing, as a sentencing factor under 18 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 6317(b). See N.T., 4/29/13, at 115; see also Alleyne, supra. Despite
this finding, at sentencing, the trial court stated that it would not impose the
mandatory minimum sentence, and instead, imposed a sentence of 2½ to 5
years in prison, the statutory maximum sentence,6 in light of the pre-
sentence investigation report, the nature and gravity of the offenses, and
minal record. See N.T., 4/29/13, at 116-17; see also Trial
the maximum sentence permitted by law irrespective of the school-zone
However, the written Sentencing Order, which
imposed the sentence of 2½ to 5 years in prison, lists the charges as
Marijuana (18.2g)
While the trial court stated at sentencing that it was not imposing the
mandatory minimum sentence, the Sentencing Order indicates that it utilized
section 6317 in crafting its sentence. See Commonwealth v. Willis, 68
A.3d 997, 1010 (Pa. Super. 2013) (sta
discrepancy between the sentence as written and orally pronounced, the
see also id
statements made by the sentencing court, but not incorporated into the
6
See 35 P.S. § 780-113(f)(2) (stating that a person who commits
possession with intent to deliver marijuana shall be sentenced to a prison
term not exceeding five years).
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written sentence signed by the court, are not part of the judgment of
Walton committed
the offense of possession with intent to deliver within 1,000 feet of a school
at sentencing, rather than permitting the jury to determine the fact beyond
a reasonable doubt, the sentence violates Alleyne. Thus, we must vacate
the sentence and remand for re-sentencing.
Based upon the foregoing, we affirm the convictions, vacate the
sentence, and remand for re-sentencing.
Judgment of sentence vacated. Case remanded for re-sentencing.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/27/2014
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