J-S17004-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
ERICA WILLIAMS,
Appellant No. 1490 EDA 2015
Appeal from the Order of May 8, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): MC-51-CR-0041104-2014
BEFORE: OLSON, STABILE AND MUSMANNO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED APRIL 21, 2017
Appellant, Erica Williams, appeals from the order entered on May 8,
2015 denying her petition for a writ of certiorari. We affirm.
The factual background and procedural history of this case are as
follows. On November 28, 2014, Appellant called Philadelphia Police
Detective Timothy Mayer. She told Detective Mayer that she was receiving
calls on her cellphone seeking a woman named Veronica. She stated that if
the phone calls didn’t stop she would obtain a gun permit, buy a gun, and
kill Veronica. Detective Mayer told Appellant that Veronica was Veronica
Mackin (“Mackin”), a witness in a criminal case in which Appellant was the
victim.
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On December 5, 2014, the Commonwealth charged Appellant via
criminal complaint with making terroristic threats.1 On December 29, 2014,
the Municipal Court of Philadelphia found Appellant guilty and immediately
sentenced her to six months’ probation. On January 15, 2015, Appellant
filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the Court of Common Pleas of
Philadelphia County. She argued that the evidence presented at trial was
insufficient to convict her of making terroristic threats. On May 8, 2015, the
Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County denied the petition. This
timely appeal followed.
On June 15, 2015, the trial court ordered Appellant to file a concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal (“concise statement”). See
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). On July 6, 2015, Appellant filed her concise statement.
On June 28, 2016, the trial court issued its Rule 1925(a) opinion.
Appellant presents one issue for our review:
Was not the evidence presented by the Commonwealth
insufficient to prove terroristic threats where the Commonwealth
presented no evidence that [A]ppellant communicated these
threats to the intended recipient and [A]ppellant acted without
the necessary mens rea?
Appellant’s Brief at 3.
Preliminarily, we must consider whether Appellant preserved her
sufficiency challenge. “Issues not included in the [concise s]tatement and/or
not raised in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph (b)(4) are
1
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2706.
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waived.” Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii). In her concise statement, Appellant
only argued that the evidence was insufficient to prove the mens rea
element of making terroristic threats. Concise Statement, 7/6/15, at 2. She
did not argue that the evidence was insufficient to prove that she
communicated the threat. Accordingly, Appellant waived her argument that
she did not communicate the threat; however, she preserved her argument
that she lacked the requisite mens rea.
Turning to the merits of the preserved portion of Appellant’s
sufficiency challenge, we note that “[w]hether sufficient evidence exists to
support the verdict is a question of law; our standard of review is de novo
and our scope of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v. Walls, 144 A.3d
926, 931 (Pa. Super. 2016), appeal denied, 470 EAL 2016 (Pa. Feb. 23,
2017) (citation omitted). “In assessing Appellant’s sufficiency challenge, we
must determine whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the Commonwealth as verdict winner, together with all reasonable
inferences therefrom, the trier of fact could have found that the
Commonwealth proved [each] element of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Commonwealth v. Ansell, 143 A.3d 944, 949 (Pa. Super. 2016)
(citation omitted). “The evidence need not preclude every possibility of
innocence and the fact-finder is free to believe all, part, or none of the
evidence presented.” Commonwealth v. Ford, 141 A.3d 547, 552 (Pa.
Super. 2016) (citation omitted).
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“The elements necessary to establish a violation of the terroristic
threats statute are: (1) a threat to commit a crime of violence; and (2) that
the threat was communicated with the intent to terrorize.” Walls, 144 A.3d
at 936 (internal alteration and citation omitted). 2 “The purpose of [section
2706] is to impose criminal liability on persons who make threats which
seriously impair personal security or public convenience. It is not intended
by this section to penalize mere spur-of-the-moment threats which result
from anger.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2706 cmt. As this Court has stated, “the real
issue [i]s whether the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence to
establish the required mens rea, not whether [Appellant] made the
statements in the context of a heated discussion. Being angry does not
render a person incapable of forming the intent to terrorize.”
Commonwealth v. Walker, 836 A.2d 999, 1001 (Pa. Super. 2003), appeal
denied, 853 A.2d 361 (Pa. 2004) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). We must consider the totality of circumstances to determine if
Appellant had the necessary mens rea. See Commonwealth v. Reynolds,
835 A.2d 720, 730 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation omitted).
Appellant argues that her comments were spur-of-the-moment threats
which resulted from transient anger. In support of this argument, she cites
Commonwealth v. Anneski, 525 A.2d 373 (Pa. Super. 1987), appeal
2
Appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to convict her under
either section 2706(a)(1) or section 2706(a)(3). As Appellant was only
convicted under section 2706(a)(1), Sentencing Order, 12/29/14, at 1, we
confine our discussion to the elements of that offense.
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denied, 532 A.2d 19 (Pa. 1987). Appellant’s reliance on Anneski is
misplaced as Anneski supports the Commonwealth’s position that there was
sufficient evidence to find Appellant guilty of making terroristic threats.
“[D]uring an argument with a neighbor, Anneski had told her neighbor if the
neighbor ‘tried to run over her kids anymore at the bus stop’ she, Anneski,
would bring a gun and use it.” Id. at 374. On appeal, this Court held that
the evidence was sufficient to find Appellant guilty of making terroristic
threats. Id. at 375. Nonetheless, this Court found that the verdict was
against the weight of the evidence. Id. at 375-377. In this case, Appellant
only argues that the evidence was insufficient to find her guilty of making
terroristic threats, not that the verdict was against the weight of the
evidence. Thus, even assuming arguendo that this case is similar to
Anneski, the evidence was legally sufficient to find Appellant guilty of
making terroristic threats.
Appellant also cites Commonwealth v. Kidd, 442 A.2d 826 (Pa.
Super. 1982) and Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 409 A.2d 888 (Pa. Super.
1979) in support of her sufficiency challenge. These two cases, however,
are distinguishable from the case sub judice. In Sullivan, the defendant
called the state police and threatened to kill the local sheriff because of an
alleged assault that occurred that morning. Id. at 888–889. The defendant
was convicted of making terroristic threats. On appeal, this Court reversed
and found that the evidence was insufficient to find Appellant guilty.
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In Kidd, the defendant was arrested for public drunkenness. Kidd,
442 A.2d at 827. While being treated in the emergency room, the defendant
told police officers that he was going to murder them with machine guns.
Id. The defendant was convicted of making terroristic threats for this
comment; however, on appeal this Court held that the evidence was
insufficient to find him guilty of making terroristic threats.
In both Sullivan and Kidd the defendants were angry about very
recent events. In this case, Detective Mayer testified that he spoke to
Appellant during the two weeks prior to the November 28, 2014 phone call.
See N.T., 12/29/14, at 6-7. During these conversations, he told Appellant
that Mackin was unwilling to cooperate in the investigation into the case in
which Appellant was the victim. It was at the end of this two-week period
that Appellant placed the November 28 phone call to Detective Mayer and
threated to kill Mackin. Thus, unlike in Sullivan and Kidd, where the
defendants were angry about events that occurred minutes or hours earlier,
in this case Appellant spent weeks pondering her reaction to the repeated
phone calls seeking Mackin.
Instead, we find instructive this Court’s decision in Commonwealth v.
Fenton, 750 A.2d 863 (Pa. Super. 2000). In that case, Fenton had a
“heated conversation with insurance adjuster Randy Leventry, in which he
made death threats against, inter alia, Leventry, the staff of the Johnstown,
Pennsylvania office of Erie Insurance Company, United States
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Representative John Murtha[,] and his aide, John Hugya.” United States v.
Fenton, 30 F.Supp.2d 520, 522 (W.D. Pa. 1998). Fenton was convicted of
making terroristic threats. On appeal, he argued that the evidence was
insufficient to prove that he had the requisite mens rea.
This Court rejected that argument and held that the evidence was
sufficient to convict him of making terroristic threats. This Court explained
that, “[t]he problems which led to the phone call occurred over several
months; [Fenton] clearly spent a long time reflecting upon his frustrations,
and his threats cannot be characterized as less than premeditated and
deliberate.” Fenton, 750 A.2d at 865. Because of the premeditated and
deliberate nature of Fenton’s threats, this Court held that he had the
requisite mens rea for making terroristic threats.
Although the time period at issue in the case sub judice was only two
weeks – not months as in Fenton – the same principle applies. Appellant
made a premediated and deliberate decision to call Detective Mayer and
threaten to shoot Mackin. In other words, Appellant’s comments were not a
spur-of-the-moment threat caused by transient anger.
Finally, Appellant cites stipulated testimony that she has a reputation
as a peaceful and law-abiding citizen in arguing that the evidence was
insufficient to prove that she had the requisite mens rea. This argument
fails because the factfinder was not required to believe this stipulated
testimony. See Ford, 141 A.3d at 552; Commonwealth v. Hall, 830 A.2d
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537, 542 (Pa. 2003). Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence was
sufficient to prove that Appellant had the requisite mens rea. As such, the
evidence was sufficient to convict her of making terroristic threats.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/21/2017
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Com. v. Williams, E.
Combined Opinion