COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NOS. 02-10-00257-CR
02-10-00258-CR
CULLEN HORACE APPELLANT
MCNAIR
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
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FROM THE 371ST DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
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MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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I. Introduction
In three points, Appellant Cullen Horace McNair appeals his two
convictions for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, to wit: a motor vehicle.
We affirm.
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
II. Factual and Procedural History
Around 7 a.m. on July 15, 2009, McNair hit John Bird and Jimmy Shook—
two union strikers—with his silver convertible as he drove into work at Bell
Helicopter.
McNair, age seventy-seven at trial, had been employed for over forty years
in the aerospace industry.2 He spent fifteen of those forty years in engineering at
Bell, and he started working there immediately after he took early retirement from
Lockheed, so that he could continue to care for his wife‘s serious medical
problems.3 On July 15, he went in to work an hour early. McNair gave the
following testimony about the July 15 incident:
Q. Now, on this particular day when you came up to the
entrance to Bell Helicopter, the plant itself, was there a line of cars
waiting to get in?
A. No. There was one car ahead of me . . . more than a car‘s
length, and he was going through the picket line, and—but wasn‘t all
the way through the line actually at that point. So when I made my
right turn off of Bell Spur onto the access road to the parking lot, the
white line that they picket next to is just a few yards up from the turn,
so, you know, I can‘t be going really very fast as I make a turn and
come up there. And so I went up, and I thought—I really fully
expected that the picketers would just move aside because that‘s
2
McNair was the only defense witness during the guilt-innocence phase of
trial, and we begin with his testimony to provide context for the State‘s case.
3
After several surgeries, McNair‘s wife Shirley developed a staph infection
that spread, requiring amputation of her right leg at the hip. She lost her left leg
to the same infection. While in intensive care, she suffered a stroke, leaving her
left arm and left hand immobile. McNair said that he continued to work to retain
health insurance and that he paid someone to care for his wife while he was at
work. McNair said that he was also handicapped ―to an extent.‖
2
the way they had been doing or were open at the other times I had
gone in, and I didn‘t know that their—that their philosophy was to
stop each and every car. So I decided to go on up and just kind of
go behind the car in front of me, tailgate them through there, but I
could see that they weren‘t happy with that, so—
Q. Let me ask you this. How could you tell that they weren‘t
happy with you tailgating the other car?
A. Well, of course, they really wanted me to stop and not try
to go through behind the other car. They wanted to be able to stop
each car in turn and then give permission for it to proceed.
Q. Now, had this been the procedure that you had run into for
the two or three weeks before—
A. No.
Q. –when they were picketing?
A. No. In those cases, the police actually kept the line open,
and so I was used to that.[4] And when I—on the morning of my
encounter, they were not that way, and so—but I expected that they
would just move aside. I didn‘t know what their rule was, if you want
to call it that, as far as letting the cars in and out. But what they like
to do is to stop each and every car and not let two or three cars in,
you know, one right behind the other.
Q. Did you know that at the time?
A. No. No, I didn‘t. Not until I got in amongst them.
....
Q. And when you started through . . . and tried to inch behind
the other vehicle, were there picketers actually in front of your car by
that time?
4
McNair said that there were more strikers than usual on July 15, and a
police car was ―parked up the road probably about 50 yards away,‖ not down on
the picket line itself.
3
A. No. The—I made sure that I got up close to the car to
preclude any of them from trying to jump in front of me. They—so
then they just surrounded my car, except in the back, but they—they
came up very close to the sides.
....
Q. When the—you were trying to drive in and the picketers
came around you, what do you recall exactly happened at that
point?
A. Well, it was then that I got—got rather concerned about
trying to get through the line. Oh, I knew I could get through the line,
but I was—I began to then realize that I was kind of surrounded by
some unhappy folks, and they were slapping the side of my car with
their hand[s], you know, causing no damage but making some
racket, and—and I could hear some abusive language, and then I
really got rather concerned. You know, I was going—I was driving
my car with the top down that day, so I could see pretty good. So
out of my peripheral vision on the right-hand side, I saw a man, in
my opinion, did a body slam into my right door.
Q. Well, when you say ―body slam into your right door,‖ what
do you mean?
A. Well, it looked—I could see that he kind of intentionally
reared back and tried to throw his body into the door, and when he
did, he got off balance, and then he went into my rear view mirror
and pushed it forward. . . . He hit me on the side, on the right side,
and I‘m going forward, and they claim that I hit him.
....
Q. Did you believe at that time that you had hit that individual.
A. No. I didn‘t think it was my fault, no.
Q. To this day do you believe that you hit that individual?
A. I believe—I believe, you know, that we—that I contacted
that individual and that he was injured, and I sincerely regret any
injuries in that incident. I certainly never ever intended to hurt
anybody on purpose. I‘m not that way. I‘m a Christian. I‘m a
4
member of a religious organization, and that‘s why I wear black, in
case anybody‘s wondering about that. I‘m a Benedictine.
....
Q. When the strikers reacted, did you have any anticipation or
thought that that would be their reactions?
A. No, I did not. Not until they hit—not until that person hit my
car. And then—and then there were placards that were being
waved around, and some even made a mark on my car. But then I
became concerned that I might get hit because, like I say, the top‘s
down on my car, and I began to get a little afraid. At that point, then
I became a little angry.[5]
....
Q. Did you at some point check your vehicle to see if there
was any kind of damage to it?
....
A. There . . . wasn‘t. I did stop my vehicle when I was up
about maybe 30 yards or so for the purpose of checking to see if my
door was bent in because I really thought it might have been,
because it was really a hard hit. And so I got out of my car and
walked around it and looked. The door was okay. There wasn‘t any
damage. The rear view mirror was pushed forward. I just clicked it
in position, and I went back around and got in my car and started
moving to go to the parking lot.
Q. And at some point in time did you hear anybody telling you
to stop?
A. Only after I was back into my car and started moving.
Then—then I was almost directly across the street from the police
car. And the police lady got out of the car and said, ―Stop, stop,‖
and I did . . . .
5
During cross-examination, McNair said that he became angry ―right after
the gentleman impacted my car on the right side.‖ He also acknowledged that a
car is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury.
5
Q. And where did you stop?
....
A. Oh, I stopped about—oh, not but about a few yards up
from where the police car was parked. I didn‘t go far. Because once
they saw I was moving, she hollered ―stop‖ and came over and then
wanted to see my driver‘s license, insurance card, and I did, gave
that. Then she said, ―Step out of the car.‖ I did. ―Turn around and
face the car.‖ I did. And then she said, ―Put your hands behind your
back.‖ At that point, I knew I was being arrested, but I had not a clue
why. So I said, ―What‘s going on?‖ What‘s the charge?‖ And the
police lady said, ―Shut up. You‘ll have your chance before the
judge.‖ She said that twice and read me the Miranda act. [6] Yeah.
Q. Do you recall at some point her asking if you did that
intentionally?
A. No. There was no conversation between me and that
police woman except me saying, ―What in the world is this? What is
the charge,‖ and her telling me to shut up.
Q. And that point in time, did you have any idea that you had
hit anybody or harmed anybody?
A. I did not. Well, I knew the man impacted my car, but I
certainly had not a clue that the other gentleman had his foot run
over. If he had his foot run over, it must have been pretty close to
my car.
Q. And did you—do you still believe that you actually hit the
guy, or do you believe that the guy jumped onto you?
A. No. I‘m still thoroughly convinced that he reared back and
then threw his body into the side of my car. They were really upset
that I was moving through the line.
6
See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966).
6
McNair said that there were three streaks on his hood that had been left by
the strikers‘ placards, and photographs of the streaks were admitted in evidence.
He said that he never had any intent to injure or hurt anybody and that he would
not intentionally hit someone to get a person out of his way. McNair also stated
that he was not in a hurry and that he did not become angry until Shook body-
slammed his car. He denied accelerating or jerking his wheel but said that once
the strikers became aggressive, he was anxious to get out of there.
Fort Worth Police Detective Patsy Miller testified that she met with McNair
at her office after the incident and read him his Miranda warnings. After McNair
waived his rights, he dictated his statement to Detective Miller‘s partner, who
wrote out the statement for him because his hands were shaking and he was too
upset to write, and then McNair signed it. Detective Miller read McNair‘s
statement to the jury:
Starting time, 8:18. Date, 7/15/09. My name is Cullen
McNair. I am 76 years of age. . . . I have completed 16 years of
schooling. I can read, write, and understand the English language.
I was making a right turn off Bell Spur onto the property.
There was a picket line of two or three lines abreast. Car ahead of
me went through. They parted. I came right behind that car. As I
got even with the line, they started slapping side of car. A man on
the right intentionally bumped my car and hit mirror, moving it. I was
creeping along, accelerated to go up the hill. They were harassing
and giving me a hard time, slapping my car.
A FW policeman was coming down the hill, told me to pull
over. Officer came up to the car, asked for my driver‘s license and
insurance. I didn‘t strike anyone I know of. Officers had me lean
against car, then handcuffed me. A lot of police cars showed up.
7
I don‘t think I have any witnesses. I think they were being
aggressive and harassing me. It was quick. Just bam bam. I went
through. They took my company badge and card.
During cross-examination, Detective Miller stated that McNair told her numerous
times that he did not hit anybody with his car and that the first he knew of it was
when he was at the police station. She recalled telling him that he hit someone
and that he said to her, ―I didn‘t hit anybody that I know of.‖
Shannon Dyer, one of Bell‘s security guards, testified that on July 15, he
arrived at the gate around 6:51 a.m. and saw several strikers. There was a car in
front of him and the strikers held it up for around thirty seconds before allowing it
to pass. They parted for him when they saw his uniform. Dyer observed that the
situation was tense because the strike had gone on for so many weeks, and
more strikers were there that morning than usual, although he did not see any
yelling or aggression by the strikers.
Dyer did not recall if anyone was behind his vehicle. He had gone past the
picket line and three-quarters up a hill to his parking spot when he heard an
engine race and then a loud thud. When he looked in his rear view mirror, he
saw two men limping, and he went back to help. Dyer said that the vehicle that
struck the two men was a silver convertible and that McNair was the driver.
Linda Valentine, who worked for Bell for thirty-six years, testified that she
was behind a little silver convertible on the way into the facility on July 15. There
were fifteen to twenty strikers outside, walking one by one across the street; the
strikers would allow a car to pass once they finished crossing to one side, and
8
―then they would cross again, and then another car would go.‖ She said that the
strikers did not appear hostile that morning and that she did not see them attack
or damage any vehicles. Specifically, Valentine stated that she did not see
anyone harass McNair or bump his vehicle, hit his mirror, or slap the side of his
car. She described the incident as follows:
[T]he silver car pulled in, and there was a vehicle in front of him, and,
of course, the strikers were walking across, and it‘s like he wasn‘t
going to wait. He just kind of—he just jerked the wheel and went
and hit two of them. And I was behind him, and I just—I couldn‘t
believe it.
Valentine said that McNair had not been tailgating the vehicle in front of his
―because there had been people that crossed in front‖ of his vehicle. It looked to
her like McNair was hurrying to get through and that he just jerked the wheel
instead of waiting for the strikers to pass by, but, unlike Dyer, she did not hear
anything from the vehicle. McNair did not pull over until the police officer told him
to.
Fort Worth Police Officer Julie Cox testified that her off-duty job at Bell was
to provide a police presence during a labor strike. The strikers would slowly walk
back and forth across the street with their signs but were not allowed to impede
traffic. Incoming cars would pull up, stop and wait a few seconds for strikers
crossing the street, and once there was a break in the line of strikers, they would
drive through.
On July 15, Officer Cox did not notice the strikers raise their voices, make
harassing statements, or hit any vehicles. She was sitting in her parked patrol
9
car, watching the traffic and strikers and ―doing some of [her] real-job
paperwork,‖ when she saw McNair hit a striker with his silver convertible sports
car. She did not see anything to suggest that McNair was not in control of his
vehicle, and she described the incident as follows:
I saw the protester bounce off of the vehicle, and I actually
was in shock because I‘m sitting here going—I‘m in a marked car. I
just witnessed an accident, and I was just shocked. I was in awe of
it, that it had just occurred in front of me. The speed it occurred
almost seemed slow motion, and as it happened, the vehicle starts
coming in the direction I‘m coming, so I—you know, I know now that
I have to get that vehicle stopped to make sure that he didn‘t drive
away. So I quickly exit my vehicle, run after the silver vehicle to try
to get it stopped.
....
. . . After I ran after it and was trying to gain the attention of the
driver, I was able to get the vehicle stopped. I approached the
vehicle, and I asked the driver for his driver‘s license because I knew
that A, I was able to identify him even if the driver left.
....
. . . I knew that my primary duty was to make sure that
whoever it was that was injured, that we got medical attention to
them . . . so I quickly ran over to the—the pedestrians or the strikers
that had been struck to make sure. Initially, I thought it was just one.
Officer Cox took McNair‘s driver‘s license before going to check on the
injured man; she discovered two injured people—Shook and Bird. She called an
ambulance for them and then ran back to McNair. Officer Cox stated that until
she spoke with McNair, she had believed the incident to have been an accident.
Before trial, the trial court held a hearing regarding whether McNair was in
custody when Officer Cox asked him, ―Did you intend to do this? Was this an
10
accident?‖ Officer Cox said that she asked McNair these questions after taking
his driver‘s license from him and telling him he needed to wait until she checked
on the injured, and she said that she asked him this without giving him his
Miranda warnings. Officer Cox said that McNair replied, ―Yes, because they
wouldn‘t let me get into work.‖ She also stated that McNair was not in custody at
the time—although he was not free to leave—and that she did not arrest him until
after he responded to her question. Officer Cox admitted that she took McNair‘s
driver‘s license and never returned it to him. The trial court found that McNair
was not in custody at the time and overruled the objection.
Before the jury, Officer Cox testified that she asked McNair, ―[I]f he
intended to do that, if it was an accident,‖ and said that he replied, ―[Y]es,
because they wouldn‘t let me get into work.‖ She took his statement as an
admission of intent and placed him under arrest for aggravated assault. Officer
Cox stated that a motor vehicle is capable of causing death or serious bodily
injury. She did not remember seeing any scratches on or damage to McNair‘s
car.
Shook testified that he had worked for Bell Helicopter for twenty-three
years and that he had been asked by his union to walk picket duty on July 15.
Shook said that none of the strikers touched any of the vehicles, that they only
allowed traffic to back-up two or three cars deep, and that they did not delay the
cars‘ drivers from getting to work.
11
Shook said that he had been walking back and forth, carrying a sign; when
he was around two-thirds of the way across the intersection, McNair gunned the
motor of his car and hit him and Bird. Shook said that when McNair‘s car caught
him on his left hip, he dropped his picket sign and went to the ground. He was
stunned, scared, hurt, and very surprised that he had been hit. He hobbled to
the curb and sat down while the silver convertible drove on, chased by Officer
Cox. Shook did not recall McNair tailgating the car in front of him, and he denied
that the strikers had hit McNair‘s car with their placards. He did not know if
McNair sped up to hit him.
Bird testified that he had worked for Bell Helicopter for almost six years
and, like Shook, his union had asked him to walk picket duty on July 15. Bird
said that the strikers would not delay vehicles very long, just ―slow them up a little
bit.‖ Bird gave the following testimony about the incident:
I noticed this small car sitting there with a gentleman in front of it
who didn‘t look very happy, and like I said, I just glanced at him for a
second, and I thought, ―That man is not happy,‖ you know, about
going to work or whatever. But, anyway, I turned around and took
the last few steps, and I don‘t remember exactly how long it was, but
it wasn‘t maybe five or ten seconds later, if that long, I heard an
engine get gunned, and then the next thing I knew I was getting hit.
He identified McNair as the driver of the car that hit him.
Bird could not recall if he was carrying a sign that morning, but he said that
McNair hit him on his left side and spun him around, and then McNair‘s right rear
tire drove over the top of Bird‘s left foot, which hurt. Shook was on the ground
not too far from him. Bird did not recall anyone striking McNair‘s car with signs or
12
yelling at McNair that two cars could not pass through, and he did not recall
seeing any scratches on the hood of McNair‘s vehicle. Bird said that McNair
must have been negligent because he had hit him and Shook, and he and Shook
filed a civil negligence suit against McNair.
In separate indictments, McNair was charged with intentionally or
knowingly causing bodily injury to Shook and Bird by driving into or over them
with his vehicle, or by recklessly causing bodily injury to them by failing to
properly control his vehicle and driving into or over them, and that he used a
deadly weapon during the assault, to-wit: a motor vehicle that in its manner of
use or intended use was capable of causing death or serious bodily injury. See
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.02(a)(2) (West 2011). McNair filed a motion to quash
the recklessness allegation, which the trial court denied after a hearing.
The jury found McNair guilty in both cases, assessed two years‘
confinement in each case, and recommended the imposition of community
supervision. The trial court entered judgment on the sentences, then suspended
them, and placed McNair on two years of community supervision in each case.
These appeals followed.
III. Sufficiency
In his third point, McNair argues that the evidence is insufficient to convict
him of aggravated assault in each case. However, because we measure the
sufficiency of the evidence by the elements of the offense as defined by the
hypothetically correct jury charge—i.e., one that accurately sets out the law and
13
is authorized by the indictment, among other requirements—we will review
McNair‘s first point regarding the sufficiency of the indictment before reviewing
the sufficiency of the evidence. See Hardy v. State, 281 S.W.3d 414, 421 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2009); see also Villarreal v. State, 286 S.W.3d 321, 327 (Tex. Crim.
App.), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 515 (2009); Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240
(Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
A. Indictment
In his first point, McNair complains that the trial court erred by overruling
his motion to quash the indictment because it failed to allege with reasonable
certainty the act or acts relied upon to constitute recklessness.
We review de novo a trial court‘s decision to deny a motion to quash an
indictment. Lawrence v. State, 240 S.W.3d 912, 915 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007),
cert. denied, 553 U.S. 1007 (2008). A motion to quash should be granted only
when the language concerning the defendant‘s conduct is so vague or indefinite
as to deny the defendant notice of the acts he allegedly committed. Miller v.
State, 333 S.W.3d 352, 356 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. ref‘d) (citing
DeVaughn v. State, 749 S.W.2d 62, 67 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)). Further, while
the State need not allege facts that are merely evidentiary in nature, see id.,
―[w]hen it is alleged that the accused acted recklessly, [a]rticle 21.15 of the Texas
Code of Criminal Procedure requires additional language in the charging
instrument.‖ State v. Rodriguez, 339 S.W.3d 680, 682 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011);
see also Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 21.15 (West 2009).
14
The ―acts‖ constituting recklessness under article 21.15 are really the
circumstances surrounding the act, from which the trier of fact may infer that the
accused acted with the required recklessness. Rodriguez, 339 S.W.3d at 683
(discussing Smith v. State, 309 S.W.3d 10, 15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)); see Stadt
v. State, 120 S.W.3d 428, 441–43 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003) (pet.
granted) (op. on reh‘g) (stating that the indictment adequately informed appellant
of the acts the State planned to rely upon to constitute ―recklessness‖ in a
manslaughter charge when it stated that he operated his vehicle at an
unreasonable speed, failed to keep a proper lookout, failed to maintain a single
lane of traffic, and changed lanes unsafely), aff’d, 182 S.W.3d 360 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005); see also Crume v. State, 658 S.W.2d 607, 608–09 (Tex. Crim. App.
1983) (holding that indictment adequately informed appellant of the nature of the
reckless act of which he was accused when it alleged that he caused his vehicle
to collide with the complainant by failing to guide his vehicle away from the
complainant, thereby recklessly causing the complainant‘s death); Arredondo v.
State, 582 S.W.2d 457, 458–59 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (holding that the
indictment was sufficient because it alleged the act constituting the forbidden
conduct and the act demonstrating recklessness: recklessly causing victim‘s
death ―by grabbing the steering wheel of a motor vehicle and pulling said steering
wheel to the right . . . thereby recklessly causing said motor vehicle to veer to the
right and strike‖ the victim).
15
With regard to reckless conduct, the indictment alleged that McNair
committed the aggravated assaults with a deadly weapon of Shook and Bird by
causing them bodily injury by driving his vehicle into or over them ―recklessly, to-
wit: by failing to properly control his motor vehicle.‖ [Emphasis added.] Because
the indictment alleged the circumstance—failure to properly control his vehicle—
that gave rise to the act constituting the aggravated assault with a deadly
weapon—causing bodily injury to Shook and Bird by driving the vehicle into or
over them—we are constrained to conclude that it was sufficient. See Crume,
658 S.W.2d at 608–09; Arredondo, 582 S.W.2d at 458–59; see also Rodriguez,
339 S.W.3d at 683; Stadt, 120 S.W.3d at 441–43.
Further, we also note that under Crawford v. State, an indictment that
alleges a defendant acted intentionally, knowingly, and recklessly need not
comply with the article 21.15 requirements. 646 S.W.2d 936, 937 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1983); see also Bartlett v. State, 249 S.W.3d 658, 672 & n.9, 673 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2008, pet. ref‘d) (stating that Crawford holds that article 21.15
governs only when recklessness is the sole culpable mental state alleged and
not when recklessness is alleged along with intentional or knowing conduct).
Although the indictments here improperly labeled the second paragraphs of the
offenses as ―counts,‖ because they merely added an additional culpable mental
state, they did not allege separate statutory offenses. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
Ann. art. 21.24(a)–(b) (West 2009) (differentiating ―counts‖ for charging separate
offenses and ―paragraphs‖ for charging the same offense); Lebo v. State, 100
16
S.W.3d 417, 421 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, pet. ref‘d) (op. on reh‘g) (stating
that ―[t]he words ‗intentionally, knowingly, and recklessly‘ . . . as used in the
indictment alleging that defendant intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly injured
an elderly person did not constitute three distinct offenses,‖ and that adding an
additional mental culpable state does not allege a separate statutory offense);
Riley v. State, 658 S.W.2d 818, 819 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1983, no pet.)
(reciting that a ―count‖ is used to charge an offense and a ―paragraph‖ is a
portion or subset of a count charging a method of committing that offense, and
stating that a general verdict is proper for a one count indictment alleging multiple
paragraphs). Therefore, under Crawford, even if the language in the indictment
was not sufficient for recklessness under article 21.15, the indictments would still
be sufficient because they also alleged the intentional and knowing mental
culpable states. See 646 S.W.2d at 937. We overrule McNair‘s first point.
B. Aggravated Assault with a Deadly Weapon
In his third point, McNair argues that the evidence is insufficient to support
his convictions for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon because the
evidence shows that he was nothing more than ―merely negligent‖ and that there
was no credible evidence of any reckless conduct on McNair‘s part.
1. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
In our due-process review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
conviction, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the
17
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.7 Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d
772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
A person commits aggravated assault with a deadly weapon if he
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another and uses or
exhibits a deadly weapon—here, an automobile—during the commission of the
assault. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.01(a)(1) (West 2011), § 22.02(a)(2);
see also id. § 1.07(a)(17)(B) (West Supp. 2011) (defining ―deadly weapon‖ as
anything that in the manner of its use or intended use is capable of causing death
or serious bodily injury); Drichas v. State, 175 S.W.3d 795, 798 (Tex. Crim. App.
2005) (―A motor vehicle may become a deadly weapon if the manner of its use is
capable of causing death or serious bodily injury.‖). A person acts intentionally
when it is his conscious objective or desire to cause the result; he acts knowingly
with respect to the nature of his conduct when he is aware that his conduct is
reasonably certain to cause the result. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 6.03(a), (b)
(West 2011). In comparison to these mental states,
[a] person acts recklessly, or is reckless, with respect to
circumstances surrounding his conduct or the result of his conduct
when he is aware of but consciously disregards a substantial and
unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist or the result will occur.
7
With regard to McNair‘s first point, addressed below, regarding the
admissibility of Officer Cox‘s testimony, we must consider all the evidence
admitted at trial, even improperly admitted evidence, when performing a
sufficiency review. Moff v. State, 131 S.W.3d 485, 489–90 (Tex. Crim. App.
2004).
18
The risk must be of such a nature and degree that its disregard
constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that an
ordinary person would exercise under all the circumstances as
viewed from the actor‘s standpoint.
See id. § 6.03(c).
2. Analysis
McNair admitted that a car can be a deadly weapon and that he was aware
of the proximity of the strikers to his vehicle as he drove through, although he
said that one of the men intentionally ―body slammed‖ his car. From this, the jury
could have found that he acted recklessly if it also found that he failed to properly
control his vehicle as he drove through. The jury could have found lack of proper
control from Shook, Bird, and Dyer‘s testimonies that McNair gunned his motor
before hitting the strikers and from Valentine‘s testimony that he ―just jerked the
wheel and went and hit two of them.‖ Further, from the same evidence regarding
how McNair gunned his motor and drove into the two men, the jury could have
found that McNair met the intentional and knowing mental states, supported by
Officer Cox‘s testimony that she took McNair‘s statement to be an admission that
he intended to hit Bird and Shook because they would not let him into work. Bird
and Shook‘s testimonies establish that each man‘s injury was caused by McNair
using his vehicle.
Because our sufficiency standard gives full play to the responsibility of the
trier of fact, as the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence, to
resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable
19
inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts, we conclude that the jury could have
found beyond a reasonable doubt that McNair committed the aggravated assault
with a deadly weapon of both Bird and Shook. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
art. 38.04 (West 1979); Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; Clayton, 235
S.W.3d at 778; see also Bell v. State, 693 S.W.2d 434, 443 (Tex. Crim. App.
1985) (―[T]he jury, as the sole trier of fact, was entitled to believe all or part of the
conflicting testimony proffered and introduced by either side.‖). Therefore, we
overrule McNair‘s third point.
IV. Custodial Interrogation
In his second point, McNair argues that the trial court erred by overruling
his objections to the State‘s use of his statement to Officer Cox in response to
her custodial questioning. Specifically, he complains that he was in custody
when Officer Cox asked him, ―Did you intend to do this? Was this an accident?‖
and that, therefore, her testimony about his response—―Yes, because they
wouldn‘t let me get into work‖—should not have been admitted.
During trial, McNair testified that Officer Cox arrested him almost
immediately after she stopped him and he gave her his driver‘s license, that she
read him his Miranda rights, and that she did not ask him if he had intentionally
hit anyone or say anything else to him other than ―Shut up. You‘ll have your
chance before the judge.‖ McNair‘s written statement to the police indicates that
Officer Cox asked him for his driver‘s license and insurance, but it does not
indicate if or when she asked him the questions at issue here.
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According to Officer Cox‘s testimony during the pretrial hearing and during
trial, McNair was detained but not in custody when she took his license, and
according to McNair‘s testimony, he was in custody immediately but was not
asked any questions. See Dowthitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 255 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1996). Assuming without deciding that McNair was in custody when Officer
Cox took his driver‘s license and told him to wait for her before she asked him
whether he had intentionally hit the strikers, and that, therefore, the trial court
erred by admitting her testimony about McNair‘s statement, we conclude—as set
out in our analysis below—that the error is harmless, determining beyond a
reasonable doubt that the trial court‘s admission of the statement did not
contribute to McNair‘s conviction or punishment. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(a);
Jones v. State, 119 S.W.3d 766, 776–77 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (applying rule
44.2(a) analysis to Miranda violation), cert. denied, 542 U.S. 905 (2004).
A. Harmless Error
In applying the Aharmless error@ test, our primary question is whether there
is a Areasonable possibility@ that the error might have contributed to the
conviction or punishment. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(a); Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d
249, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (op. on reh‘g), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1070
(1999). Our harmless error analysis should not focus on the propriety of the
outcome of the trial; instead, we should calculate as much as possible the
probable impact on the jury in light of the existence of other evidence. Wesbrook
v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 119 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 944
21
(2001). We consider a nonexclusive list of factors, including the nature of the
error, whether it was emphasized by the State, the probable implications of the
error, and the weight the jury would likely have assigned to it in the course of its
deliberations. Snowden v. State, No. PD-1524-10, 2011 WL 4467280, at *4
(Tex. Crim. App. Sept. 28, 2011) (―At bottom, an analysis for whether a particular
constitutional error is harmless should take into account any and every
circumstance apparent in the record that logically informs an appellate
determination whether ‗beyond a reasonable doubt [that particular] error did not
contribute to the conviction or punishment.‘‖).
B. Analysis
The alleged error was the admission of McNair‘s statement in response to
Officer Cox‘s compound question, ―Did you intend to do this? Was this an
accident?‖ The first portion of McNair‘s response, ―Yes,‖ could answer either
question, but the rest of his response, ―because they wouldn‘t let me get to work,‖
makes clear that he committed an intentional act. However, this was not the only
evidence of intent admitted during the trial. Further, McNair himself testified that
he had no intent to hit anyone nor any knowledge at the time that he had hit
anyone but acknowledged that the strikers had surrounded his car and that a car
is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury. From this, the jury could
have determined that if he failed to properly control his vehicle when he hit Shook
and Bird, then he had been reckless. As set out above, the jury also had
sufficient evidence to determine that McNair had failed to properly control his
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vehicle based on Valentine‘s testimony that he jerked the steering wheel ―and
went and hit two of them‖ from her view in the car behind him. And additional
evidence besides Officer Cox‘s recitation of McNair‘s statement to her supported
findings of intent or knowledge.
During closing arguments, the State began by telling the jury how to read
the charge and by asking the jurors to ―hold Mr. McNair responsible and
accountable for what he did to Jimmy Shook and to John Bird and that you find
him guilty of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.‖ McNair‘s counsel then
argued that Officer Cox was not paying attention when the incident occurred
because she had been focusing on her paperwork and that although she testified
that McNair said that he did it because he was trying to get to work, that it was
disputed that McNair even heard her question in light of McNair‘s and Detective
Miller‘s testimonies. McNair‘s counsel also argued that the streaks on McNair‘s
vehicle from the signs showed the chaos that reigned on the picket line that day
and supported McNair‘s version of events. And he argued that McNair was an
old man who did not intend to hurt anyone but who just intended to get to work—
work that he needed to support his disabled wife and that he would not have
endangered because that would have affected his ability to care for her. Finally,
he pointed out that Shook and Bird admitted that at best, McNair was negligent,
as evidenced by their civil lawsuit against him.
In rebuttal, the State argued that McNair was a selfish man who put getting
to work above the safety of pedestrians, pointing to Valentine‘s testimony about
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McNair jerking the steering wheel and accelerating and Bird‘s testimony that
McNair looked angry before addressing Officer Cox‘s statement that McNair said
he did it because the strikers would not let him get to work. The State then
reiterated Officer Cox‘s exact quote before returning to Valentine‘s testimony and
then Dyer‘s testimony regarding what they saw or heard and that only McNair
claimed that the strikers hit his car with signs and behaved aggressively.
Therefore, the State did not emphasize Officer Cox‘s testimony until McNair
attacked her credibility during his closing argument, and it emphasized the
testimony within the context of the State‘s other witnesses‘ testimonies.
During its deliberations, the jury sent out two notes. The first note
indicated that the jurors were deadlocked, six to six. In the second note, the
foreperson asked, ―When reviewing the charges when it say[s] ‗You should
consider the charge as a whole,‘ if there is doubt on intent, with knowledge, can
we find him guilty for restlessness [sic] only?‖ The trial court referred the jury
back to the charge. These questions give us a better idea of the probable weight
that the jurors would likely have assigned the error in the course of its
deliberations—that is, they clearly struggled with a determination of intent despite
Shook, Bird, Dyer, Valentine, and Officer Cox‘s testimonies. And, as set out
above, based on the evidence presented at trial, there was sufficient evidence for
the jury to convict him of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon with a
reckless mental state. Therefore, we conclude that there is no reasonable
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possibility that the error could have contributed to his conviction. See Mosley,
983 S.W.2d at 259.
With regard to whether the error contributed to McNair‘s punishment, the
State presented no witnesses during the punishment phase. McNair presented
five in addition to his own testimony.
McNair told the jury that he had never been convicted of any criminal
offense and asked for the minimum sentence and for community supervision. He
told the jury that he and his wife had been married for thirty-five years, about the
arrangements he had made to take care of her while he worked because she
required ―24/7‖ care, and about his children, who were not responsible and who
would not step up to replace him to take care of their mother if he were sent to
jail. McNair said that his wife was adamantly opposed to a nursing home, that he
had promised her ―a long time ago‖ that he would take care of her at home, and
that he would probably have to place her in a nursing home if he went to jail.
The other witnesses—Julian Escamilla, John Costanza, Marie Bell, Donail
Williams, and Thomas Reilly—who had known McNair from two to sixteen years,
described McNair as a good, experienced, talented, helpful, and hard-working
person. Each remarked on McNair‘s wife‘s severe physical condition and stated
that there would be absolutely no benefit to society or to McNair for him to go to
jail. Escamilla stated, ―Seventy-seven years of living a good, honest life, never
been in trouble. No, there‘s no benefit.‖ Costanza described McNair as ―a
contributing person to the community, his church,‖ and a ―real nice gentleman to
25
be around‖ who never refused a request for help. Bell described McNair‘s life as,
―He basically does everything. He leaves work, goes home, takes care of [his
wife], and then comes back to work the next morning.‖ Williams explained that
McNair should not be sent to jail, stating
I know Mack, and I‘ve [known] him for a long time, and Mack will not
hurt anyone, you know. He‘s just a very kind person. He‘s very hard
working. He and I have had many conversations talking about many
different things, and this guy does not have a bone in his body that
would be malice [sic] in any kind of way. He just—he isn‘t that kind
of person.
Reilly, McNair‘s last witness, described McNair as ―the kind of guy you want to
be. Kind, religious, helpful, caring, hard working. Just a good guy.‖ He told the
jurors that McNair‘s wife needed him at home and agreed that the defense could
take days putting more people on to talk about McNair because McNair had a lot
of very good friends. All of McNair‘s witnesses asked the jury to consider the
minimum sentence and to recommend community supervision to the trial court.
The State waived its opening argument during the punishment phase.
McNair‘s counsel argued that McNair deserved the minimum punishment—two
years—and that the jury should recommend to the trial judge that the sentence in
each case be probated. He also pointed out that for a man as old as McNair, two
years could very well be a life sentence. The State then closed by asking the
jury to sentence McNair appropriately ―according to the testimony and all the
evidence that you‘ve seen in this case.‖ The jury sentenced McNair to two years‘
confinement in each case and recommended that the imposition of the sentences
26
be suspended and that McNair be placed on community supervision, and the trial
court imposed these sentences, suspended them, and put McNair on two years‘
community supervision—the punishment McNair had requested.
After carefully reviewing the record and performing the required harm
analysis under rule 44.2(a), we hold beyond a reasonable doubt that the trial
court‘s error, if any, by allowing Officer Cox‘s testimony about McNair‘s response
to her un-Mirandized compound question did not contribute to McNair‘s
conviction or punishment. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(a). We overrule McNair‘s
first point.
V. Conclusion
Bearing in mind that we may not substitute our judgment for that of the fact
finder, see Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999), cert.
denied, 529 U.S. 1131 (2000), and having overruled McNair‘s three points, we
are constrained to affirm the trial court‘s judgment.
BOB MCCOY
JUSTICE
PANEL: WALKER, MCCOY, and MEIER, JJ.
DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: November 23, 2011
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