Case: 13-60196 Document: 00512546169 Page: 1 Date Filed: 02/27/2014
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
No. 13-60196 FILED
Summary Calendar February 27, 2014
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
DAVID ZEBROWSKI,
Plaintiff–Appellant,
v.
UNITED STATES FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS; HARLEY LAPPIN;
R. E. HOLT; BRUCE PEARSON; UNKNOWN BRATCHER; UNKNOWN
CASTELLI; UNKNOWN DAWSON; UNKNOWN HOOKS; UNKNOWN
PITTMAN; UNKNOWN SCOTT; UNKNOWN ANDERSON; UNKNOWN
PITTS; UNKNOWN SAMUEL; UNKNOWN DOCHER; UNKNOWN
BARNES; UNKNOWN PLEASANT; UNKNOWN PARKS; OFFICERS AND
OFFICIALS 1-99,
Defendants–Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Mississippi
USDC No. 5:11-CV-164
Before WIENER, OWEN, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: *
David Zebrowski, federal prisoner # 34161-083, filed the present civil
action pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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No. 13-60196
Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), and 28 U.S.C. § 2241 against the Federal
Bureau of Prisons (BOP), BOP officials, and officers and officials at FCC Yazoo
City. The district court retained Zebrowski’s due process claim challenging his
2011 prison disciplinary conviction in the § 2241 case, and it split his
remaining claims into the present Bivens case. The district court granted
summary judgment to the defendants on some of Zebrowski’s claims, and it
dismissed Zebrowski’s remaining claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) for
failure to exhaust administrative remedies.
On appeal, Zebrowski raises the following arguments: (1) the district
court had jurisdiction over defendants Harley Lappin and R. E. Holt; (2) the
district court erred by granting summary judgment to the defendants on his
retaliation claim regarding his prison job assignment; (3) the district court
erred by granting summary judgment on his due process claim regarding his
2009 disciplinary conviction; (4) the district court erred by ruling that he had
not exhausted his administrative remedies for his retaliation claim regarding
his 2011 disciplinary conviction; (5) the district court erred by ruling that he
had not exhausted his administrative remedies for his claim regarding his
correspondence privileges with his brothers; and (6) the district court erred by
ruling that he was required to exhaust his administrative remedies despite his
claims of threats and interference regarding his filing grievances. Zebrowski
also briefly argues that his due process claim concerning his 2011 disciplinary
conviction stated a claim upon which relief may be granted. We need not
consider that issue in the appeal because that issue was fully litigated, both in
the district court and on appeal, in the separate § 2241 action. See Zebrowski
v. Longley, ___ F. App’x ___, No. 13-60191, 2014 WL 23724, at *1-*2 (5th Cir.
Jan. 2, 2014).
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While the defendants argued that the district court lacked personal
jurisdiction over Lappin and Holt, the district court resolved Zebrowski’s
claims against those defendants in their favor on other grounds. As Zebrowski
has not shown that the district court erred by resolving those claims in favor
of Lappin and Holt on other grounds and it is easier to resolve this appeal on
other grounds, we pretermit consideration of the personal jurisdiction issue.
See Leroy v. Great W. United Corp., 443 U.S. 173, 180-81 (1979); Songbyrd, Inc.
v. Bearsville Records, Inc., 104 F.3d 773, 775-76 (5th Cir. 1997).
Zebrowski argues that the district court erred by granting summary
judgment to the defendants on his retaliation claim concerning his prison job
assignment. We review de novo a grant of summary judgment, applying the
same standard as the district court. Nickell v. Beau View of Biloxi, L.L.C., 636
F.3d 752, 754 (5th Cir. 2011). “The [district] court shall grant summary
judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any
material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED.
R. CIV. P. 56(a). The evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party; however, “conclusional allegations and unsubstantiated
assertions may not be relied on as evidence by the nonmoving party.” Carnaby
v. City of Hous., 636 F.3d 183, 187 (5th Cir. 2011).
Prison officials may not retaliate against a prisoner for exercising his
constitutional rights. Gibbs v. King, 779 F.2d 1040, 1046 (5th Cir. 1986).
Those constitutional rights include a prisoner’s First Amendment right to file
grievances. See Morris v. Powell, 449 F.3d 682, 686 (5th Cir. 2006). “To prevail
on a claim of retaliation, a prisoner must establish (1) a specific constitutional
right, (2) the defendant’s intent to retaliate against the prisoner for his or her
exercise of that right, (3) a retaliatory adverse act, and (4) causation.” Id. at
684 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Prisoners’ claims of
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retaliation are regarded with skepticism and are carefully scrutinized by the
courts. Woods v. Smith, 60 F.3d 1161, 1166 (5th Cir. 1995). To show
retaliatory intent, “[t]he inmate must produce direct evidence of motivation or,
the more probable scenario, allege a chronology of events from which
retaliation may plausibly be inferred.” Id. (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). In addition, “[r]etaliation against a prisoner is actionable
only if it is capable of deterring a person of ordinary firmness from further
exercising his constitutional rights.” Morris, 449 F.3d at 686. “[T]his [de
minimis] threshold is intended to weed out only inconsequential actions and is
not a means to excuse more serious retaliatory acts by prison officials.” Id.
As the undisputed evidence showed that Zebrowski was demoted from
his job as an education tutor to a job as an education orderly prior to filing a
grievance, Zebrowski cannot show a chronology of events from which
retaliation for filing grievances may be inferred regarding his demotion from
an education tutor to an education orderly. See Woods, 60 F.3d at 1166.
Although Zebrowski was fired from his position as an education orderly and
reassigned to a position as a compound orderly shortly after filing a grievance,
such a lateral move between similar positions “would not deter the ordinary
person from further exercise of his rights,” and, therefore, was a de minimis
adverse action upon which Zebrowski cannot base a retaliation claim. Morris,
449 F.3d at 686-87 (quote at 686). Zebrowski has not shown that the district
court erred by granting summary judgment on this claim.
Zebrowski asserts that the district court erred by granting summary
judgment to the defendants on his due process claim concerning his 2009
disciplinary conviction. To establish a due process violation, a plaintiff must
show that he was deprived of a liberty interest protected by the Constitution
or other federal law. Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 483-84 (1995). In the
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context of prison disciplinary proceedings, not every punishment gives rise to
a constitutional claim. Id. at 485-86. Rather, a prisoner’s constitutionally
protected liberty interests are “generally limited to freedom from restraint
which, while not exceeding the sentence in such an unexpected manner as to
give rise to protection by the Due Process Clause of its own force, nonetheless
imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the
ordinary incidents of prison life.” Id. at 484 (internal citations omitted).
The sanctions Zebrowski received from the 2009 disciplinary conviction,
temporary commissary and phone restrictions, did not implicate due process
concerns. See Malchi v. Thaler, 211 F.3d 953, 958 (5th Cir. 2000). While the
2009 disciplinary conviction, along with other disciplinary convictions, was
later considered by Zebrowski’s sentencing court in denying a 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(2) motion for sentence reduction, this does not show that Zebrowski’s
2009 disciplinary conviction implicated due process concerns because the
disciplinary conviction did not “inevitably affect the duration” of Zebrowski’s
sentence, and “[t]he chance that a finding of misconduct will alter the balance
is simply too attenuated to invoke the procedural guarantees of the Due
Process Clause.” Conner, 515 U.S. at 487. Zebrowski has not shown that the
district court erred by granting summary judgment to the defendants on this
claim.
Zebrowski’s remaining arguments concern the dismissal of most of his
claims for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. Prior to bringing suit,
a prisoner must exhaust all available administrative remedies. 42 U.S.C.
§ 1997e(a). This requirement applies to Bivens actions. Porter v. Nussle, 534
U.S. 516, 524 (2002). “[T]he PLRA exhaustion requirement requires proper
exhaustion.” Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 93 (2006). That is, “prisoners must
complete the administrative review process in accordance with the applicable
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procedural rules—rules that are defined not by the PLRA, but by the prison
grievance process itself.” Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 218 (2007) (internal
citation and quotation marks omitted). We take “a strict approach to the
exhaustion requirement.” Days v. Johnson, 322 F.3d 863, 866 (5th Cir. 2003),
overruled by implication on other grounds by Jones, 549 U.S. at 216. Under
this strict approach, ‟ mere ‛substantial compliance’ with administrative
remedy procedures does not satisfy exhaustion”; instead, we require prisoners
to exhaust available remedies properly. Dillon v. Rogers, 596 F.3d 260, 268
(5th Cir. 2010). “Proper exhaustion demands compliance with an agency’s
deadlines and other critical procedural rules.” Woodford, 548 U.S. at 90. An
inmate’s grievance must be sufficiently specific to give “officials a fair
opportunity to address the problem that will later form the basis of the
lawsuit.” Johnson v. Johnson, 385 F.3d 503, 517 (5th Cir. 2004).
Exhaustion of administrative remedies is a preliminary issue that is
resolved by the court. Dillon, 596 F.3d at 271-72. We review the district court’s
legal rulings concerning exhaustion de novo and its factual findings for clear
error. Id. at 273.
Zebrowski contends that he properly exhausted his administrative
remedies for his retaliation claim concerning his 2011 disciplinary conviction.
The record shows that Zebrowski filed the proper administrative appeals from
his 2011 disciplinary conviction. While Zebrowski made vague references to
“an act of cahoots of retaliation by other government officials” and “wishes to
protect corrupted BOP’s officials who are committing retaliatory acts” in his
administrative appeals, he did not raise the retaliation claim that he raised in
his complaint. As Zebrowski’s vague references to retaliation in his
administrative appeals did not explain his retaliation claim or include most of
the facts underlying his retaliation claim, Zebrowski’s administrative appeals
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did not give “officials a fair opportunity to address the problem that will later
form the basis of the lawsuit.” Johnson, 385 F.3d at 517. Whether Zebrowski
included his retaliation claim in a letter he wrote to a senator is irrelevant as
Zebrowski was required to exhaust his administrative remedies through the
official BOP administrative grievance procedure. See Woodford, 548 U.S. at
85. Zebrowski has not shown that the district court erred by dismissing this
claim for failure to exhaust administrative remedies.
Relying on exhibits that he attached to his appellate brief that are not in
the record, Zebrowski, for the first time on appeal, asserts that he properly
exhausted his administrative remedies for his claim concerning his
correspondence privileges with his brothers. “An appellate court may not
consider new evidence furnished for the first time on appeal and may not
consider facts which were not before the district court at the time of the
challenged ruling.” Theriot v. Parish of Jefferson, 185 F.3d 477, 491 n.26 (5th
Cir. 1999). Furthermore, we do not generally consider arguments raised for
the first time on appeal. See Stewart Glass & Mirror, Inc. v. U.S. Auto Glass
Disc. Ctrs., Inc., 200 F.3d 307, 316-17 (5th Cir. 2000). Accordingly, we need
not consider this argument. Furthermore, even if we did consider this
argument, the documents submitted by Zebrowski show that his
administrative appeal to the Office of General Counsel was rejected because
he did not submit the required documentation. Thus, Zebrowski did not
properly exhaust his administrative remedies on this claim. See Dillon, 596
F.3d at 268. As with the previous claim, that Zebrowski raised this claim in a
letter to a senator is irrelevant as Zebrowski was required to exhaust his
administrative remedies through the official BOP administrative grievance
procedure. See Woodford, 548 U.S. at 85. Zebrowski has not shown that the
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district court erred by dismissing this claim for failure to exhaust
administrative remedies.
Zebrowski’s final argument is that he should have been excused from
exhausting his administrative grievances because administrative remedies
were unavailable to him due to interference with the administrative process
and a threat by Defendant Hooks to transfer him to a higher security prison if
he did not withdraw grievances he had filed. Zebrowski’s claims of interference
with the administrative remedy process, however, concern the enforcement of
procedural rules for administrative grievances and the procedures followed by
prison officials in resolving grievances. These assertions are insufficient to
show that Zebrowski should be excused from exhausting his administrative
remedies as inmates are required to “exhaust such administrative remedies as
are available, whatever they may be.” Alexander v. Tippah County, 351 F.3d
626, 630 (5th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Even
assuming that Hooks did threaten Zebrowski as Zebrowski alleged, this does
not constitute one of the rare instances in which exhaustion is excused. See
Gonzalez v. Seal, 702 F.3d 785, 787-88 (5th Cir. 2012); Wood v. Hirsh, 461 F.
App’x 365, 365 (5th Cir. 2011) (per curiam). Zebrowski has not shown that the
district court erred by not excusing his failure to exhaust his administrative
remedies due to unavailability.
AFFIRMED.
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David Zebrowski v. U.S. Federal Bureau of Prisons
Combined Opinion