Deane v. State

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Susan K. Carpenter Steve Carter
Public Defender of Indiana Attorney General of Indiana

Gregory L. Lewis James B. Martin
Deputy Public Defender Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, IN Indianapolis, IN

IN THE

SUPREME COURT OF INDIANA

STEPHEN M. DEANE, )
)
Appellant (Defendant Below), )
)
v. ) Cause No. 24S00-0009-CR-557
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee, (Plaintiff Below). )

APPEAL FROM THE FRANKLIN CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable J. Steven Cox, Judge
Cause No. 24C01-9907-CF-301

November 27, 2001

SHEPARD, Chief Justice.

Stephen M. Deane appeals his conviction and sentence for murder and
attempted murder. He presents two issues:
I. Whether the prosecutor’s comments during closing argument regarding
Deane’s post-Miranda request for counsel were improper, and

II. Whether the trial court found adequate aggravating circumstances to
support Deane’s enhanced and consecutive sentences.

Facts and Procedural History

On July 22, 1999, forty-seven-year-old Stephen Deane went to the home
of his mother Barbara Deane and brother Greg Deane in Laurel, Indiana.
Barbara had been living with her forty-two-year-old son Greg for about two
months because he was schizophrenic and depressed.

Deane arrived at about 9:30 p.m., came into the house, and sat at the
kitchen table. After ten minutes of routine conversation, Deane left and
returned a few moments later with two or three cans of beer and a revolver.
Deane told Barbara and Greg that they were crazy and that when he finished
his beer he was “going to end all our pain.” Greg then stood up quickly
from the table, and Deane shot him in the head from a few feet away. In
response, Barbara stood up and Deane shot her from approximately the same
distance, striking her in the arm and upper chest.

Paramedics arrived on the scene and found Greg bleeding from the head
from the gunshot wound. He died the following day.

Subsequent investigation yielded no physical evidence to link Deane to
the crime. Police found no beer cans at the residence in Laurel, and while
a copper jacket from a bullet was recovered from the kitchen table, the gun
used in the shooting was never recovered.

Deane was found guilty of murdering his brother and attempting to
murder his mother. The trial court sentenced him to the presumptive fifty-
five-year term for murder, enhanced by ten years due to aggravating
circumstances. It also sentenced him to thirty years for attempted murder
and ordered the sentences served consecutively.

I. Prosecutor’s References to Deane’s Request for Counsel

Deane seeks reversal based on the prosecutor’s closing argument,
during which he twice referred to Deane’s request for a lawyer while
recounting Deane’s statement to police.[1] Deane’s attorney did not object
to the prosecutor’s comments. Failure to object to improper prosecutorial
remarks during trial results in a waiver on appeal. Heavrin v. State, 675
N.E.2d 1075, 1082 (Ind. 1996).

Deane attempts to circumvent waiver by alleging fundamental error. He
argues that the federal and state constitutions prohibit a prosecutor from
inviting jurors to infer guilt from an accused’s exercise of his
constitutional rights. (Appellant’s Br. at 11-12.)

The ‘fundamental error’ doctrine permits an appellate tribunal to
address an error not otherwise preserved for review if the error appears
plainly on the face of the record and is of such consequence that it denied
defendant due process. Rowley v. State, 442 N.E.2d 343 (Ind. 1982). “To
rise to the level of fundamental error, the error must constitute a blatant
violation of basic principles, the harm or potential for harm must be
substantial, and the resulting error must deny the defendant fundamental
due process.” Maul v. State, 731 N.E.2d 438, 440 (Ind. 2000)(citations and
internal quotations omitted).

In Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 619 (1976), the U.S. Supreme Court
held that “the use for impeachment purposes of petitioners’ silence, at the
time of arrest and after receiving Miranda warnings violated the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Recognizing the rule set
forth in Doyle, we prohibit prosecutors from using a defendant’s post-
Miranda silence for impeachment purposes. Jones v. State, 265 Ind. 447,
451, 355 N.E.2d 402, 405 (1976).

As the Seventh Circuit has held, “we must look at the circumstances in
which a criminal defendant’s post-arrest silence or request for counsel is
revealed in court in order to determine whether the purposes underlying the
rule in Doyle have been undermined.” Lindgren v. Lane, 925 F.2d 198, 202
(7th Cir. 1991). “The rule prevents prosecutors from introducing evidence
of a defendant’s post-arrest silence [or request for counsel] because
permitting such evidence to come before a jury would serve only to
undermine the exercise of a constitutional right.” Id. The rule does not
bar any mention of a defendant’s right to request counsel, but instead
“guards against the exploitation of that right by the prosecutor.” Id.

Here, the prosecutor’s comments seemed aimed at showing the jury how
much time elapsed before Deane finally inquired about his family’s welfare.
The reference did not appear directed to Deane’s response to a Miranda
advisement, but to the priority Deane gave to learning the condition of his
immediate family members.

Moreover, Deane’s counsel first introduced testimony regarding
Deane’s request for an attorney.[2] The reiteration of facts already
before the jury does not place a defendant in grave peril. Beland v.
State, 476 N.E.2d 843 (Ind. 1985).

In sum, the record does not reveal a clear, blatant violation of
basic and elementary principles of due process.

II. Lack of Remorse in Sentencing

Deane next contends that the court improperly considered lack of
remorse as an aggravating circumstance. (Appellant’s Br. at 16.)

In considering the sentence, the court found two mitigating
circumstances: (1) hardship on Deane’s son and (2) Barbara Deane’s
expression of forgiveness and request for leniency. The court also found
two aggravating circumstances: (1) prior criminal history and (2) Deane’s
complete lack of remorse with regard to his demeanor and his state of
disdain for the entire legal system.

We review trial court sentencing decisions only for abuse of
discretion, including decisions to increase the presumptive sentence or to
run sentences consecutively due to aggravating circumstances. Trowbridge
v. State, 717 N.E.2d 138 (Ind. 1999). This Court will not revise a
legislatively authorized sentence unless it is manifestly unreasonable in
light of the nature of the offense and the character of the offender.
Gibson v. State, 702 N.E.2d 707 (Ind. 1998).

Deane first argues that lack of remorse is an inappropriate
aggravator where such a finding is based on a defendant’s denial of guilt
and the evidence against him is uncorroborated testimony. (Appellant’s Br.
at 17-19.) In support of this argument, he cites Dockery v. State, 504
N.E.2d 291 (Ind. Ct. App. 1987). In Dockery, however, “the finding of lack
of remorse was based solely on Dockery’s persistent denial of his guilt.”
Id. at 297. In this case, the court based its finding of lack of remorse
on “his demeanor today, his reference of record, [and] his state of
dis[d]ain for the whole system,” not solely on his denial of the crime.
(R. at 805.)

To support this finding, the court referred to Deane’s affront to the
prosecutor and disrespect for the proceedings. Deane called the prosecutor
a “prick” in open court and stated that he had been “persecuted” by the
trial court. (R. at 789, 793.) Moreover, while Deane maintained his
innocence, as he is entitled to do, he expressed no regret or appreciation
of the tragedy that had occurred, regardless of who was culpable.

Lack of remorse is a proper factor to consider in imposing a sentence.
Brooks v. State, 497 N.E.2d 210, 221 (Ind. 1986)(citing Mullens v. State,
456 N.E.2d 411 (Ind. 1983)). In light of the circumstances identified by
the court, it was not an abuse of discretion to consider lack of remorse as
an aggravating factor.

Deane next argues that “lack of remorse by a defendant who insists
upon his innocence is to be regarded only as a modest aggravator.” Bacher
v. State, 686 N.E.2d 791, 801 (Ind. 1997)(citing Owens v. State, 544 N.E.2d
1375, 1379 (Ind. 1989)). Thus, he says, the trial court erred in granting
the defendant’s lack of remorse “great weight.” (Appellant’s Br. at 18.)

The court did not base the sentence upon this aggravator alone. The
court also supported its sentencing decision by its finding that Deane had
a prior criminal history, including five alcohol-related convictions, four
drug-related convictions, resisting law enforcement, and intimidation.

We frequently say a single aggravating circumstance may be sufficient
to support the imposition of an enhanced sentence. Thacker v. State, 709
N.E.2d 3, 10 (Ind. 1999). This does not mean that any single aggravator
will suffice in all situations. A non-violent misdemeanor ten years in the
past, for example, would hardly warrant adding ten or twenty years to the
standard sentence.

Here, however, Deane’s prior criminal record is substantial. Even if
we thought the trial court erred in giving Deane’s lack of remorse “great
weight” under the facts of this case, we would still conclude that imposing
the enhanced and consecutive sentences survives the manifestly unreasonable
test.

Conclusion

We affirm the decision of the trial court.

Dickson, Sullivan, Boehm, and Rucker, JJ., concur.
-----------------------
[1] The prosecutor first pursued this reasoning in his closing argument:

Put yourself in that position and ask yourself what you would do if
someone c[ame] and t[old] you that your mother and your brother had
been shot, and the[y’re] wanting to question you about it. He never
denied it though, there’s that. Also, it was much later when he was
finally down at the police department [and] asked for an attorney, but
then he continued on talking, and if you ask for an attorney and you
continue to talk, that’s your business. Only sometime after that did
he finally then ask about what kind of shape his mother and brother
were in. What do you make of it, that’s up to you.

(R. at 714-15.) The prosecutor returned to this theme in his rebuttal
argument:

There’s no motive that I know of that’s out there that exist[s] to
kill another human being, take a life. But look what you’ve got, and
you’ve got to look in p[er]spective, look at -- and the key thing . .
. you’ve got to look at is that initial statement when Mike Spurlock
talked to him. Look at that, he never denied it. He didn’t even ask --
wheels are turned. He’s told he’s a suspect in a crime on shooting
his mother and his brother. He’s told that. The mind’s working and
after about -- he wants an attorney right away, and after about three
pages of testimony he decides to [ask] how are they? Show surprise?
Didn’t show any, wasn’t hysterical. He wasn’t in shock. Immediately,
how is my mom? How’s my brother, wheels are turning?

(R. at 727-28.)
[2] During the trial, Deane’s attorney asked Indiana State Police Detective
Michael Spurlock on cross-examination whether Deane had asked why he was in
jail during an interview conducted after his arrest. (R. at 372.) Dean’s
counsel also asked Detective Spurlock if Deane had stated during that
interview that he had done nothing wrong. (Id.) On redirect, the prosecutor
asked Detective Spurlock if Deane had denied the shooting when Detective
Spurlock conducted the interview. (R. at 380.) On re-cross examination,
Deane’s trial counsel asked if Deane had requested an attorney. (Id.)
Detective Spurlock replied that Deane had requested an attorney, but that
Deane continued to talk to him without an attorney present. (R. 380.)