This appeal is from an order denying an injunction pendente lite in an ejectment suit. The complaint in the action alleges ownership in appellant of six placer claims located in the bed of the Niukluk river in the Nome mining district, Alaska, and asserts that appellee is wrongfully dredging the gold therefrom. The restraining order was sought to halt dredging and consequent exhaustion of values which would ensue pending disposition on the merits.
The facts pertaining to the dispute are such as appear from the showings for and against the issuance of the injunction. The claims were located by appellant’s grantors during the period 1933 to 1938. In 1941, in a suit by the United States against a number of parties asserting mineral rights in the stream bed (including appellee and the gran
It is necessary now to go back a little and review the history of certain legislation bearing on the present controversy. By § 26 of the act of June 6, 1900, 31 Stat. 321, 48 U.S.C.A. § 381, Congress extended to Alaska the laws of the United States relating to mining claims, mineral locations, and rights incident thereto. This section contained a proviso opening to exploration and mining for precious metals all land and shoal waters between low and mean high tide on the shores and inlets of Bering Sea under reasonable rules of miners. It also authorized dredging below low tide subject to regulations of the Secretary of War. By the amendatory act of May 31, 1938, 52 Stat. 588, this privilege was extended generally to all tidal waters on the Alaskan coast, the regulatory power of the War Department being transferred to the Secretary of the Interior. By act of August 8, 1947, 61 Stat. 916, Congress further amended § 26 to extend the right or privilege to all land in the Territory below the line of ordinary high-
Shortly after passage of the 1947 act appellee appears to have transmitted to the Department of the Interior a notice of its intention to conduct operations in this portion of the Niukluk,4 and it obtained at that time a permit from the Department of the Army. Later that fall it floated its dredge down the Niukluk to the site of the placer locations claimed by appellant, and upon the opening of the 1948
It was plainly not intended by the act of August '8, 1947 to open the beds of navigable rivers to mineral location, or to validate locations previously made, as here, under supposed authority of the general mining laws. Admittedly the mining laws have application only to the public lands subject to private acquisition; and, as seen, it has been judicially determined that the bed of the Nuikluk is not in that category. Tidelands and the beds of navigable streams in the territories acquired by the United States have never been subject to mineral location, it being the traditional policy of the government to regard them as held in trust for the ultimate benefit of future states, Shively v. Bowlby, 152 U.S. 1, 58, 14 S.Ct. 548, 38 L.Ed. 331; United States v. Holt State Bank, 270 U.S. 49, 46 S.Ct. 197, 70 L.Ed. 465; and there is nothing in the act in question suggesting a departure from this policy.
We do not understand that appellant takes issue with these views. His argument is that Congress intended to grant to all persons presently in possession an exclusive if temporary right to possession of the beds of navigable streams, subject only to such rules and regulations as the
Appellant has no valid claim, right or privilege “arising under any other provision of law”, unless it be under the first proviso of § 8 of the 1884 act6; and it is plain that the placer locations relied on (the earliest of which was made in 1933) do not fall within the terms or spirit of that proviso, which states merely that “the Indians or other persons in said district shall not be disturbed in the possession of any lands actually in their use or occupation or now claimed by them but the terms under which such persons may acquire title to such lands is reserved for future legislation by Congress.” [Emphasis supplied.] The right of miners in organized districts to make reasonable rules and regulations is, of course, another matter; but miners are without authority by rule to expand or enlarge a right or privilege granted by Congress, or to create rights not granted. The miners’ rules adopted in this instance, to the extent that they purport to confer on locators, or abutting owners exclusive mineral rights in the beds of navigable streams, are in obvious conflict with the 1947' act.7 That statute suggests the thought of an exclusive right only for the purpose of rejecting it.8
There is no showing that appellant was conducting operations in the bed of the Niukluk, nor does he appear to have been in actual possession of any of the ground embraced within the lines of the placer locations. Subject to compliance with the departmental regulations, he has the same right as others to enter and mine; and from this right he has not been excluded.
Order affirmed.
1.
This judgment was entered in Civil Case No. 3473, in a suit entitled United States of America v. Joseph E. Lucas et al., in the District Court of the United States for the Second Judicial Division of Alaska. No appeal appears to have been taken from it, and the judgment became final. ^
2.
“Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the' United States of America in Congress assembled, That section 26, title I, chapter 1, of the Act entitled ‘An Act making further provision for a civil government for Alaska, and for other purposes’, approved June 6, 1900, 31 Stat. 321, as amended by the Act of May 31, 1938, 52 Stat. 588, is further amended to read as follows:
“ ‘Sec. 26. The laws of the United States relating to mining claims, mineral locations, and rights incident thereto are hereby extended to the Territory of Alaska: Provided, That, subject only to the laws enacted by Congress for the protection and preservation of . the navigable waters of the United States, and to the laws for the protection of fisheries, and subject also to such general rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Interior may prescribe for the preservation of order and the prevention of injury to the fisheries, all land below the line of ordinary high tide on tidal waters and all land below the line of ordinary high-water mark on nontidal water navigable in fact, within the jurisdiction of the United States, shall be subject to exploration and mining for gold and other precious metals by citizens of the United States, or persons who have legally declared their intentions to become such, under such reasonable rules and regulations as the miners in organized mining districts may have-heretofore made or may hereafter make governing the temporary possession thereof for exploration and mining-purposes until otherwise provided by law: Provided further, That the rules and regula-' tions established by the miners shall not be in conflict with the mining laws of the United States; and no exclusive permit shall be granted by the Secretary of the Interior authorizing any person or persons, corporation, or company to excavate or mine under any of-said waters, and if such exclusive -permit has been granted it is hereby revoked and declared null and void. The rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior under this section shall not, however, deprive miners on the beach of the right hereby given to dump tailings into or pump from the sea opposite their, claims, except where such dumping would actually obstruct navigation or impair the fisheries, and the reservation of a roadway sixty feet wide under the tenth section of the Act of May 14, 1898, entitled “An Act extending the homestead laws and providing for right-of-way for railroads in the District of Alaska, and for other purposes”,' shall not apply to mineral lands or town sites. No person shall acquire by virtue of this section any title to any land below the line of ordinary high tide or the line of ordinary high-water mark, as the case may be, of the waters described in this section. Any rights or privileges acquired hereunder • with respeetto mining operations in land, title to which is transferred to a- future. State upon its admission to the Union and which is situated within
“Sec. 2. Nothing in this Act shall be deemed to affect or impair any valid claims, rights or privileges, including possessory claims under the first proviso of section 8 of the Act of May 17, 1884 (23 Stat. 26), arising under any other provision of law.” 48 Ú.S.C.A. § 381.
3.
Circular No. 1667, Department of the Interior, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 43. For the regulations issued under the 1938 act see Circular No. 1454, General Land Office, Feb. 17, 1939.
4.
In submitting the notice appellee apparently was guided by the earlier departmental circular of Feb. 17, 1939, mentioned in footnote 3 above. The departmental policy was to accept such notices without waiting for the formal issuance of new regulations.
5.
The circumstances under which this meeting was called and conducted are such as to render suspect the integrity of the action taken at it. However, for reasons which will appear we have not thought it necessary to consider the regularity of the meeting.
6.
The act of May 17, 1884, 23 Stat. 24, referred to in the statute, is-one providing a civil government for Alaska. !
7.
Cf. Thompson v. Pelton, 4 Alaska 510, rejecting the claim of the-owner of an abutting location to exclusive mineral rights in the-beach to the line of low tide.
8.
Cf. the provision that “no exclusive permit shall be granted by the Secretary of the Interior authorizing any person or persons, corporation, or company to excavate or mine under any of said waters, and if such exclusive permit has been granted it is hereby revoked: and declared null and void.”