IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA
En Banc
MICHAEL EVANCHYK, ) Arizona Supreme Court
) No. CV-01-0358-CQ
Petitioner, )
) United States District Court
V. ) No. CIV-00-09-TUC-WDB
)
TERRY L. STEWART, et al., )
) OPINION
Respondents. )
__________________________________________)
Certified Questions from
United States District Court for the District of Arizona
The Honorable William D. Browning, Judge
QUESTIONS ANSWERED
Pima County Public Defender Tucson
By: Susan A. Kettlewell
Brian X. Metcalf
Attorneys for Petitioner
Janet A. Napolitano, Arizona Attorney General Phoenix
By: Randall M. Howe, Chief Counsel
Criminal Appeals Section
and Diane M. Ramsey, Assistant Attorney General
Attorneys for Respondents
FELDMAN, Justice
¶1 Michael Evanchyk filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the United States District
Court for the District of Arizona. Seeking relief under 18 U.S.C. § 2254, Evanchyk named Terry L.
Stewart, Director of the Arizona Department of Corrections, and others as Respondents (“the state,”
collectively). District Judge William D. Browning certified questions of Arizona law to this court.
See Rule 27, Ariz.R.Sup.Ct. We accepted jurisdiction, ordered supplemental briefing, and heard oral
argument.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶2 In his certification order, the district judge adopted the facts from the court of appeals
decision affirming Evanchyk’s conviction. We do the same.
[Evanchyk] was assaulted by another resident of his apartment
complex, Dean Harris. Several days later, at about 1:30 a.m., [Evanchyk]
banged on the window of Harris’ apartment and said, “[C]ome out, we
want to kill you.” Throughout the rest of the day, [Evanchyk] and his
friends, Dennis Vaillancourt, Carlos Ybarra, and Jack Olson, made sev-
eral threats to Harris and his girlfriend Sonya Evans, and repeatedly
said they wanted to “kick Dean’s ass” for what he did to [Evanchyk].
That evening, Evans answered the door of the apartment she
shared with Harris and was accosted by Vaillancourt’s girlfriend. Olson
came in right behind her followed by Vaillancourt, Ybarra, and
[Evanchyk], and knocked Harris down. One of them said, “we are here
to hurt you.” Harris ran into the bedroom and Olson, Ybarra, and
[Evanchyk] followed, breaking the door down. After Vaillancourt sepa-
rated the women, Evans went toward the bedroom and saw Olson run
out. In the bedroom Evans saw Ybarra holding a baseball bat and
[Evanchyk] putting his left arm around Harris and making a “jabbing
motion” with his right arm. She immediately went to Harris and found
blood on his chest. Harris died of multiple blunt and sharp force injuries,
primarily a stab wound to the heart.
State v. Evanchyk, No. 2 CA-CR 94-0533, mem. dec. at 2-3 (filed April 23, 1996).
¶3 The state charged Evanchyk with first-degree murder, first-degree burglary, and conspiracy
to commit murder. He and his accomplices were tried together in Pima County Superior Court. At
the close of trial, the judge instructed the jury on first-degree murder (including both felony murder
2
and premeditation theories), second-degree murder, manslaughter, and burglary. Evanchyk was acquitted
of first-degree murder and burglary but convicted of both conspiracy to commit first-degree murder
and second-degree murder. He was subsequently sentenced to concurrent prison terms of twenty-five
years for conspiracy and fifteen years for second-degree murder. The jointly tried codefendants were
found guilty of burglary, conspiracy to commit first-degree murder, and first-degree murder. According
to the verdict forms, eleven jurors based the first-degree murder conviction of one codefendant on
felony murder only, while all twelve jurors based the other codefendant’s conviction on felony murder
only.1
¶4 Our court of appeals affirmed Evanchyk’s convictions, finding there was substantial
evidence to support the guilty verdict on the conspiracy charge, and we denied review by order dated
September 30, 1996. In 1997, Evanchyk filed a petition for post-conviction relief under Rule 32,
Ariz.R.Crim.P. He argued for the first time that he was convicted of a non-existent crime because
Arizona law does not recognize the crime of conspiracy to commit first-degree murder when that murder
is based on felony murder. He argued further that he had been denied effective assistance of trial counsel
because his lawyer failed to challenge the validity of the conspiracy charge and that, for the same reason,
he had been denied effective assistance of appellate counsel. The trial judge refused an evidentiary
hearing, finding that Evanchyk had not raised a colorable claim of ineffective assistance, and summarily
dismissed the petition. Evanchyk then sought review by the court of appeals. That court granted review
but denied relief, holding that it “need not answer the theoretical question whether conspiracy to commit
first degree murder may be based on felony murder because on [direct] appeal we concluded there
was substantial evidence of an agreement among the co-defendants to murder the victim.” State v.
Evanchyk (Evanchyk II), No. 2 CA-CR 97-0505, mem. dec. at 2 (filed August 4, 1998). In 1999, we
denied Evanchyk’s petition for review.
1
First-degree murder is a single crime, and a defendant may be convicted even though some
jurors base the conviction on premeditation and others on felony murder, but alternate verdict forms
are recommended. State v. Schad, 163 Ariz. 411, 417, 788 P.2d 1162, 1168 (1989).
3
¶5 Evanchyk then filed the petition for writ of habeas corpus now pending in the district
court. In that petition, he raised essentially the same claims he raised in Evanchyk II. Dismissing some
of Evanchyk’s arguments as falling outside the scope of federal habeas relief, the district judge neverthe-
less found that federal habeas relief might be available if Evanchyk were actually convicted of a crime
that does not exist in Arizona. The judge noted that in essence, Evanchyk’s claim is “that the jury
was presented with two possible legal theories on which it could convict [Evanchyk] of conspiracy
to commit first degree murder. As instructed, the jury could have convicted him on conspiracy to commit
first degree premeditated murder or it could have convicted him on conspiracy to commit first degree
felony murder.” Order Certifying Question to Arizona Supreme Court, October 10, 2001, at 11 (emphasis
in original). Thus, the district judge concluded, “before deciding whether habeas relief is warranted,”
the Arizona Supreme Court should “define the specific intent required for conspiracy to commit first
degree murder.” Id. This conclusion was based on the fact that the conviction must be set aside “when
a jury returns a general verdict that ‘is supportable on one ground, but not on another, and it is impossible
to tell which ground the jury selected.’” Id. (quoting Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298, 312, 77
S.Ct. 1064, 1073 (1957), overruled on other grounds by Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 98 S.Ct.
2141 (1978)).
¶6 With this factual and procedural background in mind, we turn now to the questions
propounded by the district judge. We reformulate those questions as follows:
1. Under Arizona law, may a defendant be convicted of conspiracy to commit first-degree
murder when that conviction is based only on the commission of felony murder?
2. Under Arizona law, if the defendant could be convicted of conspiracy to commit first-
degree murder, must that defendant have possessed an intent to kill?
3. Under Arizona law, may a defendant be convicted of conspiracy to commit first-degree
murder if he had merely the requisite intent to commit the underlying felony?
4
DISCUSSION
¶7 In answering the questions propounded to us, we do not address the propriety or nature
of the jury instructions given in Evanchyk’s trial, the effect of such instructions when the Yates doctrine
is applied, or the propriety of federal habeas relief. These are all questions for the district judge. We
confine ourselves to answering the questions he asked.
¶8 We turn first to the elements of conspiracy. The statute reads, in part, as follows:
A person commits conspiracy if, with the intent to promote or
aid the commission of an offense, such person agrees with one or more
persons that at least one of them or another person will engage in conduct
constituting the offense and one of the parties commits an overt act in
furtherance of the offense, except that an overt act shall not be required
if the object of the conspiracy was to commit any felony upon the person
of another, or to commit an offense under § 13-1508 or 13-1704.
A.R.S. § 13-1003(A) (emphasis added).
¶9 Thus, the crime of conspiracy requires both that the perpetrator have an intent to promote
or aid commission of a specific offense and that he agrees with another person that the offense be
committed. If the goal of the conspiracy is to commit murder, a class 1 felony according to A.R.S.
§ 13-1003(D),2 no overt act is required. We have therefore held that the state must prove that the defendant
had the “intent to promote the offense of murder and an agreement with another that one will do the
actual killing.” State v. Willoughby, 181 Ariz. 530, 545, 892 P.2d 1319, 1334 (1995); see also State
v. Arredondo, 155 Ariz. 314, 317, 746 P.2d 484, 487 (1987); State v. Ortiz, 131 Ariz. 195, 205 639
P.2d 1020, 1030 (1981), disapproved on other grounds by State v. Gretzler, 135 Ariz. 42, 659 P.2d
1 (1983).
¶ 10 Given the elements of conspiracy — intent and agreement to commit the offense —
logic would dictate that if the goal of the conspiracy is realized and a killing actually takes place, the
conspiracy would necessarily have been to commit premeditated murder under A.R.S. § 13-1105(A)(1).
Any agreement with another to kill a third person constitutes premeditation, the mental state that exists
2
Punishable by life imprisonment without possibility of parole for twenty-five years.
5
under Arizona law whenever the intention to kill “precedes the killing by a length of time to permit
reflection.” A.R.S. § 13-1101(1). But the crime of first-degree murder can be committed without
premeditation if it occurs during the “course of and in furtherance” of any one of a number of enumerated
felonies. See A.R.S. § 13-1105(A)(2). Proof of felony murder does not require an intent to commit
the underlying felony. A.R.S. § 13-1105(B).
¶ 11 The core question presented here is whether one can be convicted of conspiracy to commit
first-degree murder when the state does not prove that the killing was committed with premeditation
but only that it occurred in the course and furtherance of committing one of the underlying felonies
listed in A.R.S. § 13-1105(A)(2). Defendants in a number of Arizona cases have been convicted of
both first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit first-degree murder. But none of these cases addressed
the precise question certified to us. In at least two of our cases, the defendant was not only convicted
of conspiracy to commit first-degree murder but convicted also of premeditated first-degree murder.
See, e.g., Willoughby, 181 Ariz. 530, 892 P.2d 1319; State v. Apelt, 176 Ariz. 349, 861 P.2d 634 (1993).
¶ 12 In Willoughby, citing A.R.S. § 13-1003(A), we concluded there was sufficient evidence
to support a conviction for conspiracy, pointing out that the elements the state needed to prove “are
intent [and] an agreement.” 181 Ariz. at 540, 892 P.2d at 1329. We indicated that appellate courts
“generally focus on the agreement element.” Id. In Apelt, we upheld the conspiracy conviction, conclud-
ing the evidence showed prearrangement and thus justified the conclusion that the defendant and his
brother not only killed but intended and premeditated the killing. 176 Ariz. at 360, 861 P.2d at 645.
It therefore made no difference to the conspiracy count whether the defendant, his brother, or both
actually committed the murder. Id.
¶ 13 Authority from other states is more specific. The California Supreme Court, for example,
has held that when two or more persons conspire by agreeing to and intending to commit the target
offense of murder, “each has acted with a state of mind ‘functionally indistinguishable from the mental
state of premeditating the target offense of murder.’” People v. Cortez, 960 P.2d 537, 542 (Cal. 1998)
(quoting People v. Swain, 909 P.2d 994, 1002-03 (Cal. 1996)); see also People v. Gilbert, 455 N.W.2d
6
731, 735 (Mich.App. 1990) (essence of conspiracy “is a specific, mutual agreement to perform the
crime in question”; the agreement thus involves advance planning to perform specific criminal act.).
¶ 14 The state does not quarrel with the proposition that intent and agreement to kill must
be proven to convict of conspiracy to commit first-degree murder. Relying on a felony murder case
in which we found no error in the trial judge’s instructions on “conspiracy as a ground of vicarious
criminal responsibility,” it argues that a defendant may be convicted of conspiracy to commit first-degree
murder while committing only felony murder. See State v. Greenawalt, 128 Ariz. 150, 168, 624 P.2d
828, 846 (1981). This is correct, but only in part. Greenawalt seems to confuse the separate crime
of conspiracy with a defendant’s responsibility as an accomplice. In approving the conspiracy instruction,
we stated that it was “no more than a re-statement of the criminal responsibility found in A.R.S. § 13-139,
that is, if appellant encouraged, advised, or assisted” his codefendants and thus furthered the undertaking
he had become a “participant conspirator.” Id. at 170, 624 P.2d at 848. But A.R.S. § 13-139 dealt
with principals and accessories to crimes and has since been repealed. See 1977 Ariz. Sess. Laws ch. 142,
§ 2 (effective October 1, 1978)3 Finally, in Greenawalt we did not discuss the precise question presented
here and found that the instruction given on conspiracy “added nothing” to the felony murder theory
advanced by the state because the defendant was an accomplice who participated in the underlying
felonies. Thus, we concluded the instruction neither misled nor confused the jury. 128 Ariz. at 170,
624 P.2d at 848. We have just recently clarified this by holding that premeditated murder is a specific
intent crime so that a defendant cannot be convicted of it when the state proves only that he was only
an accomplice to the underlying felony. State v. Phillips, No. CR-99-0296-AP, slip op. at ¶¶ 37-43,
(filed May 24, 2002). Nor can the defendant be convicted of felony murder committed by a codefendant
unless he was both an accomplice and a participant in the underlying felony. Id. at ¶ 46.
¶ 15 We have held that responsibility as a conspirator is different from accomplice liability.
One may be convicted as a conspirator on proof that he intended a specific act and agreed to promote
3
Greenawalt’s crime was committed prior to the repeal.
7
or facilitate that act. State ex rel. Woods v. Cohen, 173 Ariz. 497, 499-500, 844 P.2d 1147, 1149-50
(1992). The state need not prove commission of the agreed-upon act. But the “fact that one can be
[guilty] of conspiracy without committing the planned substantive offenses does not mean that one
is also criminally responsible for the substantive offenses without being either an accomplice or principal
to those offenses.” Id. Thus, we rejected the so-called Pinkerton doctrine,4 which holds a conspirator
guilty for foreseeable crimes committed by his coconspirator in furthering the conspiracy even though
he did not intend or agree on those crimes. Id. at 501, 844 P.2d at 1151.
¶ 16 Considering the statute and the case law, we must conclude that conspiracy to commit
first-degree murder is a specific-intent crime and that to convict, the state must prove as elements that
the defendant intended to kill and entered into an agreement with a coconspirator to commit the crime
of murder. By definition, then, the defendant and his coconspirator would have premeditated the killing.
Thus, if completed, and if accomplice liability is established, the defendant would be guilty of first-degree
premeditated murder.
¶ 17 But the state’s position is partially correct. To prove conspiracy to commit first-degree
murder, the state is not required to prove that the defendant or his coconspirator committed any overt
act to accomplish the conspiracy. A.R.S. § 13-1003(A). Thus, a defendant may be convicted of conspiracy
to commit first-degree murder even though there is no overt act and no murder occurs. Cohen, 173
Ariz. at 499-500, 844 P.2d at 1149-50. It follows that so long as the intent and agreement to kill are
proved, the defendant may be convicted of conspiracy to commit first-degree murder even though
he or a coconspirator is convicted of nothing else or nothing more than second-degree murder, felony
murder, or some lesser crime. Further, a defendant could be convicted of conspiracy to commit first-
degree murder and of the completed crime of second-degree murder even though, under the facts of
the case, the verdicts were inconsistent. See, e.g., State v. DiGiulio, 172 Ariz. 156, 162, 835 P.2d 488,
494 (App. 1992) (upholding verdict for trafficking even though jury acquitted of theft); State v. Zakhar,
4
Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640, 66 S.Ct. 1180 (1946).
8
105 Ariz. 31, 459 P.2d 83 (1969). Conversely, because conspiracy to commit first-degree murder
cannot be proved without establishing that the defendant premeditated by forming an intent to promote
or aid in killing and making an agreement to kill, proof that the defendant had no more than the requisite
intent to aid, promote, or commit the underlying felony is insufficient to convict of conspiracy to commit
first-degree murder.
CONCLUSION
¶ 18 We therefore answer the questions as follows:
1. Under Arizona law, a defendant may not be convicted of conspiracy to commit first-degree
murder when that conviction is based only on the commission of felony murder.
2. Under Arizona law, a defendant can be convicted of conspiracy to commit first-degree
murder if the state proves the defendant possessed an intent to kill or to promote or aid in killing and
made an agreement to kill. The state need not prove the completed offense nor, for that matter, any
other offense.
3. Under Arizona law, a defendant may not be convicted of conspiracy to commit first-degree
murder if he had merely the requisite intent to commit the underlying felony.
____________________________________
STANLEY G. FELDMAN, Justice
9
CONCURRING:
__________________________________________
CHARLES E. JONES, Chief Justice
__________________________________________
RUTH V. McGREGOR, Vice Chief Justice
__________________________________________
EDWARD C. VOSS, Judge*
__________________________________________
THOMAS A. ZLAKET, Justice (retired)
* Due to a vacancy on the court, pursuant to article VI, § 3 of the Arizona Constitution, the Honorable
Edward C. Voss, Judge of the Court of Appeals, Division One, was designated to sit on this case.
10