IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. PD-0147-09
TIMOTHY K. EVANS, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
FROM THE FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS
BEXAR COUNTY
H OLCOMB, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
OPINION
In this case, we must determine whether the principles of double jeopardy prohibit the State
from obtaining two convictions – indecency with a child1 and aggravated sexual assault of a child2
– based on a single act of molestation. Given the particular circumstances of this case, we affirm
the court of appeals which had held that appellant’s double jeopardy rights were violated.
Background
1
T EX . PEN . CODE § 21.11.
2
T EX . PEN . CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(B) & (a)(2)(B).
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In a two-count indictment, appellant Timothy K. Evans was charged with aggravated sexual
assault of a child and indecency with a child by contact, committed against the same victim and on
the same date.3 On January 24, 2008, a jury found appellant guilty on both counts. Appellant was
sentenced to confinement for sixty years for aggravated sexual assault and twenty years for indecency
with a child. The sentences were to run concurrently.4
Appellant’s sole issue on direct appeal was that his convictions for aggravated sexual assault
3
Count One of the indictment alleged that on or about January 23, 2005, appellant “did
intentionally and knowingly cause the SEXUAL ORGAN of [the complainant], a child who was
younger than 14 years, to CONTACT AND PENETRATE the MOUTH of THE DEFENDANT.”
Count Two alleged that appellant, on the same date, “did intentionally and knowingly engage in
sexual contact with [the complainant], A MALE CHILD YOUNGER THAN SEVENTEEN (17)
YEARS by touching the PART OF THE GENITALS of [the complainant] with the intent to
arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.”
4
The facts of this case are not pertinent to the legal issue before us. We adopt the court of
appeals’ opinion to present the following information to the interested reader. See Evans v. State,
No. 04-08-00076-CR, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 8476 (Tex. App.— San Antonio, November 12,
2008) (not designated for publication).
The complainant, C.C., a twelve-year-old boy, was spending the night at the house of some
family friends, Mario Borjas and his partner, David Ewell. Appellant, who was drunk, was also
there. Both C.C. and appellant slept in the living room, but on separate couches. According to
C.C.’s testimony, he had fallen asleep while watching television, but woke up when he felt
appellant’s teeth on his “private.” His pants and underwear were down at his knees, but he had not
pulled them down. He rolled over to get appellant off. Appellant told him not to tell anyone.
According to Ewell’s testimony, he was asleep in his bedroom, but woke up at some point
and heard the television. He peeked in the living room to see why the television was still on, and
saw C.C. asleep on the couch and appellant kneeling beside him, kissing C.C.’s head and caressing
his shoulders. Appellant then went into the kitchen, and Ewell heard him get a drink of water.
Appellant returned to the living room, and Ewell saw him kiss C.C.’s forehead, massage C.C., and
then kiss C.C.’s feet and toes. Appellant then went to the kitchen for another drink of water. He
returned to the living room again, and Ewell saw him kissing C.C.’s head again. Ewell also heard
appellant say that “this can’t be talked about with anybody.” Appellant then passed out on the floor.
According to Ewell, he did not see appellant’s mouth contacting C.C.’s penis nor see appellant
engage in any form of copulation.
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of a child and indecency with a child violated his federal and State constitutional rights to be free
from double jeopardy because both convictions were based on the same incident. The court of
appeals agreed, and reversed and rendered a judgment of acquittal on Count II (indecency with a
child), while affirming the judgment on Count I (aggravated sexual assault of a child). Evans v.
State, No. 04-08-00076-CR, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 8476, at *1 (Tex. App.— San Antonio,
November 12, 2008) (not designated for publication). We granted review solely to consider whether
“the holdings of Cunningham v. State, 726 S.W.2d 151 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987), and Ochoa v. State,
982 S.W.2d 904 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998), [have] been undermined by the Court’s subsequent
decision in Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).”
Discussion
The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment, applicable to all states through the
Fourteenth Amendment, protects an accused against (1) a second prosecution for the same offense
after acquittal, (2) a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction, and (3) multiple
punishments for the same offense. Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 165 (1977). The present case
involves multiple punishments resulting from a single prosecution. In this context, the State may
seek a multiple-count indictment based on violations of different statutes, even when such violations
are established by a single act; but the defendant may be convicted and sentenced for only one
offense. Ball v. United States, 470 U.S. 856, 865 (1985). A double jeopardy violation occurs even
when, as in the case before us, the sentences are concurrent and the impermissible conviction does
not result in a greater sentence. Id. at 864-65. The remedy for impermissible multiple convictions
and punishments is to retain the most serious offense and vacate the other(s). Bigon v. State, 252
S.W.3d 360, 372-73 (2008). The “most serious offense” is ordinarily defined as the offense for
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which the greatest sentence was assessed. Id. at 373.
The State agrees that this Court held in Cunningham that all of the elements of indecency
with a child are included in aggravated sexual assault of a child, and that indecency with a child is
therefore a lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child. The State also agrees that
this Court reached the same conclusion in Ochoa because of its earlier decision in Cunningham. The
State argues, however, that the holdings in both Ochoa and Cunningham have been undermined by
this Court’s subsequent decision in Hall.
We disagree. The State is correct in stating that in Hall, we rejected any form of lesser-
included-offense analysis which employed a comparison of the evidence in a case with the elements
of the lesser offense.5 The State is also correct in pointing out that “Cunningham was the first
decision enumerated in Hall as a case in which such rejected analysis had been employed.” But Hall
rejected only the analysis employed in Cunningham. There was nothing in that decision to show our
disapproval of the result reached in Cunningham. In addition, we find it important that the
concurrence in Ochoa itself had disagreed with the majority’s decision to follow Cunningham, yet
agreed with the result reached in Ochoa, which was the same as the result in Cunningham. See
Ochoa, 982 S.W.2d at 909 (Keller, J., concurring) (“I agree with the result reached by the majority
5
As we explained in Hall, we consider only the statutory elements of the greater offense,
“as they were modified by the particular allegations in the indictment,” in the first step of the
lesser-included-offense analysis. 225 S.W.3d at 536. We then compare those modified elements
with the statutory elements of the alleged lesser offense. Id. We then ask the question posed by
Article 37.09(1) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure: whether the elements of the lesser
offense are “‘established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish[] the
commission of the offense charged’?” Id. (quoting TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art. 37.09(1)). It is
only if the answer to that question is in the affirmative that we then take the second step of the
analysis, in which we examine the evidence produced at trial to determine whether it warrants
giving the lesser-included-offense instruction to the jury. Id.
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but disagree with the majority’s reliance upon Cunningham v. State, 726 S.W.2d 151 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1987)[,] to dispose of the issue presented.”). As the concurrence clearly noted, “Cunningham’s
conclusion that an offense was lesser-included based upon proof at trial appears to be contrary to
precedent from the Supreme Court and this Court.” Id. (emphasis in original).
In fact, the concurrence in Ochoa, in supporting its conclusion that indecency with a child
is a lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child, rebutted the same arguments
raised by the State in the present case. See id. at 909-11. For instance, the State in the present case
argues that the offense of indecency with a child contains an element, i.e., the specific “intent to
arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person,” which is not found in the statutory definition of
aggravated sexual assault. But the concurrence in Ochoa concluded that the “‘intent to arouse or
gratify’ sexual desire” does not “constitute[] a fact contained in the indecency offense that is not
found in the aggravated sexual assault offense.” 982 S.W.2d at 910 (Keller, J., concurring). As it
explained,
“Intent to arouse or gratify sexual desire” is part of the definition of “sexual contact.”
I find it significant that the Legislature chose to use the words “sexual contact” --
denoting a lesser form of touching than “penetration” -- and included the “intent to
arouse or gratify sexual desire” in the definitional section. That legislative choice
supports the conclusion that the “sexual desire” wording was not intended as an extra
element not contained in the sexual assault statutes. Rather, the “sexual desire”
language appears to be intended to denote a form of touching, short of penetration,
that is sexual in nature. While it may be theoretically possible to commit the various
forms of penetration proscribed without the intent to arouse or gratify sexual desire,
the Legislature’s inclusion of these acts within the sexual assault statutes is a clear
indication that the Legislature believed the acts to be inherently sexual in nature.
But, a mere touching may not be inherently sexual, and hence, the Legislature needed
to define the conduct in such a way as to indicate its sexual nature. Hence, touching
the female sexual organ with the intent to arouse or gratify sexual desire is a lesser-
included species of conduct of the intentional or knowing penetration of the female
sexual organ.
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Id. (emphasis added).
This reasoning is applicable to the present case in two important respects. First, the
indecency with a child statute would be quite broad without the proviso of “intent to arouse or gratify
the sexual desire of any person,” because it pertains to “any touching” and does not require any intent
to harm or assault the child. Thus, it could technically apply to even the most legitimate handling
of a child, for example, a mother washing or bathing her own child. It is only through the proviso
of “intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person” that the statute excludes instances of
such legitimate handling of the child. But such a proviso is unnecessary in the aggravated sexual
assault of a child statute because both the title (aggravated sexual assault) of the statute and the
severity of the conduct proscribed (penetration) ensure that the statute would not be applied to any
legitimate handling of the child.
Second, even though the concurrence in Ochoa concluded the foregoing quote with an
emphasis on the female sexual organ, see id., indicating a female complainant, the reasoning
expressed in that quote applies with even greater force in the present case in which the complainant
was male, and appellant was charged with intentionally and knowingly causing the complainant’s
sexual organ to contact and penetrate appellant’s mouth. In fact, we cannot imagine how it would
be even theoretically possible to commit this particular form of penetration without an intent to
arouse or gratify one’s sexual desire. Thus, there is no need to refer to the evidence produced at trial
in this case. The language in the indictment is sufficient to show that indecency with a child is a
lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child in the present case.6
6
Ochoa, 982 S.W.2d at 908 (concluding that indecency with a child is a lesser-included
offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child where both charges are based on the same
incident). See also id. at 911 (Keller, J., concurring) (charging appellant with two different
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The State refers to our decision in Farrakhan v. State, 247 S.W.3d 720 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008), in which we discussed the concept of “functional equivalence” that had been considered in
Jacob v. State, 892 S.W.2d 905 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). The State concedes that Hall approved the
use in the lesser-included-offense analysis of a concept similar to functional equivalence when it
stated that “the elements of the lesser offense do not have to be pleaded if they can be deduced from
the facts alleged in the indictment.” Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 535 (emphasis added). In fact, the State
“wholeheartedly agrees with the utilization of the concept of ‘necessary inclusion’ or ‘subsumption
of elements’ in lesser-included-offense analyses.” The State further concedes that it is possible to
argue that “even though the specific intent to ‘arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person’ is
not specifically stated as an element of sexual assault, nevertheless such specific intent can be
deduced from the conduct necessary to sexual assault, and therefore, it is subsumed by an allegation
of sexual assault.” (Emphasis added.) In spite of these concessions, however, the State asserts that
any such conclusion regarding a possible subsumption of the specific intent would belie the
legislative history of Penal Code Section 22.011.
But the State does not cite, and we could not find, a single statement by a single legislator
to support its assertion. The State’s arguments are based only on speculation as to what the
Legislature might or might not have intended. But the texts of the statutes are unambiguous and an
application of the plain language of the statutes would not “lead to absurd consequences that the
Legislature could not possibly have intended.” Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1991) (emphasis in original). Therefore, the real question is whether the texts of the indecency-
with-a-child and aggravated-sexual-assault-of-a-child statutes themselves clearly express a
statutes for the same incident consisted of a double jeopardy violation).
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legislative intent to inflict multiple punishments for a single incident. We agree with the
concurrence in Ochoa that “[n]o such clear intent appears in the language of the statutes,” and that,
“in fact, the language appears to indicate the contrary.” 982 S.W.2d at 910 (Keller, J., concurring).
As the concurrence explained again, the “‘sexual desire’ language is incorporated merely as a
definition of ‘sexual contact,’ a phrase that denotes a lesser amount of conduct than ‘penetration.’”
Id. (emphasis added). This conclusion is further supported by the fact that “both statutes contain a
parallel exclusion of spouses from their reach.” Id.
Conclusion
The court of appeals reached the correct result by holding that indecency with a child is a
lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child when both offenses are predicated on
the same act. We affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.
DELIVERED: DECEMBER 16, 2009.
PUBLISH
Evans, Timothy K.
Combined Opinion