FEDORENKO

Interim Decision #2963

MATTER OF FEDORENKO

In Deportation Proceedings

A-7333468

Decided by Board April 17, 1984

(1) Under the judicially-developed doctrine of collateral estoppel, a prior denaturali-
zation judgment conclusively establishes the "ultimate facts" of a subsequent de-
portation proceeding, Le., those facts upon which an alien's deportability and eligi-
bility for relief from deportation are to be determined, and precludes reconsider-
ation of issues of law resolved by the prior judgment, so long as the issues in the
prior suit and the deportation proceeding arise flora virtually identical fads and
there has been no change in the controlling law.
(2) The doctrine of collateral estoppel applies in deportation proceedings when there
has been a prior judgment between the parties that is sufficiently firm to be ac-
corded conclusive effect, the parties had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the
issues resolved by and necessary to the outcome of the prior judgment, and the
use of collateral estoppel is not unfair. Title v. INS, 322 F.2d 21 (9th Cir. 1963),
distinguished.
(3) The language in section 242(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(b) (1982), which provides that a deportation proceeding shall be "the sole
and exclusive procedure for determining the deportability of an alien," does not
preclude the use of collateral estoppel in a deportation proceeding; rather this lan-
guage was intended to exempt deportation proceedings from the provisions of any
other law, most particularly the Administrative Procedure Act of June 11, 1946,
60 Stat. 237, repealed by Pub. L. No. 89-554, 80 Stat. 378 (1966).
(4) A former prisoner of war of the Nazis who was forced to serve, upon penalty of
death, as a concentration camp guard is deportable pursuant to section 241(aX19)
of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1251(aX19) (1982), for assisting the Nazis in persecuting
others, even if his actions were involuntary and he personally harbored no racial
or religious prejudice against Jews; the objective effect of an alien's actions, not
his motivation and intent, controls in determining whether he "assisted" in perse-
cution within the meaning of section 241(aX19).
(5) The 1981 amendment to section 244(a) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1254(a) (1982), which
withdrew suspension of deportation as an available form of relief in the case of
aliens found deportable pursuant to section 241(aX19) for assisting the Nazis in
persecution, is properly applicable to an application for suspension of deportation
filed prior to the 1981 amendment.

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Interim Decision #2963

CHARGE:
Orden Act of 1952—Sec. 241(aXl) [8 U.S.C. § 1251(aX1)]---Excludable at entry
under sections 2 and 10 of the Displaced Persons Act of
1948
Sec. 241(aX2) [8 U.S.C. §1251(aX2)]—Entered in violation of
sections 2 and 10 of the Displaced Persons Act of 1948
Sec. 241(aX19) [8 U.S.C. § 1251(aX19)]—Participation in Nazi
persecution
ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENT: ON BEHALF OF SERVICE:
Brian M. Gildea, Esquire Joseph P. Lynch
The Hotchkiss House Trial Attorney
512 Blake Street Office of Special
New Haven, Connecticut 06515 Investigations,
Criminal Division
Department of Justice

BY: Milhollan, Chairman; Maniatis, Dunne, and Vacca, Board Members. Board
Member James P. Morris has abstained from consideration of this case.

In this appeal the respondent challenges the immigration judge's
February 23, 1983, decision finding the respondent deportable as
charged and denying him suspension of deportation pursuant to
section 244(a)(1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C.
§ 1254(a)(1) (1982). We affirm the immigration judge's decision in
substantial part and dismiss this appeal.
The respondent is a 76-year-old male native and citizen of the
Ukraine in the U.S.S.R. He entered the United States in 1949 as an
immigrant, pursuant to the Displaced Persons Act of 1948, 62 Stat.
1009 ("DPA"), which was enacted by Congress to enable European
refugees driven from their homelands by World War II to immi-
grate to the United States. In 1970 the respondent became a natu-
ralized citizen of the United States.
In 1977 the Government brought a denaturalization action
against the respondent in the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Florida, alleging that he illegally procured his
citizenship by failing to disclose that he had been a guard at the
Nazi death camp, Treblinka, during World War II. United States v.
Fedorenko, 455 F. Supp. 893 (S.D. Fla. 1978). The district court en-
tered a judgment for the respondent, id, but the United States
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reversed and ordered entry
of a judgment of denaturalization. United States v. Fedorenko, 597
F.2d 946 (5th Cir. 1979). The Supreme Court affirmed the judgment
of the court of appeals. Fedorenko v. United States, 449 U.S. 490
(1981). Accordingly, on March 11, 1981, the district court revoked

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the respondent's citizenship and cancelled his certificate of natural-
ization.
On or about March 17, 1981, the Immigration and Naturalization
Service commenced deportation proceedings against the respond-
ent, alleging, inter ale, that he had served as an armed guard at
Treblinka during World War U, had lied in his visa application
about his wartime activities, and consequently had been ineligible
for a visa and inadmissible under the DPA. On the basis of these
allegations the Service charged the respondent with being deport-
able: (1) pursuant to section 241(a)(2) of the Act, 8 U.S.C.
§ 1251(aX2) (1982), as an alien who entered the United States in vio-
lation of section 10 of the DPA by willfully misrepresenting materi-
al facts for the purpose of gaining entry to the United States; (2)
pursuant to section 241(a)(2) of the Act, as an alien who entered the
United States in violation of section 2 of the DPA because he as-
sisted the enemy regime of Nazi Germany in persecuting civilian
populations; (3) pursuant to section 241(aXl) of the Act, as an alien
who was within a class of aliens excludable under the law existing
at the time of entry because he was an immigrant not entitled to
enter the United States under sections 2 and 10 of the DPA; and (4)
Pursuant to section 241(a)(19) of the Act, as an alien who assisted
the Nazi government of Germany in the persecution of persons be-
cause of their race or religion during the period beginning on
March 23, 1933, and ending on May 8, 1945.
At the deportation hearing, the respondent denied each of the
charges of deportability. He argued that he should not be deported
for falsifying information in his visa application because he did so
merely to avoid repatriation to the Soviet Union. He also argued
that he should not be deported for having assisted the Nazis in per-
secution because he involuntarily served at 'Treblinka as a prisoner
of war, under constant fear of death. The Service took the position
that the denaturalization judgment resolved the significant issues
in the case and established the respondent's deportability on all of
the charges.
The respondent applied at the deportation hearing for suspension
of deportation, a discretionary form of relief which is available to
an alien who can show that he has been continuously physically
present in the United States for the 7 years immediately preceding
his application for suspension, that he has been a person of good
moral character during that time, and that his deportation would
eniise "extreme hardship" to him or to a spouse, parent, or child
who is a United States citizen or a permanent resident alien. Sec-
tion 244(a)(1) of the Act. Suspension of deportation is not available
to an alien found to be deportable under section 241(a)(19) of the

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Interim Decision #2963

Act for assisting the Nazis in persecution. Id. In support of his sus-
pension application, the respondent testified that he would suffer
"extreme hardship" upon deportation because he is old, he suffers
from a number of diseases of varying severity, and he would be de-
prived of the social security and pension payments which are his
sole source of support.
On February 23, 1983, the immigration judge issued his written
decision in the case. He found the respondent deportable pursuant
to sections 241(a) (1) and (2) of the Act on the basis of the Supreme
Court's decision in the denaturalization case and the principles of
res judicata. He dismissed as a contrivance the respondent's
claimed fear of death at the hands of the Nazis and found the re-
spondent's service at Treblinka to have been voluntary. Holding
that voluntary service as a concentration camp guard constituted
"assistance" in "persecution" within the meaning of the Act, he
found the respondent deportable pursuant to section 241(aX19).
The immigration judge also found the respondent ineligible for
suspension of deportation. He concluded that the respondent was
precluded as a matter of law from obtaining suspension of deporta-
tion because of his deportability under section 241(a)(19). He found
that the respondent had failed to satisfy the "continuous physical
presence" and "extreme hardship" prerequisites for suspension of
deportation. See section 244(a)(1) of the Act. He also indicated that
even if the respondent had been eligible for suspension of deporta-
tion, the relief would not be warranted as a matter of discretion.
The immigration judge ordered the respondent to be deported to
the U.S.S.R.
On appeal, the respondent concedes deportability pursuant to
section 241(a)(2) of the Act but contests deportability pursuant to
sections 241(a) (1) and (19). 1 He also challenges the denial of his ap-
plication for suspension of deportation.
The Service has moved for summary dismissal, arguing that the
respondent's appeal is frivolous. We consider this appeal to present
important issues of law which may have severe consequences for
the respondent. Therefore, the appeal deserves our full consider-
ation and is not suitable for summary dismissal.

The respondent's initial brief on appeal states that the finding of deportability
pursuant to section 241(aX1) is at issue but does not discuss at any greater length
the respondent's reasons for challenging this finding.

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 Interim Decision #2963

THE LEGAL EFFECT OF THE JUDGMENT IN THE
DENATURALIZATION PROCEEDING

The judicially-developed doctrine of collateral estoppel, which is
related to the doctrine of res judicata, precludes parties to a judg-
ment on the merits in a prior suit from relitigating in a subsequent
action issues that were actually litigated and necessary to the out-
come of the prior suit. Parklane Hosiery Co., Inc. v. Shore, 439 U.S.
322, 326 n.5 (1979); 1B J. Moore, Federal Practice and Procedure
110.441[2], at 723-25 (2d ed. 1981). The doctrine of collateral estoppel
generally applies to the Government as well as to private litigants.
See United States v. Mendoza, 464 U.S. 154 (1984). Thus, the judg-
ment in the respondent's denaturalization case raises the question
whether collateral estoppel may be applied to preclude the Service
and the respondent from litigating certain issues presented in this
proceeding.
In order for collateral estoppel to be invoked in a given case,
there must have been a prior judgment between the parties that is
sufficiently firm to be accorded conclusive effect 2 and the parties
must have had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issues in
the prior suit. lB J. Moore, supra, 110.441[2], at 725. See generally
Matter of McMullen, 17 I&N Dec. 542, 548 (BIA 1980), rev'd on
other grounds, 658 F.2d 1312 (9th Cir. 1981). In addition, the use of
collateral estoppel must not be unfair to the parties. 1B J. Moore,
supra, 110.441[2], at 725.
We find these general prerequisites for collateral estoppel to be
satisfied in the respondent's case. The Supreme Court's judgment
in the denaturalization proceeding is a final judgment. Thus, it is
fair to accord the judgment conclusive effect. The respondent and
the United States, who were the parties in the denaturalization
proceeding, are also the parties in this deportation proceeding. See
Matter of McMullen, supra, at 548. Both the respondent and the
Government had a "full and fair opportunity" to litigate the mate-
rial issues resolved by the denaturali2ation judgment there were
no procedural limitations to full presentation of the issues and the
parties obtained a thorough appellate review of the judgment. In
addition, the Government's burden of persuasion in the denaturali-
zation proceeding was the same as its burden in this proceeding.
See Woodby v. INS, 385 *U.S. 276, 285-86 (1966). Lastly, it is fair to
apply collateral estoppel because both the respondent and the Gov-

a See Lammas Ca v. Commonwealth Oil Refining Co., 297 F.2d 80, 89 (2d Cir.
1961), cert. denied, 368 U.S. 986 (1962); see also IS J. Moore, supra, ¶0.441[4], at 744-
47.

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Interim Decision #2963

ernment reasonably could have foreseen that issues raised in the
denaturalization proceeding might be raised in a subsequent depor-
tation proceeding. 3 Since the general prerequisites have been met,
we conclude that it is appropriate to apply the doctrine of collater-
al estoppel in this case.
We are aware that at first glance this conclusion would appear
to be at odds with Title v. INS, 322 F.2d 21 (9th Cir. 1963), in which
the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that
it was error for an immigration judge in a deportation proceeding
to give collateral estoppel effect to a prior judgment of denaturali-
zation. We find, however, that the court's holding in Title was lim-
ited to circumstances that are not present in the respondent's case.
Title involved an alien who had been denaturalized for conceal-
ing his membership in an organization which advocated the use of
force or violence to overthrow the United States Government. Sev-
eral years after the alien's denaturalization the Service instituted
deportation proceedings against him, alleging essentially the same
facts that had caused him to be denaturalized. Id. at 23. At the de-
portation hearing, the immigration judge refused to permit the
alien an opportunity to submit evidence on his own behalf on the
ground that the prior denaturalization judgment collaterally es-
topped the alien from litigating the material issues in the deporta-
tion proceeding. The Board affirmed the immigration judge's deci-
sion. Id.
On review, the Ninth Circuit remanded the case to the Board, re-
quiring it to make a determination of deportability without apply-
ing collateral estoppel to the prior denaturalization judgment. The
court held that the immigration judge's application of collateral es-
toppel had precluded the alien from exercising his statutory right
to present evidence in his own behalf at the deportation hearing.
Id. at 24. The court also held that the use of collateral estoppel had
been unfair because the alien, who did not testify or present any

3 Several of the issues that were necessary to the outcome of the denaturalization
judgment, such as the issue of whether the respondent was inadmissible under the
DPA at the time he entered the United States and the issue of whether the respond-
ent assisted the Nazis in persecuting others, also pertain to grounds of deportability
under the Act. See, e.g., sections 241(a) (2) and (19) of the Act. The latter issue did
not become pertinent to a ground of deportability until October 1978, when Con-
gress enacted section 241(aX19) of the Act. Pub. L. No. 95-549, § 103, 92 Stat. 2065,
2066 (1978) (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1251(aX19) (1982)). This was several months after
the district court rendered its original decision in favor of the respondent. Neverthe-
less, throughout the appellate stages of the denaturalization case, both the respond-
ent and the Government would have been aware that assistance in Nazi persecution
was a ground for deportation. Thus, they reasonably could have foreseen that the
persecution issue might also be raised in a subsequent deportation proceeding.

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evidence in his denaturalization proceeding, might have proceeded
differently had a recent Supreme Court decision defining Commu-
nist Party membership been in effect at the time of the denaturali-
zation hearing. Id. at 24-25. In addition, the Ninth Circuit suggest-
ed, without holding, that to apply collateral estoppel to a denatura-
lization judgment rendered by a court would thwart Congress'
intent that all determinations pertaining to deportability should be
made solely by an immigration judge in a deportation proceeding.
Id. at 24 and n.8.
Our decision to apply collateral estoppel in the respondent's case
does not violate the holding of Title. The record does not reflect
that the immigration judge used the denaturalization judgment to
preclude the respondent from submitting relevant evidence in his
own behalf at the deportation hearing. Moreover, our determina-
tion that the respondent's case satisfies the general prerequisites
for application of the doctrine of collateral estoppel insures the
fairness of its use in this proceeding. We note that adherence to
those general prerequisites would have precluded the UGC of collat-
eral estoppel in Title because the controlling law had changed be-
tween the time of the alien's denaturalization hearing and the time
of his deportation proceeding. See United States v. Stauffer Chemi-
cal Co., 464 U.S. 165 (1984) (the doctrine of collateral estoppel may
be applied so long as there has been no change in the controlling
law since the time of the prior proceeding).
As for the Ninth Circuit's suggestion that the use of collateral
estoppel in deportation proceedings would he contrary to Congress'
intent, we find nothing in the Act which indicates that Congress
intended to commit issues pertaining to deportability solely to ad-
ministrative determination, to the exclusion of pertinent determi-
nations made by the courts. The apparent basis for the Ninth Cir-
cuit's suggestion is the language in section 242(b) of the Act, 8
U.S.C. § 1252(b) (1982), which provides that a deportation hearing
before an immigration judge shall be "the sole and exclusive proce-
dure for determining the deportability of an alien." See Title v.
INS, supra, at 24. We do not construe this language to preclude the
use of collateral estoppel in deportation proceedings, however.
Rather, we construe it to exempt deportation proceedings from the
provisions of any other laws, most particularly the Administrative
Procedure Act of June 11, 1946, 60 Stat. 237, repealed by Pub. L.
No. 89-554, 80 Stat. 378 (1966) ("APA"). Our conclusion is based
upon the following case law and legislative history.
In 1949, in Wong Yang Sung v. McGrath, 339 U.S. 33 (1950), the
Supreme Court construed the APA to apply to deportation proceed-
ings, thereby requiring the Service to change the procedures then
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Interim Decision #2963

in effect for determining the deportability of aliens. Id. at 44-46,
49-50.. Shortly thereafter, in the Supplemental Appropriation Act
for 1951, Congress enacted a temporary provision which exempted
deportation proceedings from the APA. Pub. L. No. 81-843, ch. III,
1950 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News (64 Stat.) 1038, 1042. In 1951,
while undertaking the substantial revision of our immigration laws
which ultimately became the Immigration and Nationality Act of
1952, Congress sought to ensure that deportation proceedings
would continue to be exempt from the APA, providing in legisla-
tive drafts of section 242(b) as follows:
Notwithstanding any other law, including the Act of June 11, 1946 (60 Stat. 237)
[the APA], the proceedings . . . [in section 242(b)Jshall be the sole and exclusive pro-
cedur-e for determining the deportability of an alien who is in the United States
S. 71S, 82d Cong., 1st Sess. § 242(b) (1951); H.R. 2379, 82d Cong., 1st
Sess. § 242(b) (1951) (emphasis added). The final version of section
242(b) which was enacted into law, and upon. which the Ninth Cir-
cuit relied in Title, supra, did not contain the explicit reference to
the APA or to other laws. It merely states:
The procedure ... [in section 242(b)] shall be the sole and exclusive procedure for
determining the deportability of an alien under this section.
Pub. L. No. 82-414, § 242(b), 1952 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad_ News (66
Stat.) 166, 209 (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b) (1982)). Nevertheless,
Congress indicated that it understood this language to exempt de-
portation proceedings from the APA and from all other laws or
treaties. See H.R. Rep. No. 1365, 82d Cong., 2d Sess. 60, 63, reprint-
ed in 1952 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News 1653, 1710, 1713; see also S.
Rep. No. 1137, 82d Cong., 2d Sess. 28, 30 (1952). This leads us to
conclude that Congress intended the phrase "sole and exclusive
procedure" in section 242(b) as enacted to retain its initial mean-
ing, diet is, to exempt deportation procedures from the APA and
all other laws.
Since we do not construe the language of section 242(b) of the
Act to preclude the use of collateral estoppel in deportation pro-
ceedirigs, we do not violate Congress' intent if we apply collateral
estoppel to the respondent's denaturalization judgment. Moreover,
our use of collateral estoppel in this case is consistent with previ-
ous precedent decisions in which we applied collateral estoppel in
deportation proceedings to preclude relitigation of facts established
by aliens' prior criminal convictions. See, e.g., Matter of Rina, 15
I&N Dec. 346, 347 (BIA 1975); Matter of Z—, 5 I&N Dec. 708 (BIA
1954).

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(1) Findings of fact conclusively established by the judgment in the
denaturalization proceeding.

Under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, a prior judgment con-
clusively establishes the "ultimate facts" of any subsequent pro-
ceeding. The Evergreens v. Nunan, 141 F.2d 927, 931 (2d Cir.), cert.
denie4 323 U.S. 720 (1944); see also Yates v. United States, 354 U.S.
298, 338 (1957). An "ultimate fact" is one of those facts "upon
whose combined occurrence the law raises the duty, or the right, in
question." The Evergreens v. Nunan, supra, at 928. Thus, the dena-
turalization judgment is conclusive as to the "ultimate facts" in
this proceeding, i.e., those facts upon which the respondent's de-
portability and eligibility for suspension of deportation are to be
determined. Id. at 932.
There are three general categories of facts which we consider to
be "ultimate" in this case. The first category consists of facts which
pertain to the respondent's citizenship and nationality. These are
"ultimate facts" because they are relevant to the issue of the re-
spondent's alienage and thereby determine whether he is subject to
the various deportation provisions of section 241(a) of the Act. 4 The
second category consists of facts which pertain to the respondent's
activities as a prisoner of the Germans during World War II, and
in particular to his activities at Treblinka. These are "ultimate
facts" because they determine the respondent's deportability under
sections 241(a) (1), (2), and (19), for willfully misrepresenting in his
visa application the facts about his activities during World War II,
for entering in violation of the DPA, and for assisting the Nazis in
persecuting civilians. In addition, these facts are relevant to the re-
spondent's eligibility for suspension of deportation, which is not
available if he is deportable for assisting the Nazis in persecuting
others. Section 244(a)(1) of the Act. See discussion infra. The third
category of "ultimate facts" consists of facts pertaining to the re-
spondent's application for a visa under the DPA and his immigra-
tion to this country in 1949. These are "ultimate facts" because
they, too, determine the respondent's deportability under sections
241(a) (1) and (2).
The following facts established by the denaturalization judgment
come within one of these three categories:
The respondent was born in the Ukraine in 1907. Fedorenko v.
United States, 449 U.S. at 494. He was drafted into the Russian

4 Section 241(a), which is the basis for the Service's charges of deportability, per-
hing only to an "alien." The term "alien" means any person who is not a citizen or
national of the United States. Section 101(aX3) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. §1101(aX3) (1982).

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Army in 1941 but was captured by the Nazis shortly thereafter.
After being held in several prisoner-of-war camps where he was
beaten and deprived of food, he was selected by the Nazis, along
with about 200 or 300 other Russian prisoners, to go to a concentra-
tion camp at Travnicki, in Poland, where he was trained to be a
camp guard. United States v. Fedorenk4 455 F. Supp. at 900-01.
In September 1942, the respondent was taken by the Nazis, along
with many other Russian prisoner guards, to Treblinka, Poland,
-

where he was given the position of an armed perimeter guard. 449
U.S. at 494, 500. Treblinka was a death camp at which several hun-
dred thousand Jewish civilians were imprisoned and killed. Id. at
494 n.2. At Treblinka the respondent, like the other Soviet prison-
er-guards, was given privileges that other prisoners did not have.
For example, he was allowed to carry a rifle and a pistol and go on
liberty for 4 hours to a nearby town, and he was given a small sti-
pend by the Germans 455 F. Supp. at 913. On the other hand, the
respondent did not have the right to walk out of the gate of the
camp at will, nor could he go wherever he wanted. Id. The respond-
ent was always under the threat of death at Treblinka if he dis-
obeyed his captors. Id. at 913 14.
-

On August 2, 1943, several Jewish prisoners at Treblinka at-
tempted to escape. Id. at 914. The respondent and several other
prisoner-guards were ordered by the German Commandant to fire
at the escaping prisoners. Id. The respondent chose not to fire di-
rectly at any of the prisoners; instead, he shot over their heads. Id.
Treblinka was closed in 1943. 449 U.S. at 494. The Nazis there-
upon moved the respondent to a labor camp at Danzig and then to
a prisoner of war camp at Poelitz, where he also served as a guard.
- -

Id. Eventually the Nazis took the respondent to Hamburg where he
served as a warehouse guard. Id. When the Allies invaded Germa-
ny in 1945, the respondent discarded his uniform and passed him-
self off as a civilian. Id.
In October 1949, the respondent applied for admission to the
United States under the DPA as a displaced person. Id. at 496. In
doing so, he falsified a visa application by lying about his wartime
activities. Id. Specifically, his visa application indicated that he
had been born in Sarny, Poland, and had been a farmer there until
March 1942, at which time he had been deported to Germany and
forced to work at a factory in Poelitz until the end of the war. Id.
Since the foregoing facts found in the denaturalization proceed-
ing are also "ultimate facts" in this case, they are conclusively es-
tablished by operation of the doctrine of collateral estoppel. The
Evergreens v. Nunan, supra, at 931.
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(2) Questions of law conclusively resolved by the judgment in the
denaturalization. proceeding.

In the denaturalization judgment, the Supreme Court decided
several matters of law which are material to the respondent's de-
portability. The Court concluded that the respondent's service as
an. armed concentration camp guard for the Nazis, whether volun-
tary or involuntary, made him ineligible for his visa under section
2(a) of the DPA, as a person who had "assisted the enemy in perse-
cuting civilians." 449 U.S. at 512, 514. In reaching this conclusion
the Court specifically determined that the respondent's activities at
Treblinka constituted assistance in "persecution" within the mean-
ing of the DPA. Id. at 512 n.34. The Court also concluded that the
respondent's false statements in his visa application in 1949 were
willful and material misrepresentations made for the purpose of
gaining admission into the United States. Id. at 514. This conclu-
sion led, in turn, to the conclusion that the respondent was thereaf-
ter inadmissible to the United. States under the express terms of
section 10 of the DPA. Id. at 514-15.
The doctrine of collateral estoppel may be applied to preclude re-
consideration of an issue of law, as well as of fact, so long as the
issue arises in both the prior and subsequent suits from virtually
identical facts and there has been no change in the controlling law.
United States v. Stauffer Chemical Co., supra. Under this rule, col-
lateral estoppel precludes reconsideration of the issues of law dis-
cussed above. These issues arise in this proceeding in regard to the
respondent's deportability under sections 241(a) (1) and (2) of the
Act, for entering in violation or the DPA. Moreover, they arise out
of the identical facts and the same principles of law that were con-
sidered by the Supreme Court in the denaturalization case.

THE RESPONDENT'S DEPORTABILITY

The respondent does not contest the finding of deportability pur-
suant to section 241(a)(2) of the Act. Since there is an uncontested
finding of deportability to support the order of deportation, we
need not reach the issue of whether the immigration judge erred in
finding the respondent deportable under section 241(a)(1) of the
Act.
However, the respondent's deportability under section 241(a)(19)
of the Act, as an alien who assisted the Nazis in persecuting others,
is significant because it determines the respondent's eligibility for
suspension of deportation. See section 244(aX1) of the Act and dis-
cussion infra. We shall, accordingly, consider whether the immigra-
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tion judge erred in finding the respondent deportable pursuant to
section 241(a)(19). Collateral estoppel does not foreclose our consid-
eration of this legal issue because the question of the respondent's
deportability pursuant to section 241(a)(19) was not litigated in the
denaturalization proceeding. See Wilson v. Steinhoff, 718 F.2d 550
(2d Cir. 1983).
Section 241(a)(19) of the Act provides for the deportation of aliens
who
during the period beginning on March 23, 1933, and ending on May 8, 1945, under
the direction of, or in association with—
(A) the Nazi government of Germany,
(B) any government in any area occupied by the military forces of the Nazi gov-
ernment of Germany,
(C) any government established with the assistance or cooperation of the Nazi
government of Germany, or
(D) any government which was an ally of the Nazi government of Germany,
ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the persecution of any
person because of race, religion, national origin, or political opinion.
The respondent does not dispute that his forced service at Treb-
linka occurred between March 1933 and May 1945; nor does he dis-
pute that he served at Treblinka "under the direction of the Nazi
government of Germany." Rather, it is the respondent's contention
that the Service failed to show he "assisted or otherwise participat-
ed in the persecution of any person because of race [or] religion."
Specifically, the respondent argues that section 241(a)(19) requires
the deportation only of those who voluntarily assisted the Nazis in
persecuting others. He insists that his actions were found by the
district court to have been involuntary 5 and that, accordingly, he is
not within the ambit of section 241(a)(19). He also argues that his
conduct at Treblinka did not constitute "persecution" within the
meaning of section 241(a)(19) because he neither captured, shipped,
nor processed Jews for extermination, nor did he abuse or mistreat
them or commit any atrocities. In addition, he argues that his serv-
ice at Treblinka did not constitute persecution "because of race or
religion" because his actions were motivated by the threat of exe-
cution, not by racial or religious prejudice toward Jews.

5 In the denaturalization proceeding, the district court found that the respondent
did not volunteer for guard service and that the respondent faced the threat of swift
execution if he disobeyed the Nazis. 455 F. Supp. 900-01, 913-14. The district court
accordingly concluded that the respondent's service at Treblinka was involuntary.
455 F. Supp. at 913-14.

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 Interim Decision #2963

(1) "Assisted or otherwise participated in the persecution of any
person."

The term "persecution" as used in section 241(aX19) contemplates
the infliction of suffering or harm, under government sanction,
upon persons who differ from others in the ways specified in the
Act, i.e., race, religion, national origin, or political opinion. Matter
of Laipenieka, 18 I&N Dec. 433 (BIA 1983). The harm or suffering
inflicted may take various forms but it most certainly includes
physical confinement, torture, and death. Id. The facts established
by collateral estoppel show that the Nazis imprisoned and then ex-
ecuted thousands of persons at Treblinka. The imprisonment and
execution of the inmates of the camp clearly constitutes "persecu-
tion" of them within the meaning of section 241(a)(19). See id.
The respondent testified that he never committed any atrocities
at Treblinka. The Service did not refute this testimony during the
deportation hearing. Moreover, the testimony is entirely consistent
with the district court's finding on the issue in the denaturalization
proceeding. 6 However, the fact that the respondent never commit-
ted any atrocites at Treblinka would not necessarily relieve him of
deportability under section 241(019), which makes an alien deport.
able if he "assisted" in the persecution of others.
We have recently held that an alien's motivation and intent are
irrelevant to the issue of whether he "assisted" in persecution
within the meaning of section 241(a)(19) and that it is the objective
effect of an alien's actions which is controlling. Matter of Laipen-
ieks, supra. We conclude that the objective effect of the respond-
ent's conduct as a perimeter guard would have been to aid the
Nazis, in some small measure, in their confinement and execution
of Jewish prisoners at Treblinka. See id. Since those activities
amounted to "persecution," it follows that the respondent
"assisted .. . in the persecution of others" within the meaning of
section 241(aX19).
It may be, as the respondent argues, that his service at Treblinka
was involuntary. Certainly that was the conclusion reached by the
district court in the denaturalization proceeding. We need not re-
solve the issue, however, because as a matter of law the respond-
ent's motivations for serving as a guard at Treblinka are immateri-

The district court specifically found that the respondent did not commit any
atrocities. 455 F. Supp. at 908-09. Although the Government contested this finding
on appeal, the Supreme court accepted it as contrellieg for purposes of the ease
before it. 449 U.S. at 504, n. 24. Since the Supreme Court limited its acceptance of
the disputed finding to the denaturalization case, we did not apply collateral estop-
pel to establish the finding in this proceeding.

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Interim Decision #2963

al to the question of his deportability under section 241(a)(19) of the
Act. See id. We recognize that this construction of section 241(a)(19)
may lead to harsh or inequitable results for those aliens, like the
respondent, who were captives of the Nazis and who may have
been forced to serve, upon penalty of death, in capacities which
aided the Nazis in persecuting others. However, it was Congress'
intent that all who assisted the Nazis in persecuting others must
be deported, and we must comply with that intent. Id.

(2) Persecution "because of race or religion."

it is undisputed that the prisoners at Treblinka were confined
and killed because they were members of the Jewish race or reli-
gion. Again, it is irrelevant whether the respondent, himself, har-
bored any prejudice against the prisoners in the camp. The re-
spondent's absence of racial or religious prejudice does not alter
the fact that he "assisted" in physical persecution which occurred
"because of official Nazi policies against people of the Jewish race
or religion. Thus, his conduct clearly constituted assistance in per-
secution "because of race or religion" within the meaning of sec-
tion 241(a)(19) of the Act.
In view of the foregoing, we must conclude that the facts estab-
lished by collateral estoppel show that between 1942 and 1948,
under the direction of the Nazi government of Germany, the re-
spondent assisted in the persecution of persons because of race or
religion. Thus, the immigration judge did not err in finding the re-
spondent deportable pursuant to section 241(a)(19) of the Act.

THE RESPONDENT'S ELIGIBILITY FOR SUSPENSION OF
DEPORTATION

The respondent's application for suspension of deportation pursu-
ant to section 244(a)(1) of the Act was filed with the immigration
judge at the deportation hearing on July 7, 1981. Over 6 months
later, on December 29, 1981, Congress made suspension of deporta-
tion unavailable to aliens deportable under section 241(aX19) for as-
sisting the Nazis in persecuting others. Pub. L. No. 97-116,
§ 18(h)(2), 95 Stet. 1611, 1620 (1981) (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1254(a)(1)
(1982)). The respondent contends that the immigration judge erred
in finding him ineligible for suspension of deportation on the basis
of this 1981 amendment to section 244(a) because the amendment
should not have been applied retroactively to his suspension appli-
cation.
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 Interim Decision #2963

The 1981 amendment obviously restricts the discretionary relief
from deportation that is available to aliens. Congress has the power
to make such a restriction retroactive if Congress so intends. Artu-
kovic v. INS, 693 F.2d 894, 897 (9th Cir. 1982). In order to deter-
mine Congress' intent we must examine the pertinent legislative
history.
In explanation of the 1981 amendment Congress wrote:
[This amendment] clarifies in [section] . . . 244(a) of the Act the inapplicability of
[the] suspension of deportation . . . [provision] to aliens who have participated in
the Nazis' persecution of others. This conforms [this provision] to the strict policies
reflected in title 1 of Public Law 95-549.
H.R. Rep. No. 264, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. 34, reprinted in 1981 U.S.
Code Cong. & Ad. News 2577, 2603 (emphasis added). Title 1 of
Public Law 95-549, which was enacted in 1978, made aliens who
participated in persecution under the Nazis excludable, deportable,
and ineligible for temporary withholding of deportation and volun-
tary departure, two other forms of relief from deportation. Pub. L.
No. 95-649, §§ 101, 103-05, 92 Stat. 2065, 2066 (1978) (codified at 8
U.S.C. §§ 1182(a)(33), 1251(aX19), 1253(hX2), 1254(e) (1982)). One of
the stated purposes of Public Law 95-549 was to facilitate the ex-
clusion and deportation of all aliens who persecuted others. H.R.
Rep. No. 1452, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 1, reprinted in 1978 U.S. Code
Cong. & Ad. News 4700.
The foregoing legislative history shows that Congress considered
the 1981 amendment to be a clarification of the anti-Nazi legisla-
tion of 1978. This leads us to conclude that Congress intended the
1981 amendment to relate back to that earlier legislation and to be
applied in all cases subject to its provisions. Since it is undisputed
that the respondent is subject to the provisions of the 1978 legisla-
tion, he is also subject to the 1981 amendment.
This conclusion is consistent with other cases involving amend-
ments to the Act which curtailed the discretionary relief available
to an alien between the time of his hearing and the time of the
decision in his case. In such cases, it was the new law in effect at
the time of the decision, not the law in effect at the time of the
hearing, that was applied. See Patsis v. INS, 337 F.2d 733 (8th Cir.
1964), cert. denied 380 U.S. 952 (1965); Foti v. INS 332 F..2d 424 (2d
Cir. 1964); Fassilis v. Esperdy, 301 F.2d 429 (2d Cir. 1962); Matter of
George and Lopez-Alvarez, 11 I&N Dec. 419 (BIA 1965).
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the respondent's sus-
pension application is subject to the 1981 amendment to section
244(a)(1) and must be judged by the law currently in effect. Under
this law, the respondent is not eligible for suspension of deporta-
tion because he is deportable for assisting the Nazis in the persecu-

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Interim Decision #2963

Lion of others. Since the respondent is ineligible for suspension of
deportation, we need not address his arguments on appeal that he
has satisfied the statutory prerequisites for that relief and is de-
serving of a favorable exercise of discretion.

MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS

(1) The conduct of the immigration judge

The respondent argues that the immigration judge showed im-
proper bias and should be reversed because he disregarded the dis-
trict court's finding on the issue of the voluntariness of the re-
spondent's service at Treblinka, he mischaracterized the respond-
ent's testimony, 7 and he applied his own moral standards to assess
the respondent's actions during World War U. The respondent has
also argued in his Notice of Appeal (Form I-290A) that the immi-
gration judge erred in his rulings on the admissibility of evidence;
however, the respondent did not pursue this basis for appeal in
either his briefs or his oral argument and we consider this argu-
ment to have been withdrawn.
Collateral estoppel does not conclusively establish the district
court's finding on the issue of the voluntariness of the respondent's
conduct at Treblinka. 9 Accordingly, the immigration judge did not
err as a matter of law in disregarding the district court's determi-
nation. Moreover, as noted earlier, the issue is immaterial to a de-
termination of deportability.
We do consider several of the immigration judge's comments
about the respondent's character and motivations to have been ill-
advised. In addition, we cannot agree with the immigration judge's
characterization of the respondent's testimony. 9 Nevertheless, ill-

7 The immigration judge found the respondent's testimony at the deportation
hearing to be inconsistent, equivocal, and self-serving.
8 The finding was contested by the Government on appeal in the denaturalization
case, see 597 F 2d at 949, but was never resolved because the Supreme Court found
it to be immaterial to the outcome of the case. 449 U.S. at 512. Thus, the district
court's finding was neither fully litigated nor necessary to the denaturalization
judgment and is not subject to the doctrine of collateral estoppel. See discussion of
collateral estoppel supra.
9 Our review of the record persuades us that with a few exceptions attributable to
the passage of time, the respondent's testimony was entirely straightforward and
consistent. The instances which the immigration judge characterized as equivoca-
tion, we view as either confusion or lapse of memory on the respondent's part.
These instances invariably occurred not when the respondent was testifying about
the ultimate facts of his case, but when he was asked by the Service if he remem-
Continued

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 Interim Decision #2963

advised comments and a mischaracterization of testimony do not
necessarily demonstrate bias on the immigration judge's part. We
have carefully examined the record and find that the immigration
judge conducted a fair hearing, showing neither a preference for,
nor a prejudice against, the position of either party.
In any event, in reaching our conclusions that the respondent is
both deportable and ineligible for suspension of deportation, we did
not adopt either the immigration judge's comments or his percep-
tion of the respondent's testimony. Therefore, the respondent has
not been prejudiced and his right to a fair hearing has not been
compromised. See, e.g., Ka ling Chan v. INS', 634 F.2d 248, 258 (5th
Cir. 1981); United States v. Calles-Pineda, 627 F.2d 976, 977-78 (9th
Cir. 1980); Garcia-Jaramillo v. INS, 604 F.2d 1236, 1238 39 (9th Cir.-

1979); Chung Young Chew v. Boyd; 309 F.2d 857, 864-65 (9th Cir.
1962).

(2) Matters raised at oral argument

At oral argument before the Board, the respondent's counsel sub-
mitted a motion to strike the Service's response to his reply brief,
contending that appellate procedure does not permit the filing of
such a brief, that the brief was beyond the scope of the record in
the case, and that the brief was designed to improperly influence
the Board's decision. The respondent's counsel also asked us to
place into the record a recent letter from the respondent's physi-
cian, which expresses the opinion that the respondent would not
survive deportation to the U.S.S.R.
The motion to strike has no merit whatever and will be denied.
The filing of briefs is a matter within the sound discretion of the
Board. See 8 C.F.R. § 3.3(c) (1984). In this case we concluded that it
was appropriate to accept the Service's response to the respond-
ent's reply brief. We do not find that the arguments made in the
Service's brief exceed the record; nor do we find that the filing of
the brief was unfair. We note that the respondent had ample op-
portunity at oral argument to dispute the contentions in the Serv-
ice brief.
We will also deny the request to supplement the record with the
letter from the respondent's physician. We have no doubt that the
letter is relevant to the "extreme hardship" requirement for sus-

tiered details of previous testimony or statements given 3 to 5 years before his de-
portation hearing. The respondent's confusion or lapse of memory during such ques-
tioning is understandable given his age and the amount of time that had elapsed
since he had given the previous testimony. Moreover, we do not find the respond-
ent's testimony to have been unduly self serving.
-

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Interim Decision #2963

pension of deportation. Nevertheless, the Act provides that all evi-
dence which is pertinent to determinations made during deporta-
tion proceedings, such as the determination of the respondent's eli-
gibility for suspension of deportation, must be adduced in the hear-
ing before the immigration judge." The Board is an appellate body
whose function is to review, not to create, a record. See 8 C.F.R.
§§ 3.1(b), 3.5 (1984). Thus, it would be inappropriate for us to accept
the evidence proffered by the respondent. Moreover, the letter from
the respondent's physician is immaterial to the outcome of this
case, given our conclusion that the respondent is precluded by law
from obtaining suspension of deportation by virtue of his deport-
ability pursuant to section 241(a)(19)."
ORDER: The appeal is dismissed.

" Determinations of deportability may be made only upon a record created in a
section 242(b) deportation proceeding before an immigration judge. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)
(1982). The issue of an alien's eligibility for suspension of deportation is one of those
matters which is incident to a determination of deportability in such a proceeding.
See Rot, v. INS, 375 UA 217, 229 33 (1962)_
-

II Our conclusion does not preclude the respondent from submitting the letter to
the appropriate district director of the Service in connection with a request for any
administrative relief he may wish to pursue.

74