Flint v. Jordan

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JAN 22, 2008
No. 06-11867 THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________ CLERK

D. C. Docket No. 04-03559-CV-1-COS-JEO

LORENZO FLINT,

Petitioner-Appellant,

versus

WARDEN MARTHA L. JORDAN,
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA,
D. B. DREW,

Respondents-Appellees.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
_________________________

(January 22, 2008)

Before BIRCH, CARNES and COX, Circuit Judges.

CARNES, Circuit Judge:
 Lorenzo Flint was convicted in 1993 of conspiring to distribute 50 grams or

more of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and of possessing with the

intent to distribute 50 grams or more of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§

2 and 841(a)(1). At sentencing his criminal history category was increased from

III to IV by inclusion of a 1986 conviction in the state court of Miami-Dade

County for carrying a concealed weapon, and for loitering and prowling.

According to the PSR filed in connection with the federal sentencing, Flint had

pleaded nolo contendre to those state court charges and had received “6 mos.

probation, cost of supervision waived.”

Flint objected to that part of the PSR and to the 1986 conviction being

considered against him, asserting that he had not had the benefit of counsel at that

time. The district court held an evidentiary hearing on the issue, which included

testimony from the probation officer that the state court records indicated that Flint

had been represented by a public defender. Flint himself testified that was not true,

that he had not had the assistance of any counsel. Resolving the conflict in the

evidence against Flint, the district court found that he had been represented by

counsel, and the court considered the 1986 conviction in sentencing him. The

result was a criminal history category of IV, which combined with an adjusted

offense level of 41 to produce a guidelines range of 360 months to life

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imprisonment. The court sentenced him to 360 months.

Flint appealed that sentence, which was imposed in April 1993, without

raising any issue involving consideration of his 1986 state court conviction. We

affirmed his conviction and 360-month sentence in February 1995. United States

v. Flint, No. 93-8483 (11th Cir. Feb. 15, 1995).

More than five years later, in August of 2000, Flint filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2255

motion attacking his sentence on a number of grounds involving it and the

underlying conviction. One of his claims was that he had not been represented by

counsel in the state court proceeding that led to his 1986 conviction, and he offered

some state court documents that had not been considered when the district court

decided that factual issue against him at his federal sentence hearing seven years

earlier. In December 2001 the district court denied Flint’s motion as untimely

because it had not been filed within the one-year period required by § 2255 ¶ 6,

and none of the exceptions set out in the statute applied. Among other things, the

court specifically concluded that the third statutory exception, § 2255 ¶ 6(3), did

not apply because Flint’s claim was not brought within one year of a Supreme

Court decision recognizing a right, which it had also made retroactively applicable

to cases on collateral review. Flint was denied a certificate of appealability to

appeal the denial of his § 2255 motion.

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 Five months after the denial of Flint’s § 2255 motion, the Supreme Court

decided in Alabama v. Shelton, 535 U.S. 654, 122 S. Ct. 1764 (2002), that “a

suspended sentence that may end up in the actual deprivation of a person’s liberty

may not be imposed unless the defendant was accorded the guiding hand of

counsel in the prosecution of the crime charged.” Id. at 658, 122 S. Ct. at 1767

(quotation omitted). It necessarily followed, as the Court also stated, that where no

counsel had been provided the Sixth Amendment forbids activation of the

suspended sentence upon violation of the terms of probation. Id. at 662, 122 S. Ct.

at 1770. The Supreme Court has never made its Shelton decision retroactive, but

we did in Howard v. United States, 374 F.3d 1069 (11th Cir. 2004), where we also

concluded that a defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights are violated if a sentencing

court increases a defendant’s sentence based on a prior uncounseled conviction,

even though no more than a suspended sentence was imposed.

A few months later, in December 2004, Flint filed the present proceeding

under 28 U.S.C. § 2241, raising two claims. One is a pure guidelines issue, which

he has since abandoned. The other claim is the same one he had raised before but

now he is pursuing it with the benefit of the Shelton decision. Flint contends that

consideration of his 1986 state court conviction in determining his 1993 federal

sentence violated the Shelton rule, announced in 2002, which we had made

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retroactive to collateral proceedings in our 2004 Howard decision.

After characterizing Flint’s § 2241 application as a § 2255 motion, the

district court rejected his claim as untimely because it had not been filed within one

year of the issuance of the Shelton decision. The court also ruled that the claim

was procedurally barred because Flint had not raised the claim on direct appeal,

and he could not show cause and prejudice or a miscarriage of justice to lift that

procedural bar. Flint argued that the savings clause of § 2255 applied, permitting

him to proceed with the claim under § 2241. The district court disagreed. It

concluded that the savings clause did not apply because, among other things, Flint

could not establish that he was actually innocent. See Wofford v. Scott, 177 F.3d

1236, 1244 n.3 (11th Cir. 1999). The court did not reach the issue of whether the

new evidence Flint proffered proved that he had been without the assistance of

counsel in the proceedings leading to his 1986 conviction.

Before us, Flint does not contend that he is entitled to have his Shelton claim

decided on the merits under a straightforward application of § 2255. He does not

argue that the claim was brought within the one-year limitations period. Instead,

he stakes his position on the savings clause of § 2255. That clause provides that an

application for habeas relief by one authorized to apply for relief by motion under

§ 2255 shall not be entertained “unless it also appears that the remedy by motion is

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inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255 ¶

5. We discussed the history of the savings clause and the scope of it in our

Wofford opinion. Wofford, 177 F.3d at 1238–45.

The savings clause, as we interpreted it in Wofford, is quite narrow. The

government contends that it is even more narrow than we had occasion to say in

that case. According to the government, the savings clause is available only for a

statutory claim which is what we had in Wofford, and not for a constitutional claim

which is what we have here. That theory is intriguing. It is also doctrinally

attractive, because it might help solve the central problem posed by the savings

clause: how to give some meaning to that clause without tearing up the remainder

of § 2255 and tearing down the precedential edifice that has been constructed

around it during the six decades since the section was enacted.

As alluring as the government’s theory may be, we have no occasion to

decide whether we should embrace it. The facts of this case do not require that we

do so. Even if the savings clause of § 2255 does extend to constitutional claims,

under our Wofford precedent Flint’s Shelton claim cannot fit within it.

We held in Wofford that the savings clause only applies to a claim that is

“based upon a retroactively applicable Supreme Court decision.” Wofford, 177

F.3d at 1244. Flint’s claim is not. While he labels his contention a Shelton claim,

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what Flint is actually seeking is an extension of the Supreme Court’s decision in

that case. The holding in Shelton was limited to suspended sentences. Shelton,

535 at 658, 122 S. Ct. at 1767 (“We hold that a suspended sentence that may ‘end

up in the actual deprivation of a person’s liberty’ may not be imposed unless the

defendant was accorded ‘the guiding hand of counsel’ in the prosecution for the

crime charged.” (citation omitted)). Flint’s 1986 state court conviction did not

result in a suspended sentence. It resulted in a sentence of probation.

The Court in Shelton explicitly declined to say whether the rule of that case

would apply in the case of a probationary sentence uncoupled from a suspended

prison sentence. Id. at 672, 122 S. Ct. at 1775–76 (“Alabama maintains, probation

uncoupled from a prison sentence should trigger no immediate right to appointed

counsel. . . . Absent any prior presentation of the position the State now takes, we

resist passing on it in the first instance.” (footnote omitted)). Two of our sister

circuits have since refused to extend Shelton to cover a term of probation that is

not coupled with a suspended prison sentence. United States v. Pollard, 389 F.3d

101, 105 (4th Cir. 2004); United States v. Perez-Marcias, 335 F.3d 421, 426–28

(5th Cir. 2003). Whether we would disagree with them and extend Shelton if that

issue were cleanly presented to us does not matter for now. What matters is that

Shelton itself is not enough to carry Flint’s claim. It would have to be extended,

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and that means his claim is not based on Shelton alone. As a result, the first

Wofford requirement is not met. Wofford, 177 F.3d at 1244–45.

We need not address whether any of Wofford’s other requirements are met,

nor do we decide whether the savings clause could ever apply to a sentence claim.

See id. at 1245 (“It is enough to hold, as we do, that the only sentencing claims that

may conceivably be covered by the savings clause are those based upon a

retroactively applicable Supreme Court decision overturning circuit precedent.”).

We end at the first Wofford inquiry, which is whether there is a Supreme Court

decision mandating that Flint’s 1986 state court conviction resulting in a

probationary sentence should not have been considered in calculating the criminal

history score used to sentence Flint for his federal crimes. There isn’t.

AFFIRMED.

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