IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 14-1882
Filed November 25, 2015
FRED K. AGYEPONG-YEBOAH,
Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,
vs.
ANNA ROEDER,
Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Mark R. Lawson,
Judge.
Fred Agyepong-Yeboah appeals, and Anna Roeder cross-appeals, the
district court’s order placing physical care of a child with Anna. AFFIRMED ON
APPEAL; AFFIRMED ON CROSS-APPEAL.
Eric D. Puryear of Puryear Law, P.C., Davenport, for appellant.
Alicia D. Gieck of H.J. Dane Law Office, Davenport, for appellee.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and Tabor, JJ.
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DOYLE, Judge.
Fred Agyepong-Yeboah appeals the district court order setting joint legal
custody and placing physical care of his child with Anna Roeder. Anna cross-
appeals the court’s orders denying retroactive child support and setting “off-
week” visitation with Fred. Both parties challenge the district court’s order with
regard to the child’s name. Anna requests appellate attorney fees.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
Fred and Anna are the parents of a child who was born in June 2012.
Fred and Anna were involved in a relationship that ended in July 2011. During a
brief period of reconciliation in September 2011, Anna became pregnant.
Anna was disappointed with Fred’s reaction to the news of the pregnancy.
Fred was “shocked” and felt the pregnancy “was all a ploy to entrap [him].” Fred
thereafter tried unsuccessfully to reestablish communication with Anna. Anna did
not notify Fred of the child’s birth. Anna later stated she was too busy taking
care of the child to notify Fred. Fred learned of the child’s birth on Facebook.
Fred, age thirty-eight at the time of trial, moved from Ghana to the United
States in 1997. He is an engineer for Transamerica in its IT department. He
works a two-week schedule with twelve-hour days: Sunday through Tuesday the
first week, then Sunday through Wednesday the next week. He earns
approximately $75,000 per year. Fred lives in a five-bedroom house in Cedar
Rapids with his wife and her six- and nine-year-old sons. Fred has an “excellent”
relationship with his step-children.
Anna, age thirty-five at the time of trial, is a medical doctor licensed to
practice in the Dominican Republic, but not in the United States. Anna works as
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an assistant visiting professor at St. Ambrose University in biology, anatomy, and
physiology. She generally works days, and has weekends, summers, and
holidays off, as well as school breaks. Anna earns approximately $48,000 per
year. She resides in a two-bedroom home in Bettendorf, close to extended
family including her sister and her parents.
In July 2012, Fred filed a petition for paternity, custody, visitation, and
support. Trial began on June 5, 2013, but the case was not concluded and was
continued to August 23, 2013.
Meanwhile, on June 25, 2013, the district court entered an order on
temporary matters, as agreed to by the parties. The temporary order provided
Fred and Anna would have joint legal custody of the child with physical care of
the child with Anna. The order set forth a “phased-in visitation schedule” for
Fred, beginning with supervised two-hour Saturday visits and culminating with
“regular visitation” on alternating weekends from Friday at 7:45 a.m. until Sunday
at 8:00 a.m. This was the first contact Fred had with the child.
The August 23, 2013 trial date was continued to January 2014. The
continuance resulted in a flurry of motions by the parties, including a motion for
expanded visitation filed by Fred and an application for temporary child support
and attorney fees filed by Anna. A hearing on the parties’ motions took place in
October 2013. The court entered a modified temporary order, continuing Fred’s
alternating weekend visitation with the child, awarding Fred visitation over the
Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays, and ordering Fred to pay temporary child
support to Anna in the amount of $503.47 per month.
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Trial was continued twice more, and ultimately took place over two days in
April 2014. “In the interim,” the court awarded Fred additional visitation, 4:00
p.m. to 8:00 p.m. every Thursday. The court denied Fred’s second motion for
expanded visitation filed in February 2014.
Fred and Anna testified at trial. The court also heard testimony from
Fred’s wife, Fred’s mother-in-law, and Anna’s mother. Anna described the child
as “happy” and “advanced.” She stated he “thrives” on schedules, routines, and
“consistency.” Anna testified the child was adjusted to the current visitation
arrangement and was “excited” to see his father before visits. The child attended
an in-home daycare while Anna was at work. He was enrolled in two-year-old
preschool on Mondays and Wednesdays. Both Fred and Anna sought physical
care of the child.
The court entered a paternity decree in May 2014, ordering the parties to
share joint legal custody of the child, with Anna having physical care. The court
awarded Fred visitation every other weekend from Thursday at 8:00 a.m. to
Sunday at 6:00 p.m.,1 and mid-week visitation from 4:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. on the
off-week Thursday. The court also ordered Fred to have visitation on alternating
holidays and four weeks in the summer.
The court ordered Fred to pay child support of $627.96 per month and
provide health insurance coverage for the child through his employer. The court
also ordered the child’s name be changed from R. David Murphy Roeder (the
1
The court ordered this arrangement remain in effect until the child “begins four-year
preschool, at which time visitation shall be reduced to Friday at 6:00 p.m. to Sunday at
6:00 p.m.”
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name Anna gave to the child at birth) to R. Kwame Roeder to “reflect[] the
cultural background of both parents.”
Fred filed a motion to expand or enlarge; Anna filed a motion to amend or
enlarge. Fred filed a notice of appeal; Anna filed a notice of cross-appeal. Fred
and Anna also both filed motions for limited remand. In July 2014, the Iowa
Supreme Court entered an order, treating the parties’ notices of appeal as
applications for interlocutory review. The court denied the applications and
returned the case to the district court to allow the court to rule on the parties’
post-ruling motions.
Following a hearing, the district court entered a ruling on the parties’
cross-motions to amend or enlarge, denying the motions in substantial part. Fred
appeals; Anna cross-appeals. Additional facts will be set forth as relevant to the
issues presented.
II. Standard of Review
Issues ancillary to a determination of paternity are tried in equity. See
Iowa Code § 600B.40 (2013). We review equitable actions de novo. Iowa R.
App. P. 6.907. When we consider the credibility of witnesses in equitable
actions, we give weight to the findings of the district court, but are not bound by
them. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.904(3)(g).
III. Physical Care
Fred requests physical care of the child, or in the alternative, that the
parties share care of the child. In determining physical care for a child, our
governing consideration is the best interests of the child. Iowa R. App. P.
6.904(3)(o). Our analysis is the same whether the parents were married or
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unwed. See Lambert v. Everist, 418 N.W.2d 40, 42 (Iowa 1998). Our objective
is to place the child in an environment likely to promote a healthy physical,
mental, and social maturity. See In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d 683, 695
(Iowa 2007).
When physical care is an issue in a paternity action, we apply the criteria
found in Iowa Code section 598.41. Iowa Code § 600B.40. We also apply the
factors found in In re Marriage of Winter, 223 N.W.2d 165, 166-67 (Iowa 1974).
See Lambert, 418 N.W.2d at 42.
Fred claims “the majority of the factors” weigh in favor of ordering physical
care of the child with him. Fred alternatively claims shared physical care is
appropriate because he is “interested in co-parenting” with Anna, and the child
would “benefit having more contact with his father.” After carefully reviewing the
evidence, however, we agree with the district court’s ultimate resolution of this
case.
We turn first to the question of shared care. In deciding whether to award
joint physical care where there are two suitable parents, stability, continuity, and
approximation of caregiving are important factors to consider. See Hansen, 733
N.W.2d at 696-97. We also consider the ability of the parents to communicate
and show mutual respect, as well as the degree of conflict between the parents.
See id. at 697-99. The district court found, “The parties are both excellent
parents. [The child] is thriving under the current arrangement. He appears to be
a well-adjusted child who is bonded to both his family in Davenport and his family
in Cedar Rapids.” But the court found that Fred and Anna had “engaged in a
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power struggle over various issues,” primarily caused by Fred’s controlling
behavior and Anna’s immature responses to Fred’s attempts to control.
Aside from the parties’ difficulty communicating, the geographic distance
between the parties mitigates against a shared care arrangement. Fred testified
driving time for visitation took an hour and fifteen minutes each way. The child
was enrolled in two-year-old preschool, and he would soon begin three-year-old
preschool. And for the majority of the child’s young life, Anna has been the
primary caregiver. Based on the unique facts presented in this case, we agree
with the district court that shared physical care is not in the best interest of the
child.
We turn to Fred’s contention that physical care of the child should be
placed with him. “In making this decision, the factors of continuity, stability, and
approximation are entitled to considerable weight.” See id. at 700. Although
Anna has been the child’s primary caregiver, Fred states the child is “the perfect
age to move without any difficulties,” because he is “young enough that he has
not lived with [Anna] for an extraordinary period of time, and he is old enough
that he can move without any abandonment or attachment issues.”
Fred states if the child were placed in his care, the child would “never”
have to be in daycare or with his maternal grandparents because his wife or her
mother could care for him while Fred was working from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.
On working days, Fred left the house at 6:45 a.m. and returned usually between
7:15-7:30 p.m. On those days, Fred acknowledged he would see the child forty-
five minutes “max.” The child attended daycare and preschool or was cared for
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by his maternal grandparents while Anna worked from 8:00-8:30 a.m. to 3:30-
4:00 p.m. Fred acknowledged the child was thriving under his current schedule.
It is abundantly clear Fred is an excellent father. Anna’s testimony with
regard to Fred’s parenting ability was complimentary and she stated the child
was bonded to his father; Anna supports Fred’s relationship with the child.
Indeed, Anna’s support of Fred’s relationship with the child is requisite to an
award of physical care. See id. at 700. Anna’s insight into the parties’ power
struggles, “including even routine decisions such as haircuts,” weighs in her favor
in determining physical care. The district court found:
Anna should be granted primary physical care. Shared physical
care is not appropriate in this case. Anna has historically been the
primary caregiver for the child. Although Fred contends this is
because Anna shut him out of [the child]’s early life, this was to
some extent self-induced due to his ambivalence towards her
pregnancy early on.
....
Anna’s work schedule is more flexible and better suited to
childcare. This physical care arrangement will not disrupt the
child’s preschool. The Court also notes the demanding and
controlling nature of Fred’s relationship with Anna and finds this is a
factor weighing against an award of primary physical care to him.
Fred claimed the court placed too much weight on the parties’ “power struggle.”
In its ruling on post-trial motions, the court further found:
The Court notes that Fred’s demeanor was more intense and less
relaxed on the second day of trial. As noted in the decree, Fred
has been demanding with respect to his expectations regarding
communication. He has engaged in a power struggle with Anna
over issues such as the child’s haircut. Whether these actions are
due to his personality, or a feeling that he has been “shut out” of the
child’s life, he does not appear to have insight into the power
struggle issues. The Court concludes that Anna has more insight
as to these issues.
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Based on the unique facts presented in this case, we agree with the district court
that placing physical care with Anna is in the best interest of the child. We
therefore affirm on this issue.
IV. The Child’s Name
Fred appeals, and Anna cross-appeals, the district court’s order with
regard to the child’s name. Fred claims the child’s name “should have been
changed to reflect the child’s paternity.” According to Fred, the district court
correctly changed the child’s middle name from “David Murphy” to “Kwame,” but
the court erred in failing to change the child’s last name from “Roeder” to
“Agyepong-Yeboah” or, in the alternative, “Roeder-Yeboah.” Anna claims the
court erred in changing the child’s middle name from “David Murphy” to
“Kwame.”
“[W]hen the court first entertains an action between the parents to
determine their legal rights and relationships with each other and the child, the
court may also consider the legitimacy of the child’s original naming as part of its
determination of the child’s legal status and custody.” Montgomery v. Wells, 708
N.W.2d 704, 706 (Iowa Ct. App. 2005). The court has authority to enter a ruling
on a child’s legal status, “including the determination of a child’s surname.” See
id. at 707. “[N]either parent has a superior right in determining the child’s last
name. Moreover, our Supreme Court has specifically rejected the historical
tradition of using a father’s surname for a child.” Id. at 707-08 (citing In re
Marriage of Gulsvig, 498 N.W.2d 725, 729 (Iowa 1993)).
The child recognizes his last name as Roeder and he is primarily
physically present in Anna’s home, who shares that last name. Fred expressed
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the importance of having his family heritage recognized through the child’s name.
We believe Fred’s heritage should be represented by the child’s name. In the
paternity decree, the district court ordered the child’s name be changed from R.
David Murphy Roeder to R. Kwame Roeder to “reflect[] the cultural background
of both parents.”
Although Fred requests the child’s last name be changed to Agyepong-
Yeboah or Roeder-Yeboah,2 in this unique case, we reject that solution. See
Gulsvig, 498 N.W.2d at 729 (“The parties each testified that a hyphenated name
was considered; however, the trial court did not address this solution. In recent
years courts have recognized that a hyphenated name of both parents’ surnames
may best serve the interest of a child. We believe that selecting a hyphenated
name in this case would pour salt in the wounds of one or both of the parties and
eventually would affect James. We reject this solution.”). We, as did the district
court, conclude that the child’s best interest will be served by retaining the
surname Roeder. We affirm the district court’s order changing the child’s name
to R. Kwame Roeder.
V. Retroactive Child Support
Anna challenges the district court’s decision not to award retroactive child
support. Anna asks the court to order Fred to pay retroactive child support of
$14,644.20, representing his support obligation effective November 2014,
reduced by the amount of temporary support he paid between November 2013
2
Fred did not present his request for the child’s last name of “Roeder-Yeboah” before
the district court. Although Fred’s last name is “Agyepong-Yeboah,” Fred testified he did
not use his full hyphenated name in day-to-day living, referring to his last name only as
“Yeboah,” as did his wife. Given the parties’ history and the facts of this case, we
believe the last name “Roeder-Yeboah” for the child is ill-advised.
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and November 2014. Anna raised this issue before the district court, and the
court denied her request.
Iowa Code section 600B.25(1) provides that in paternity proceedings, a
court may order the father to pay an amount for past support and maintenance of
a child. The Iowa Supreme Court has stated:
Unlike a current child support obligation, the guidelines are not
used to establish the amount of past child support. Instead, our
legislature permits the court to order a parent to pay an amount “the
court deems appropriate for the past support and maintenance of
the child.” Iowa Code § 600B.25(1). This standard permits the
court to consider all the surrounding facts and circumstances to
determine the amount in light of the purpose of child support and
the duty of a parent to pay child support.
Markey v. Carney, 705 N.W.2d 13, 24 (Iowa 2005).
In this case, the court was not obligated to award any past child support to
Anna. The court considered the facts surrounding the child’s birth (including the
fact that Anna did not tell Fred about the child’s birth and Fred found out about
the child’s birth on Facebook) and its finding that “Anna was not eager to see
Fred establish a relationship with the child.” The court concluded:
Anna requests that Fred’s child support obligation be made
retroactive. Fred resists. The Court declines to order Fred to pay
retroactive child support due to Anna’s reluctance to involve Fred in
the child’s life and her failure to notify him of the child’s birth. Under
these circumstances, the Court concludes that retroactive child
support would be inequitable.
The disposition reached by the district court was proper and equitable under
these circumstances. We affirm on this issue.
VI. “Off-Week” Visitation
Anna requests the court eliminate Fred’s mid-week visit with the child from
4:00 to 7:00 p.m. on the Thursdays of the weeks Fred does not have a weekend
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visitation. Pursuant to the temporary order, Fred received mid-week visitation
with the child on Thursdays from 4:00 to 8:00 p.m. in the Quad Cities area. At
trial, Anna requested Fred “continue . . . to have . . . his mid-week visit.
Thursdays seem to be working for him, so to continue that.” On appeal, Anna
states her “proposal was conditioned upon facts as they existed at the time of
trial, specifically that Fred’s off-week Thursday visits would continue to occur in
the Quad City area,” rather than in Cedar Rapids. According to Anna, “[g]iven
the distance between the parties, Fred’s off-week visitation is simply unfair to [the
child].”
When establishing visitation rights, our guiding light remains the child’s
best interests. See In re Marriage of Stepp, 485 N.W.2d 846, 849 (Iowa Ct. App.
1992). Generally, liberal visitation serves the child’s best interests. Id. Although
section 598.41(1)(a) directs courts to reach a custody determination with liberal
visitation that “will assure the child the opportunity for the maximum continuing
physical and emotional contact with both parents,” that directive is in the context
of what “is reasonable and in the best interest of the child.”
The provision Anna challenges concerns Fred’s Thursday off-week visit—
which is now one hour shorter than it was under the temporary order. Given the
distance between the parties (one hour and fifteen minutes), assuming Anna
picks up the child from the visit at 7:00, the child is back to Anna’s home by
8:15—fifteen minutes later than his prior Thursday visits. Considering Anna’s
request at trial to continue the parties’ previous Thursday visitation schedule, we
find her contention on appeal to be unpersuasive. Moreover, allowing the
visitation to occur in Cedar Rapids enables the child to see his step-mother and
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step-siblings on the weeks he does not have weekend visitation with Fred.
Because we believe the visitation schedule entered by the court to be in the
child’s best interest, we affirm on this issue.
VII. Appellate Attorney Fees
Anna seeks $5000 in attorney fees for this appeal. In paternity actions,
“[t]he court may award the prevailing party the reasonable costs of suit, including
but not limited to reasonable attorney fees.” Iowa Code § 600B.25(1). “An
award of appellate attorney fees is within the discretion of the appellate court.”
Markey, 705 N.W.2d at 26. “Factors to be considered in determining whether to
award attorney fees include: the needs of the party seeking the award, the ability
of the other party to pay, and the relative merits of the appeal.” In re Marriage of
Okland, 699 N.W.2d 260, 270 (Iowa 2005) (quotation marks omitted). We
decline to award any appellate attorney fees to Anna. Each party shall be
responsible for their own costs on appeal.
We affirm the decision of the district court.
AFFIRMED ON APPEAL; AFFIRMED ON CROSS-APPEAL.